Article Sidebar
Submitted
May 5, 2025
Accepted
June 10, 2025
Published
June 12, 2025
Download
Statistic
Read Counter :
23
Download : 7
Main Article Content
Abstract
Pemanfaatan smartphone merupakan faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap masalah kesehatan di kalangan remaja Indonesia, dengan kualitas tidur yang tidak memadai sama signifikan. Remaja dengan kebiasaan tidur yang buruk, termasuk penggunaan smartphone larut malam dan terjaga dalam waktu lama, mungkin mengalami kecemasan, depresi, fokus berkurang, dan efek buruk pada kesehatan fisik dan psikologis, sehingga meningkatkan risiko kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hubungan antara penggunaan smartphone dan pola tidur pada remaja kelas delapan di SMPN 9 Palangka Raya. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross-sectional yang memanfaatkan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner yang tervalidasi dan dapat diandalkan, menyasar populasi 98 remaja kelas VIII di SMPN 9 Palangka Raya, dengan menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel total populasi. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah uji korelasi Spearman Rank. Temuan survei ini menunjukkan bahwa 63 responden (63,3%) remaja yang dikategorikan menunjukkan penggunaan smartphone yang bermasalah mengaitkan perilaku ini dengan keterlibatan yang berlebihan dengan media sosial dan game online. Lima puluh delapan jawaban (59,2%) remaja menunjukkan pola tidur yang buruk. Penggunaan ponsel yang berkepanjangan pada siang dan malam mengakibatkan keterlambatan tidur, sehingga mengurangi kualitas tidur pada remaja. Hasil penelitian dari tes statistik peringkat Spearman menghasilkan nilai p 0,000 (p<0,05) dan nilai r 0,530, menunjukkan korelasi yang sangat substansial antara penggunaan smartphone dan pola tidur pada remaja. Diantisipasi bahwa remaja yang disiplin akan memberlakukan pembatasan pada penggunaan smartphone sehari-hari mereka. Diantisipasi bahwa orang tua dan keluarga akan mengatur dan memfasilitasi pemahaman tentang penggunaan smartphone yang tepat, memastikannya tidak membahayakan kualitas tidur anak-anak.
Keywords
penggunaan smartphone
kualitas tidur
kesehatan mental
kesehatan fisik
Article Details
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Riska Ovany, Winei Handrian, Erin Soniari, Missesa, Hendrowanto Nibel
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant Jurnal Vokasi Keperawatan (JVK) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license, that allows others to freely share and remix the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in jurnal vokasi keperawatan (JVK).
How to Cite
Riska Ovany, Winei Handrian, Erin Soniari, Missesa, & Hendrowanto Nibel. (2025). Korelasi Penggunaan Smartphone dan Pola Tidur di Kalangan Remaja Kelas VIII di SMPN 9 Kota Palangka Raya. Jurnal Vokasi Keperawatan (JVK), 8(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.33369/jvk.v8i1.41650
References
-
APJII. (2024). APJII Jumlah Pengguna Internet Indonesia Tembus 221 Juta Orang. https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/apjii-jumlah-pengguna-internet-indonesia-tembus-221-juta-orang
Desroches, M. L., Sethares, K. A., Curtin, C., & Chung, J. (2019). Nurses’ attitudes and emotions toward caring for adults with intellectual disabilities: Results of a cross-sectional, correlational-predictive research study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(6), 1501–1513. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12645
Dewi, R. K., Efendi, F., Has, E. M. M., & Gunawan, J. (2021). Adolescents’ smartphone use at night, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2018-0095
Dhamayanti, M., Dwiwina, R., & Adawiyah, R. (2019). Influence of Adolescents’ Smartphone Addiction on Mental and Emotional Development in West Java, Indonesia. In Majalah Kedokteran Bandung (Vol. 51, Issue 1, pp. 46–52). pdfs.semanticscholar.org. https://doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v51n1.1577
Dissing, A. S., Andersen, T. O., Jensen, A. K., Lund, R., & Rod, N. H. (2022). Nighttime smartphone use and changes in mental health and wellbeing among young adults: a longitudinal study based on high-resolution tracking data. In Scientific Reports (Vol. 12, Issue 1). nature.com. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10116-z
Fitriasari, E., Umasugi, M. T., Soulissa, F. F., Ibrahim, I., Rumbouw, N., Guilin, X., Jiao, D., & Wang, Y. (2023). The Relationship Between Smartphone Use and Sleep Quality in Adolescents at Senior High School Negeri 1 Seram Bagian Barat District. Kairatu, West Part of Seram District. Journal of World Future Medicine, Health and Nursing, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.55849/health.v1i1.112
Gao, Q., Jia, G., Fu, E., Olufadi, Y., & Huang, Y. (2020). A configurational investigation of smartphone use disorder among adolescents in three educational levels. Addictive Behaviors, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106231
