An Analysis of Women’s Language Features used by the Three Indonesian Female

This research focuses on women’s language features used by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers on blogspot.com and wordpress.com. It was aimed to investigate types of women’s language features used by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers and the most dominant types of women’s language features used by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers. This research was carried out using descriptive qualitative research. The data came from the script of 15 blog posts written by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers. The findings revealed that the three Indonesian female travel bloggers utilized nine types of women’s language features, they are lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. The scripts of the three Indonesian female travel bloggers contain a total of 628 language features. During the analysis of the data, it revealed that the researchers were unable to discover precise colour terms because it was unrelated to the 15 blog posts. There was no correlation among the theme on 15 blog posts and the ability to use precise colour terms back then. The three Indonesian female travel bloggers dominantly employed hypercorrect grammar to prove that they concerned about their grammar.


Introduction
Gender is one of the factors that has influenced communication. According to Coates (1993), gender is the most important social aspect. It explains that gender plays an important part in human interactions. When it comes to using a language or languages in daily communication, men and women are different. Men prefer to Indanna, Sherin, Damayanti An Analysis of Women's Language Features used by the Three Indonesian Female Travel Bloggers 579 converse openly, and their language is more assertive. Women, on the other hand, are not as assertive and outspoken. In comparison to men, it means that women are less confident. Gender disparities in language use, according to Holmes (1992), are merely one aspect of more ubiquitous linguistic differences in society reflecting social status or power differences. This implies that each individual has their own language features that reflect his or her social status and authority.
As said by Lakoff (1975), women utilize distinct lexical item choice and frequency; in circumstances where particular syntactic rules are performed; in intonational and other suprasegmental patterns. For example, a woman may say "the wall is mauve" and no one will create any particular impression of her just based on her words. The example above demonstrates how women have certain features to communicate with one another in ways that are distinct from men. Moreover, because women are the guardians of society, they are required to be courteous and speak in standard forms in certain situations (Holmes, 2001). It causes women to speak in a more suitable manner than men, who are often characterized as having a 'rude' way of speaking.
Additionally, speaking graciously is linked to the belief that women are not allowed to lose their temper or complain enragedly (Lakoff, 1975).
Nowadays, real-life women's language can be accessed on the internet. Internet is a piece of technology that works with some website that can be accessed by people all over the world. The way individuals communicate has begun to change as the internet has developed in recent years. Telecommunication is a technology that allows individuals to communicate over long distances without the presence of the messenger (Huurderman, 2003). The internet, which is the most recent telecommunication media, has offered a mechanism for people with similar interests to connect in a virtual world. People could access to a site or service that provided them with capabilities to connect with people virtually under a system governed by the site, which is known as Social Networking Sites or SNS (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). On the internet, there are numerous social networking sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Blogspot, Wordpress, Snapchat, Flickr, and so on.
Out of all of the social networking sites available, the researchers chose weblog for this study because the number of digital citizens is rapidly increasing in today's world. A digital citizen delivers news about their lifestyle to a variety of media. In comparison to traditional media, weblog is one of the media for altering information that has its own peculiarity. Many Indonesian women are now starting to make their Indanna, Sherin, Damayanti An Analysis of Women's Language Features used by the Three Indonesian Female Travel Bloggers 580 own blogs and using English as the primary language, based on a daily phenomenon discovered by the researchers, which is extremely interesting. The use of English as the primary language in a blog is common for a variety of reasons, including attracting more attention from readers outside Indonesia, attracting more attention from brand public relations (PR), or being more exclusive. Weblog is a type of social media that consists of writing. People can share a variety of ideas, views, and experiences using weblog. Traveling is one of the experiences that can be shared on a blog.
Travel bloggers are those who use their weblog to actively share their travel experiences. Many things can be included in their travel story. Starting with directions to a destination area or location, the vehicle to be utilized, the products or equipment that will bring on to the trip's joys and sorrows, and so on. In contrast to people who simply enjoy taking walks or who travel in general, a travel blogger frequently records both women and men in great detail.
According to the research, there were several studies that are related with this research. Firstly, the study conducted by Pebrianti (2016) entitled "Women's Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers". As shown in the findings, there were ninety seven postings with eight different features. Furthermore, most respondents indicated that they use the features because they tend to convey uncertainty and women's lack of confidence in conversation.
Secondly, the study from Tiara (2016) entitled "Features of Women's Language of Song Lyrics Written by Three American Song Writers". The researchers discovered that lexical hedges, intensifiers, super polite forms, tag question, and words related to specific interest are the five out of ten women's language features which she employed in her study with lexical hedges and intensifiers being the most frequent.
The last is the study from Aini (2016)  According to the preceding statement, the researchers are interested in analyzing blog postings using Lakoff's theory of women's language features as an analytical tool. Lakoff's theory is chosen by the researchers, because it is simple and straightforward. Another reason to study women's language is that it is vital for readers to understand the features of women's language, especially female readers who

