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Abstrak
This research was aimed to investigate contribution of labour and various factor influencing household labour supply. Multiple linear regresion model estimated by Ordinary Least Square was used. Twenty nine palm oil estate households in Sri Kuncoro were censused and interviewed to get primary data. The research found that husband contribution at plantation activities was the biggest compared to his wife, children and other family members. Further, elatif estate wage to agricultural wage and the existence of othe family members were significant factors to influence household labour supply while respondent age, education level, palm tree age, and relatif estate wage rate to non agricultural wage rate were not.
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Referensi
- Ashenfelter, O. and J.J. Heckman. 1974. The estimation of income and substitution effect in a model of family labour supply. Econometrica. 42(1):73 – 85.
- Chaudary, M.G. 1986. Mechanization and agricultural development ini Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review. 21(3):431 – 445.
- Dawson, P.J., 1984a. Family labour supply: Some empirical results for agriculture. Applied Economics. 16(6):895 – 903.
- Dawson, P.J., 1984b. Labour on family farm: A theory and some policy implication. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 35(1):1 – 19.
- Ellahi, Mahboob and M.J. Khan. 1986. Rural Labor Market with Special Reference to Hired Labour in Pakistan’s Punjab. In Hired Labour in Pakistan’s Punjab. Punjab Economic Research Institute. Lahore.
- Ellahi, Mahboob. 1994. Allocation of Labour Supply Between Farm and Non-farm Jobs in the Rural Economy of Pakistan’s Punjab. Deparment of Agricultural and Resources Economics. University of New England. Armidale.(Monograph).
- Furtan, W.H., G.C.V. Kooten and S.J. Thomson. 1985. The estimation of off-farm labour supply functions in Saskatchewan. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 36(2):211 – 220. Gould, B.W. and W.E. Soupe. 1989. Off-farm labor market entry and exit. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 71(4):960 – 969.
- Koster, M., 1966. Income and Substitution Parameters in a Family Labour Supply Model. PhD dissertation. University of Chicago.
- Nabi, I., N. Hamid dan S. Zalid. 1986. The Agrarian Economy of Pakistan: Issues and Policies. Oxford University Press. Karachi.
- Ramanathan, R. 1990. Introductory Econometrics with Applications. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. San Diego.
- Rosenzweig, M.R. 1980. Neoclassical theory and the optimizing peasant: An econometric analysis of market family labor supply in a developing country. Quaterly Journal of Economics. 94:31 – 35.
- Ruttan, V.W. 1985. Lectures on Technical and Institutional Change in Agricultural Development, Lectures in Development Economics. No.6. PIDE. Islamabad.
- Skoufias, Emmanuel. 1993. Seasonal labor utilization in agriculture: Theory and Evidence from Agrarian Housholds in India.
- Americal Journal of Agricultural Economics. 75:20 – 32.
- Skoufias, Emmanuel. 1994. Using shadow wages
- to estimate labor supply of Agricultural Households. Americal Journal of Agricultural Economics. 76:215 – 227.
- Sukiyono, K, dan Sriyoto. 1997. Transformasi struktural wanita transmigran dari sektor pertanian ke luar sektor pertanian dan kontribusinya terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga : Kasus di Daerah Transmigrasi sekitar Kotamadia Bengkulu. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi. 16(1&2):76 - 87.
- Sumner, D.A. 1982. The off-farm labour supply of farmers. The American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 64(3):499 – 509.
- Suryasubrata, S. 1983. Metodologi Riset.
- Rajawali, Jakarta.
- Tokle, J.G. and W.E. Huffman. 1990. Local Labour Market Conditions: Effects on Labor Demand and Wage Labor Supply Decisions of Farm and Rural Farm Couples, 1978 –82. Deparment of Economics. Iowa State University.
- Walker, T.S. and J.G. Ryan. 1990. Village nad Household Economics in India’s Semi Arid Tropics. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London.
Referensi
Ashenfelter, O. and J.J. Heckman. 1974. The estimation of income and substitution effect in a model of family labour supply. Econometrica. 42(1):73 – 85.
Chaudary, M.G. 1986. Mechanization and agricultural development ini Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review. 21(3):431 – 445.
Dawson, P.J., 1984a. Family labour supply: Some empirical results for agriculture. Applied Economics. 16(6):895 – 903.
Dawson, P.J., 1984b. Labour on family farm: A theory and some policy implication. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 35(1):1 – 19.
Ellahi, Mahboob and M.J. Khan. 1986. Rural Labor Market with Special Reference to Hired Labour in Pakistan’s Punjab. In Hired Labour in Pakistan’s Punjab. Punjab Economic Research Institute. Lahore.
Ellahi, Mahboob. 1994. Allocation of Labour Supply Between Farm and Non-farm Jobs in the Rural Economy of Pakistan’s Punjab. Deparment of Agricultural and Resources Economics. University of New England. Armidale.(Monograph).
Furtan, W.H., G.C.V. Kooten and S.J. Thomson. 1985. The estimation of off-farm labour supply functions in Saskatchewan. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 36(2):211 – 220. Gould, B.W. and W.E. Soupe. 1989. Off-farm labor market entry and exit. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 71(4):960 – 969.
Koster, M., 1966. Income and Substitution Parameters in a Family Labour Supply Model. PhD dissertation. University of Chicago.
Nabi, I., N. Hamid dan S. Zalid. 1986. The Agrarian Economy of Pakistan: Issues and Policies. Oxford University Press. Karachi.
Ramanathan, R. 1990. Introductory Econometrics with Applications. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. San Diego.
Rosenzweig, M.R. 1980. Neoclassical theory and the optimizing peasant: An econometric analysis of market family labor supply in a developing country. Quaterly Journal of Economics. 94:31 – 35.
Ruttan, V.W. 1985. Lectures on Technical and Institutional Change in Agricultural Development, Lectures in Development Economics. No.6. PIDE. Islamabad.
Skoufias, Emmanuel. 1993. Seasonal labor utilization in agriculture: Theory and Evidence from Agrarian Housholds in India.
Americal Journal of Agricultural Economics. 75:20 – 32.
Skoufias, Emmanuel. 1994. Using shadow wages
to estimate labor supply of Agricultural Households. Americal Journal of Agricultural Economics. 76:215 – 227.
Sukiyono, K, dan Sriyoto. 1997. Transformasi struktural wanita transmigran dari sektor pertanian ke luar sektor pertanian dan kontribusinya terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga : Kasus di Daerah Transmigrasi sekitar Kotamadia Bengkulu. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi. 16(1&2):76 - 87.
Sumner, D.A. 1982. The off-farm labour supply of farmers. The American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 64(3):499 – 509.
Suryasubrata, S. 1983. Metodologi Riset.
Rajawali, Jakarta.
Tokle, J.G. and W.E. Huffman. 1990. Local Labour Market Conditions: Effects on Labor Demand and Wage Labor Supply Decisions of Farm and Rural Farm Couples, 1978 –82. Deparment of Economics. Iowa State University.
Walker, T.S. and J.G. Ryan. 1990. Village nad Household Economics in India’s Semi Arid Tropics. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London.