Ghufron, M., & Suminta, R. (2020). Counteracting Cyber Radical Propaganda on Millennial Teenagers: Perspective Role of the Indonesian Muslim Parents. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Religion and Mental Health, ICRMH. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-9-2019.2293366
Hadiansyah, T., & Sarwendah Endah. (2023). Hubungan Penggunaan Smartphone Dengan Kualitas Tidur Pada Mahasiswa Keperawatan RS. Dustira. Jurnal Keperawatan Komplementer Holistic, 1(2), 19–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12345/jkkhc.v1i2
Irfan, I., Aswar, A., & Erviana, E. (2020). Hubungan Smartphone Dengan Kualitas Tidur Remaja Di Sma Negeri 2 Majene. Journal of Islamic Nursing, 5(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.24252/join.v5i2.15828
Isnaningsih, T., & Sari, F. W. (2022). Hubungan Perilaku dan Frekuensi Penggunaan Gadget dengan Kualitas Tidur pada Remaja. Formosa Journal of Science and Technology, 1(4), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v1i4.877
Jimenez, M. P., Deville, N. V., Elliott, E. G., Schiff, J. E., Wilt, G. E., Hart, J. E., & James, P. (2021). Associations between nature exposure and health: A review of the evidence. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 18, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094790
Kumcagiz, H. (2019). Quality of Life as a Predictor of Smartphone Addiction Risk Among Adolescents. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 24(1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-017-9348-6
Labrague, L. J., & De los Santos, J. A. (2020). Association between nurse and hospital characteristics and organisational silence behaviours in nurses: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(8), 2196–2204. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13101
Li, S. H., Achilles, M. R., Spanos, S., Habak, S., Werner-Seidler, A., & O’dea, B. (2022). A cognitive behavioural therapy smartphone app for adolescent depression and anxiety: co-design of ClearlyMe. Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X22000095
Mac Cárthaigh, S., Griffin, C., & Perry, J. (2020). The relationship between sleep and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A systematic review. Developmental Review, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2020.100897
Murillo-Rodríguez, E., Yamamoto, T., Monteiro, D., Budde, H., Rocha, N. B., Cid, L., Teixeira, D. S., Telles-Correia, D., Veras, A. B., Machado, S., Imperatori, C., & Torterolo, P. (2020). Assessing the Management of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness by Napping Benefits. In Sleep and Vigilance (Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 117–123). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41782-020-00090-9
Paksarian, D., Rudolph, K. E., Stapp, E. K., Dunster, G. P., He, J., Mennitt, D., Hattar, S., Casey, J. A., James, P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2020). Association of Outdoor Artificial Light at Night with Mental Disorders and Sleep Patterns among US Adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(12), 1266–1275. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1935
Rathakrishnan, B., Singh, S. S. B., Kamaluddin, M. R., Yahaya, A., Nasir, M. A. M., Ibrahim, F., & Rahman, Z. A. (2021). Smartphone addiction and sleep quality on academic performance of university students: An exploratory research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168291
Simbolon, P. A., & Daulay, N. (2022). The Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Students’ Academic Proscrastination. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(4), 5580–5688. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i4.3101
Suleman, Q., Hussain, I., Syed, M. A., Parveen, R., Lodhi, I. S., & Mahmood, Z. (2019). Association between emotional intelligence and academic success among undergraduates: A cross-sectional study in KUST, Pakistan. In PLoS ONE (Vol. 14, Issue 7). journals.plos.org. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219468
Wacks, Y., & Weinstein, A. M. (2021). Excessive Smartphone Use Is Associated With Health Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults. In Frontiers in Psychiatry (Vol. 12). frontiersin.org. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669042
Wang, P. Y., Chen, K. L., Yang, S. Y., & Lin, P. H. (2019). Relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students. PLoS ONE, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214769
Werner-Seidler, A., Li, S. H., Spanos, S., Johnston, L., O’Dea, B., Torok, M., Ritterband, L., Newby, J. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Christensen, H. (2023). The effects of a sleep-focused smartphone application on insomnia and depressive symptoms: a randomised controlled trial and mediation analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 64(9), 1324–1335. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13795