Research Methodology
The researchers did a descriptive qualitative research to reveal women's language features used by the three indonesian female travel bloggers. Qualitative research is a method of investigating human behavior and social phenomena from the inside out. For example, consider the social context : culture, school, community, group, or institution (Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh, 2010). The goal is to gain a true understanding of the phenomenon by looking at the bigger picture rather than analyzing numerical data. In addition, Arikunto (2002) states that descriptive research is research that explains or describes the present condition. Briefly, descriptive research will clearly explain the data of the research in the description form.
This research took three Indonesian female travel bloggers who love writing, traveling, and trying out new media, they were Kadek Arini (kadekarini.com) as blogger A, Olivia Lazuardy (olivialazuardy.com) as blogger B, and Anggey Anggraeni (herjourneys.com) as blogger C. For each travel blogger, the researchers collected five English stories. This study came from Wordpress.com and Blogspot.com as the data to be observed.
The researchers' instrument was an observation table which allowed the researchers to note and classify the women's language features used by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers.  To ensure the reliability of the analysis, the researchers helped by a coresearcher. According to Airasian (1992), the degree to which a test reliably measures whatever it is measuring is defined as reliability. The test is regarded reliable when the results of an examinee are consistent across multiple measurements. An inter-rate is a method of determining the reliability of data collecting. The co-researcher reliability test is the same test which is used to assess the reliability of different people (Pusfarani, 2021). Co-researcher reliability (inter-observer reliability) measures the degree of agreement between other people observing or assessing the same thing (Pusfarani, 2021). The degree of agreement among people who observed or evaluated the same thing is measured by co-researcher reliability (inter-observer reliability). When a researcher is collecting data and assigning ratings, scores, or categories to one or more variables, this is the tool to use.
The technique that used in this research was content analysis. According to Denscombe (2007), content analysis is a method that can be used in any text to analyze the content of the data. The systematic procedures in conducting the blog posts and the ability to use precise colour terms back then.

Lexical Hedges or Fillers
Women's usage of lexical hedges, according to Lakoff (1975), comes from a fear of appearing too masculine by being strong and stating things directly. In order to maintain their femininity, women tend to say uncertain phrases. The lexical hedges, such as I think, in my opinion, seems, you know, well, may, can, believe, looks, I'm sure, kind of, sort of, maybe, perhaps, etc weakens a sentence.
They're commonly used by women to create ambiguity to their words. This feature is thought to be used by women to defend themselves in case that they overstep their rights by making a certain statement (Lakoff, 1975 Blogger C : "oh anyway, London is a very big city" on her 1 st blog post entitled The City of London.
The sentence was referred to as fillers in the statement above, because she used oh to fill the gap on what she was going to say next.

Tag question
According to Lakoff (1975), tag question is used to convey uncertainty. The tag question appears in the final sentence to bolster the speaker's confidence.
Furthermore, Lakoff proposes that the tag question is the "syntactic device", the second hedging device. A woman, for example, uses a tag question to get confirmation of her assertion from the addressee : "Ben is here, isn't he?". She uses a tag question, because she is unsure if Ben is there and wants a positive response from the addressee. Aside from that, when the speaker has enough knowledge to expect the speaker's response, tag question is also employed as a declarative statement (Lakoff, 1975). The tag question can be viewed as a declarative statement which does not imply that the statement must be believed by the recipient's leniency, nor does it compel the addressee to agree with the speaker's point of view. "Is John here?" she might ask, for example. If the respondent says "no", she will most likely be unsurprised.
Out of three bloggers, the researchers discovered 14 tag questions utilized by blogger A and blogger C in this study. The evidence was as follows.
Blogger A : "isn't it annoying when there is a stranger keep looking at you for the next 11 hours?" on her 3 rd blog post entitled The Struggle of Doing Overland Journey to Yading Nature Reserve is Real.
Blogger C : "isn't that a privilege to come sneakers enthusiast to one of the 5 labs?" on her 1 st blog post entitled The City of London.
The usage of a tag question revealed that bloggers A and C were unsure about their statements.

