Main Article Content
Abstract
Vertisols is black and fertile soils, derived from various parent materials, dominated by smectite clay minerals, and charasterize by crack formation during dry season. Six soil profiles consisted of thirty two soil samples from dIfferent location were analyzed for their chemical and mineralogical composition at the laboratories of Soil Research Center for soil characteristics. Results indicate that the color matrix of Vertisols varies, hue range from 2.5Y to 10YR, color value varies from 2 to 6, and chroma range from 0 to 4. Clay mineral composition of Vertisols is dominated by smectite. Other clay minerals founded in the Vertisols are kaolinite, illite and vermiculite. The mineralogy composition of sand fraction is varies, some of them rich in weatherable minerals like andesine, amfibole, orthoclase, sanidin and the others are dominated by resistant minerals such as quartz and opaque. The mineralogical composition of Vertisols dependent on their parent material. The dominant cations in Vertisols are Ca++ and Mg++. Vertisols from volcanic materials is dominated by Ca++ and followed by Mg++ cations, Vertisols from limestone is dominated by Ca++, while Vertisols from peridotite is dominated by Mg++. All of the Vertisols studied have a high cation exchange capacity with pH’s range from 5.5 to 7.4. In using Vertisols for food plantation, should be consider the high content of Ca++, Mg++ and the water management. The soils should be atleast always in moist condition, otherwise soils become very hard and cracks when dry.
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References
- Allen, B. L., and B. F. Hajek, 1989. Mineral occurrence in Soil Environments. p 200-264. In Dixon, J. B., and S. B. Weed (Eds). Soil Sci Soc Of Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, U. S. A.
- Borchardt, G. A. 1989.Montmorillonite and other Smectite minerals. p 293-330. In J. B. Dixon and S. B. Weed (Eds.). Minerals in Soil Environments. Soil Sci. Of Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. De
- Coninck. F. 1974. Physico-chemical aspects of pedogenesis. State Univ. of Ghent Deckers, J., O Spaargaren and F. Nachtergaele. 2001. Vertisols: Genesis properties and soilscape management for sustainable development. p. 3-20. In Syers, J. K, F. W. T. Penning De Vries, and P. Nyamudeza (Eds): The Sustainable Management of Vertisols. IBSRAM Proceeding No. 20.
- Driessen, P. M., and R. Dudal (Eds). 1989. Lecture notes on the geography, formation, properties, and use of the major soils of the world. Agricultural University, Wageningen.
- Dudal, R. and H. Eswaran. 1988. Distribution, properties and classification of Vertisols. In L. P. Wilding and R. Puentes (Eds), Vertisol: Their distribution, properties, classification and management. SMSS Technical Monograph 18, Texas A&M University, College station, TX,pp
- Eswaran, H. and T. Cook. 1988. Classification and management- related properties of Vertisols. p. 431. In Jutzi, S., I. Haque, J. McIntire, and J. Stares. (Eds): Proceeding of a Conference held at ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31 August to 4 September 1987
- FAO. 2000. Vertisols. http:/www.fao.org/ag/agl/ prosoil/verti.htm. Last update 21 August 2000. Fanning,
- D. S., and M. C. B. Fanning. 1989. Soil. Morphology, Genesis, and Classification. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
- Hikmatullah, B. H. Prasetyo, dan M. Hendrisman. 2002. Vertisol dari daerah Gorontalo: Sifatsifat fisik-kimia dan komposisi mineralnya. Jurnal Tanah dan Air . 3 (1) : 21-32.
- Jackson, M. C. 1968. Weathering of primary and secondary minerals in soil. Trans. Int. Cougr. Soil Sci., 9th (Adelaide, Aust) 4: 281-292.
- Mukanda, N. and A. Mapiki. 2001. Vertisols Management in Zambia. p. 129-127. In Syers, J. K, F. W. T. Penning De Vries, and P. Nyamudeza (Eds): The Sustainable Management of Vertisols. IBSRAM Proceedings No. 20.
- Mulyanto, D., M. Nurcholis, dan Triyanto. 2001. Minertalogi Vertisol dari bahan induk tuf, napal dan batupasir. Jurnal Tanah dan Air . 2 (1) : 38-46.
- Prasetyo, B. H., H. Sosiawan, and S. Ritung. 2000. Soil of Pametikarata, East Sumba: Its suitability and constraints for food crop development. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science. 1 (1) : 1-9.
- Prasetyo, B. H., M. Soekardi, dan Subagjo.H. 1996. Tanah-tanah sawah intensifikasi di Jawa: Susunan mineral, sifat-sifat kimia dan klasifikasinya. Pemberitaan Penelitian Tanah dan Pupuk, 14 : 12 - 24.
- Ristori, G. G., E. Sparvalie, M. deNobili, and L. P. D’Aqui. 1992. Characterization of organic matter in particle size fractions of Vertisols. Geoderma. 54: 295-305. Soil Survey Laboratory Staff. 1991. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. SSIR Number 42 Version 1.0. United States Dept. of Agric. Washington, DC.
- Soil Survey Staff. 2003. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. USDA,Natural Research Conservation Servis. Ninth Edition. Washington D. C.
- Subagjo, H. 1983. Pedogenesis dua pedon Grumosol (Vertisols) dari bahan volkanik gunung Lawu dekat Ngawi dan Karanganyar. Pemberitaan Pen. Tanah dan Pupuk, No.2:8-18.
- Subagyo, H., N. Suharta dan A. B. Siswanto. 2004. Tanah-tanah pertanian di Indonesia. Hlm 2166. Dalam A.Adimihardja et al (Eds). Sumberdaya Lahan Indonesia dan Pengelolaannya. Puslitbangtanak. Cetakan kedua.