Yang, J., Fu, X., Liao, X., & Li, Y. (2020). Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In Psychiatry Research (Vol. 284). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112686
References
APJII. (2024). APJII Jumlah Pengguna Internet Indonesia Tembus 221 Juta Orang. https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/apjii-jumlah-pengguna-internet-indonesia-tembus-221-juta-orang
Desroches, M. L., Sethares, K. A., Curtin, C., & Chung, J. (2019). Nurses’ attitudes and emotions toward caring for adults with intellectual disabilities: Results of a cross-sectional, correlational-predictive research study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(6), 1501–1513. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12645
Dewi, R. K., Efendi, F., Has, E. M. M., & Gunawan, J. (2021). Adolescents’ smartphone use at night, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2018-0095
Dhamayanti, M., Dwiwina, R., & Adawiyah, R. (2019). Influence of Adolescents’ Smartphone Addiction on Mental and Emotional Development in West Java, Indonesia. In Majalah Kedokteran Bandung (Vol. 51, Issue 1, pp. 46–52). pdfs.semanticscholar.org. https://doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v51n1.1577
Dissing, A. S., Andersen, T. O., Jensen, A. K., Lund, R., & Rod, N. H. (2022). Nighttime smartphone use and changes in mental health and wellbeing among young adults: a longitudinal study based on high-resolution tracking data. In Scientific Reports (Vol. 12, Issue 1). nature.com. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10116-z
Fitriasari, E., Umasugi, M. T., Soulissa, F. F., Ibrahim, I., Rumbouw, N., Guilin, X., Jiao, D., & Wang, Y. (2023). The Relationship Between Smartphone Use and Sleep Quality in Adolescents at Senior High School Negeri 1 Seram Bagian Barat District. Kairatu, West Part of Seram District. Journal of World Future Medicine, Health and Nursing, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.55849/health.v1i1.112
Gao, Q., Jia, G., Fu, E., Olufadi, Y., & Huang, Y. (2020). A configurational investigation of smartphone use disorder among adolescents in three educational levels. Addictive Behaviors, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106231
Ghufron, M., & Suminta, R. (2020). Counteracting Cyber Radical Propaganda on Millennial Teenagers: Perspective Role of the Indonesian Muslim Parents. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Religion and Mental Health, ICRMH. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-9-2019.2293366
Hadiansyah, T., & Sarwendah Endah. (2023). Hubungan Penggunaan Smartphone Dengan Kualitas Tidur Pada Mahasiswa Keperawatan RS. Dustira. Jurnal Keperawatan Komplementer Holistic, 1(2), 19–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12345/jkkhc.v1i2
Irfan, I., Aswar, A., & Erviana, E. (2020). Hubungan Smartphone Dengan Kualitas Tidur Remaja Di Sma Negeri 2 Majene. Journal of Islamic Nursing, 5(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.24252/join.v5i2.15828
Isnaningsih, T., & Sari, F. W. (2022). Hubungan Perilaku dan Frekuensi Penggunaan Gadget dengan Kualitas Tidur pada Remaja. Formosa Journal of Science and Technology, 1(4), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v1i4.877
Jimenez, M. P., Deville, N. V., Elliott, E. G., Schiff, J. E., Wilt, G. E., Hart, J. E., & James, P. (2021). Associations between nature exposure and health: A review of the evidence. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 18, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094790
Kumcagiz, H. (2019). Quality of Life as a Predictor of Smartphone Addiction Risk Among Adolescents. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 24(1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-017-9348-6
Labrague, L. J., & De los Santos, J. A. (2020). Association between nurse and hospital characteristics and organisational silence behaviours in nurses: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(8), 2196–2204. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13101
Li, S. H., Achilles, M. R., Spanos, S., Habak, S., Werner-Seidler, A., & O’dea, B. (2022). A cognitive behavioural therapy smartphone app for adolescent depression and anxiety: co-design of ClearlyMe. Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X22000095
Mac Cárthaigh, S., Griffin, C., & Perry, J. (2020). The relationship between sleep and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A systematic review. Developmental Review, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2020.100897
Murillo-Rodríguez, E., Yamamoto, T., Monteiro, D., Budde, H., Rocha, N. B., Cid, L., Teixeira, D. S., Telles-Correia, D., Veras, A. B., Machado, S., Imperatori, C., & Torterolo, P. (2020). Assessing the Management of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness by Napping Benefits. In Sleep and Vigilance (Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 117–123). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41782-020-00090-9