Rising intonation on declaratives
As said by Lakoff (1975), women tend to utilize rising intonation on declaratives to ensure that the information is accurate. For example, From the brief dialogue above, it indicates that the woman is seeking confirmation from Speaker A, despite the fact that the answer is already in declarative form.
When the woman's response has rising intonation, it can be recognized that it becomes a question (Lakoff, 1975). In the example above, rising intonation on declarative was demonstrated by blogger A raising her voice as if seeking for confirmation despite the fact that she already knew the information.
Blogger C : "anybody agree with me?" on her 1 st blog post entitled The City of London.
Rising intonation on declarative was mentioned in the above statement. Blogger C described London and then posed a question to the reader, asking for confirmation.

Empty adjectives
Gorgeous, fabulous, adorable, charming, holy, sweet, lovely, divine, brilliant, super, and so on are strongly marked as feminine adjectives, because they only convoy emotional reactions rather than specific information. Compare the expressions below! Men : What a terrific day! Women : What a divine day! Because it is more commonly used and heard under all settings, the word terrific represents a more neutral adjective than divine in the example above. Despite this, women continue to use this kind of adjective since it has a good connotation.
According to Lakoff (1975), the employment of this feature indicates a sense of being uninvolved or 'out of power' rather than being feminine. In other words, women utilize empty adjectives to persuade the recipient that their message is essential and worth paying attention to.
In this study, the researchers noted 18 empty adjectives used by only two Indonesian female travel bloggers.

From the preceding assertion, blogger B wanted to express her feelings about La
Valle Village which took her one and a half hours to get there by metro. She intended to underline it by using the word 'super' as an empty adjective. Blogger B, according to the researchers, tried to add additional feelings to her remark so that she might persuade her readers to agree with her.
Blogger C : "we had a lovely time in here" on her 1 st blog post entitled The City of London.
Furthermore, as seen in blogger C's statement, she used empty adjectives to highlight her feelings about her remark. Blogger C utilized the adjective 'lovely' to add more feelings to her remark regarding her tour to Shoreditch, as can be seen in the above statement.

Intensifiers
So, just, really, very, quite are the examples of intensifiers that are more frequent in women's language than men's language, although men can also use it. According to Lakoff (1975), women are terrified of being neglected. As a result, women utilize intensifiers more frequently than men. For instance, "that movie made me so sick!".
As women, the three Indonesian female travel bloggers used intensifiers in their writing as well. It appeared in their blog posts about 98 times. They mostly used the words so, very, and just in their posts. In this study, the researchers discovered that the blogger C utilized intensifiers the most, with 51 uses. Blogger A was used 36 times, whereas blogger B was used 11 times. The researchers gave some evidence of intensifier-filled sentences from their blog post, such as the justification based on the analysis and theory.
Blogger A : "they also put jokes in all of the show that made the show turned to be so entertaining instead of boring!" on her 1 st blog post entitled Watching

Jeonju Music Festival and Korea Dance Show in South Korea.
For the aforementioned statement, blogger A attempted to persuade her readers that the show she was watching, a fireman show, was actually entertaining. She expressed her pleasure after seeing the show. As a result, she added 'so' before 'entertaining' to emphasize that the show was interesting to her, that she was serious about it, and that she wanted to show her readers that she enjoyed it. Blogger C : "London is a very big city" on her 1 st blog post entitled The City of London.

Indanna, Sherin, Damayanti
Then, in the above sentence, blogger C used the word 'very' to express her feelings for London. According to the study, the blogger C used 'very' as an intensifier to show her admiration for London's hospitality which was essential to her stay.

Hypercorrect grammar
According to Lakoff (1975), 'hypercorrect' grammar is a form of grammar usage that has been codified as a standard English form in grammar books.
Hypercorrect grammar includes the use of proper pronunciation, such as sounding the last 'g' in words like 'going' instead of the more casual 'goin' and the avoidance of vulgar or of course terminology, such as ain't. Women, according to Lakoff (1975), are the carriers of literacy and culture. At least in Middle America, where a man's literacy and culture are regarded as suspicious.
Thus, women utilize hypercorrect grammar to satisfy their desire to be valued in society. Furthermore, women employ hypercorrect grammar to prove that they have a better grasp of English.
In this research, the researchers discovered 204 statements that were called hypercorrect grammar and they were utilized by blogger A, blogger B, and blogger C as follows.  Lakoff (1975) stated women are thought to be euphemism specialists who know how to say in the right way to other people. The more components in a phrase that reinforce the impression that it is a request rather than an order, the politer the result will be (Lakoff, 1975). For example, women would say "passed away" rather than "died" or "put down" rather than "killed". Also, here are the kinds of super polite forms' following expressions.