- Sudjadi, M., I. M. Widjik, dan M. Soleh. 1971. Penuntun analisa tanah. Publ. LPT No. 10, Bogor
- Syers, J. K., P. Nyamudeza, and Y. Ahenkorah. 2001. Sustainable nutrient management of Vertisols. p. 43 – 55. In Syers, J. K, F. W. T. Penning De Vries, and P. Nyamudeza (Eds): The Sustainable Management of Vertisols. IBSRAM Proceedings No. 20.
- Van Wambeke, A. 1992. Soil of the Tropics. Properties and Appraisal. McGraw-Hill. Inc, New York Wilson, M. J., and P. W. Cradwick. 1972. Occurrence and interstratified kaolinitemonmorillonite in some Scottish soils. Clay Miner. 9: 435-437.
References
Allen, B. L., and B. F. Hajek, 1989. Mineral occurrence in Soil Environments. p 200-264. In Dixon, J. B., and S. B. Weed (Eds). Soil Sci Soc Of Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, U. S. A.
Borchardt, G. A. 1989.Montmorillonite and other Smectite minerals. p 293-330. In J. B. Dixon and S. B. Weed (Eds.). Minerals in Soil Environments. Soil Sci. Of Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. De
Coninck. F. 1974. Physico-chemical aspects of pedogenesis. State Univ. of Ghent Deckers, J., O Spaargaren and F. Nachtergaele. 2001. Vertisols: Genesis properties and soilscape management for sustainable development. p. 3-20. In Syers, J. K, F. W. T. Penning De Vries, and P. Nyamudeza (Eds): The Sustainable Management of Vertisols. IBSRAM Proceeding No. 20.
Driessen, P. M., and R. Dudal (Eds). 1989. Lecture notes on the geography, formation, properties, and use of the major soils of the world. Agricultural University, Wageningen.
Dudal, R. and H. Eswaran. 1988. Distribution, properties and classification of Vertisols. In L. P. Wilding and R. Puentes (Eds), Vertisol: Their distribution, properties, classification and management. SMSS Technical Monograph 18, Texas A&M University, College station, TX,pp
Eswaran, H. and T. Cook. 1988. Classification and management- related properties of Vertisols. p. 431. In Jutzi, S., I. Haque, J. McIntire, and J. Stares. (Eds): Proceeding of a Conference held at ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31 August to 4 September 1987
FAO. 2000. Vertisols. http:/www.fao.org/ag/agl/ prosoil/verti.htm. Last update 21 August 2000. Fanning,
D. S., and M. C. B. Fanning. 1989. Soil. Morphology, Genesis, and Classification. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hikmatullah, B. H. Prasetyo, dan M. Hendrisman. 2002. Vertisol dari daerah Gorontalo: Sifatsifat fisik-kimia dan komposisi mineralnya. Jurnal Tanah dan Air . 3 (1) : 21-32.
Jackson, M. C. 1968. Weathering of primary and secondary minerals in soil. Trans. Int. Cougr. Soil Sci., 9th (Adelaide, Aust) 4: 281-292.
Mukanda, N. and A. Mapiki. 2001. Vertisols Management in Zambia. p. 129-127. In Syers, J. K, F. W. T. Penning De Vries, and P. Nyamudeza (Eds): The Sustainable Management of Vertisols. IBSRAM Proceedings No. 20.
Mulyanto, D., M. Nurcholis, dan Triyanto. 2001. Minertalogi Vertisol dari bahan induk tuf, napal dan batupasir. Jurnal Tanah dan Air . 2 (1) : 38-46.
Prasetyo, B. H., H. Sosiawan, and S. Ritung. 2000. Soil of Pametikarata, East Sumba: Its suitability and constraints for food crop development. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science. 1 (1) : 1-9.
Prasetyo, B. H., M. Soekardi, dan Subagjo.H. 1996. Tanah-tanah sawah intensifikasi di Jawa: Susunan mineral, sifat-sifat kimia dan klasifikasinya. Pemberitaan Penelitian Tanah dan Pupuk, 14 : 12 - 24.
Ristori, G. G., E. Sparvalie, M. deNobili, and L. P. D’Aqui. 1992. Characterization of organic matter in particle size fractions of Vertisols. Geoderma. 54: 295-305. Soil Survey Laboratory Staff. 1991. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. SSIR Number 42 Version 1.0. United States Dept. of Agric. Washington, DC.
Soil Survey Staff. 2003. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. USDA,Natural Research Conservation Servis. Ninth Edition. Washington D. C.
Subagjo, H. 1983. Pedogenesis dua pedon Grumosol (Vertisols) dari bahan volkanik gunung Lawu dekat Ngawi dan Karanganyar. Pemberitaan Pen. Tanah dan Pupuk, No.2:8-18.
Subagyo, H., N. Suharta dan A. B. Siswanto. 2004. Tanah-tanah pertanian di Indonesia. Hlm 2166. Dalam A.Adimihardja et al (Eds). Sumberdaya Lahan Indonesia dan Pengelolaannya. Puslitbangtanak. Cetakan kedua.
Sudjadi, M., I. M. Widjik, dan M. Soleh. 1971. Penuntun analisa tanah. Publ. LPT No. 10, Bogor
Syers, J. K., P. Nyamudeza, and Y. Ahenkorah. 2001. Sustainable nutrient management of Vertisols. p. 43 – 55. In Syers, J. K, F. W. T. Penning De Vries, and P. Nyamudeza (Eds): The Sustainable Management of Vertisols. IBSRAM Proceedings No. 20.
Van Wambeke, A. 1992. Soil of the Tropics. Properties and Appraisal. McGraw-Hill. Inc, New York Wilson, M. J., and P. W. Cradwick. 1972. Occurrence and interstratified kaolinitemonmorillonite in some Scottish soils. Clay Miner. 9: 435-437.