I'd really appreciate it, if…
3. Would you mind…

…if you don't mind…
In this study, the researchers discovered super polite forms were applied 13 times.
Blogger A : "please continue to go right away to Yading" on her 3 rd blog post entitled The Struggle of Doing Overland Journey to Yading Nature Reserve is Real.
Blogger B : "and please remember not to talk to strangers" on her 1 st blog post entitled In Paris : Where to Shop.
Blogger A and blogger B stated that they were saying so in order to provide readers with suggestions for making the trip more comfortable. They chose to write politely using super polite forms.
Blogger C : "I'm so sorry" on her 1 st blog post entitled The City of London.
The last but not least, Blogger C showed her politeness in the above utterance.
Blogger C could simply say "sorry", but she prefers to write I'm so sorry.
There was an idea that showed how to state polite orders in a way that sounded more neutral to write about.

Avoidance of strong swear words
Women tend to avoid using strong swear words in order to keep their politeness. Lakoff (1975) found that in Middle America, the majority may be willing to let men to use strong swear words. It is because throughout childhood, women have been trained to act like a lady. They can cry and grumble, but they can't flinch or yell like men when they're upset. Shit, damn, or any of a number of other words commonly used by men are replaced by oh my God, goodness, and so on

Indanna, Sherin, Damayanti
An Analysis of Women's Language Features used by the Three Indonesian Female Travel Bloggers by women. However, as we all know, swearing is a common occurrence nowadays and both men and women do it frequently. Women, on the other hand, like to use it cautiously when they do so.
Blogger A and blogger C avoided using strong swear words for four times.
Blogger A : "oh God, that would be the horrible silent moment experiences PART   were no precise colour terms in the blog postings of the three Indonesian female travel bloggers.

Discussion
The researchers found that the three Indonesian female travel bloggers employed nine of the 10 women's language features suggested by Lakoff (1975) after discussing all of the features. The researchers also discovered that the three Indonesian female travel bloggers' use of women's language features showed their politeness. It was comparable to what Jenifer Coates (1993) reported in her study, According to the findings, hypercorrect grammar was the most often used feature. It proved the politeness of the three Indonesian female travel bloggers to their readers. According to Holmes (1992), women utilized more standard English forms than men since they looked after their needs to be valued. Women were advised to speak/write carefully and politely since they were considered as a subordinate group.

Indanna, Sherin, Damayanti
According to the study, the three Indonesian female travel bloggers used hypercorrect grammar to employ the correct and polite form, letting their readers know how much they loved them.
Moreover, the three Indonesian female travel bloggers did not make significant use of tag question or super polite forms. In the 15 blog posts chosen, they utilized tag questions 14 times and super polite forms 13 times. It showed the three Indonesian female travel bloggers' uncertainty about their writings since they did not want to be too strict. It also showed that they tended to use everyday language with few euphemisms.
Additionally, the researchers only discovered four avoidance of strong swear words in the three Indonesian female travel bloggers' language, which were oh God, oh my God, oh my, and oh my God. It did not mean that the three Indonesian female travel bloggers used expletives like shit, f-word, and so on. They hardly ever used expletives in their blog posts. This indicated that they used words to express their politeness.
Finally, the researchers concluded that the three Indonesian female travel bloggers' masculinity had no effect on their women's language. According to Paechter (2006), a masculine lady or a feminine boy could exist in society. In this case, it was true that there were three women with a masculine style and behavior.
However, according to this study, the three Indonesian female travel bloggers' masculinity had no effect on how they used women's language. As stated by Lakoff (1975), the three Indonesian female travel bloggers' still language represented women's language that a woman should employ in writing.

Suggestion
Suggestions are organized in the following order in regard to the conclusion.
Firstly, the researchers hope that this study would help readers have a better understanding of women's language features. The linguistic features of women's language were particularly suitable to be employed in assessing the more complex language in human daily life for the readers. Men, on the other hand, do use certain features in their speech on occasion. It is hoped that men will not consider women to be inferior. Furthermore, some features, such as the use of precise colour terms are beneficial to men, particularly those who work in the creative industry, interior design, and hair styling. Secondly, this research may be valuable to lecturers as additional information and a reference while teaching sociolinguistics. Thirdly, the researchers suggest that more information or knowledge about sociolinguistics be made available to the English education students. It can assist students in gaining a better knowledge of this subject. The researchers advise the English education students to apply and imply their knowledge in the actual world. Some of these features demonstrate

Indanna, Sherin, Damayanti
An Analysis of Women's Language Features used by the Three Indonesian Female Travel Bloggers 596 politeness in public speaking. It could be beneficial if the students return the favour. In addition to the benefits of this research, future researchers can use this study as a reference for a similar study. Future researchers will not only find women's language features in written literature, but they will find them in a variety of ways. Future researchers will be required to contribute and lay the groundwork for who are interested in analyzing language features in more detail.