Paksarian, D., Rudolph, K. E., Stapp, E. K., Dunster, G. P., He, J., Mennitt, D., Hattar, S., Casey, J. A., James, P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2020). Association of Outdoor Artificial Light at Night with Mental Disorders and Sleep Patterns among US Adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(12), 1266–1275. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1935
Rathakrishnan, B., Singh, S. S. B., Kamaluddin, M. R., Yahaya, A., Nasir, M. A. M., Ibrahim, F., & Rahman, Z. A. (2021). Smartphone addiction and sleep quality on academic performance of university students: An exploratory research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168291
Simbolon, P. A., & Daulay, N. (2022). The Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Students’ Academic Proscrastination. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(4), 5580–5688. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i4.3101
Suleman, Q., Hussain, I., Syed, M. A., Parveen, R., Lodhi, I. S., & Mahmood, Z. (2019). Association between emotional intelligence and academic success among undergraduates: A cross-sectional study in KUST, Pakistan. In PLoS ONE (Vol. 14, Issue 7). journals.plos.org. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219468
Wacks, Y., & Weinstein, A. M. (2021). Excessive Smartphone Use Is Associated With Health Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults. In Frontiers in Psychiatry (Vol. 12). frontiersin.org. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669042
Wang, P. Y., Chen, K. L., Yang, S. Y., & Lin, P. H. (2019). Relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students. PLoS ONE, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214769
Werner-Seidler, A., Li, S. H., Spanos, S., Johnston, L., O’Dea, B., Torok, M., Ritterband, L., Newby, J. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Christensen, H. (2023). The effects of a sleep-focused smartphone application on insomnia and depressive symptoms: a randomised controlled trial and mediation analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 64(9), 1324–1335. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13795
Yang, J., Fu, X., Liao, X., & Li, Y. (2020). Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In Psychiatry Research (Vol. 284). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112686
Desroches, M. L., Sethares, K. A., Curtin, C., & Chung, J. (2019). Nurses’ attitudes and emotions toward caring for adults with intellectual disabilities: Results of a cross-sectional, correlational-predictive research study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(6), 1501–1513. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12645
Dewi, R. K., Efendi, F., Has, E. M. M., & Gunawan, J. (2021). Adolescents’ smartphone use at night, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2018-0095
Dhamayanti, M., Dwiwina, R., & Adawiyah, R. (2019). Influence of Adolescents’ Smartphone Addiction on Mental and Emotional Development in West Java, Indonesia. In Majalah Kedokteran Bandung (Vol. 51, Issue 1, pp. 46–52). pdfs.semanticscholar.org. https://doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v51n1.1577
Dissing, A. S., Andersen, T. O., Jensen, A. K., Lund, R., & Rod, N. H. (2022). Nighttime smartphone use and changes in mental health and wellbeing among young adults: a longitudinal study based on high-resolution tracking data. In Scientific Reports (Vol. 12, Issue 1). nature.com. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10116-z
Fitriasari, E., Umasugi, M. T., Soulissa, F. F., Ibrahim, I., Rumbouw, N., Guilin, X., Jiao, D., & Wang, Y. (2023). The Relationship Between Smartphone Use and Sleep Quality in Adolescents at Senior High School Negeri 1 Seram Bagian Barat District. Kairatu, West Part of Seram District. Journal of World Future Medicine, Health and Nursing, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.55849/health.v1i1.112
Gao, Q., Jia, G., Fu, E., Olufadi, Y., & Huang, Y. (2020). A configurational investigation of smartphone use disorder among adolescents in three educational levels. Addictive Behaviors, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106231
Ghufron, M., & Suminta, R. (2020). Counteracting Cyber Radical Propaganda on Millennial Teenagers: Perspective Role of the Indonesian Muslim Parents. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Religion and Mental Health, ICRMH. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-9-2019.2293366
Hadiansyah, T., & Sarwendah Endah. (2023). Hubungan Penggunaan Smartphone Dengan Kualitas Tidur Pada Mahasiswa Keperawatan RS. Dustira. Jurnal Keperawatan Komplementer Holistic, 1(2), 19–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12345/jkkhc.v1i2
Irfan, I., Aswar, A., & Erviana, E. (2020). Hubungan Smartphone Dengan Kualitas Tidur Remaja Di Sma Negeri 2 Majene. Journal of Islamic Nursing, 5(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.24252/join.v5i2.15828
Isnaningsih, T., & Sari, F. W. (2022). Hubungan Perilaku dan Frekuensi Penggunaan Gadget dengan Kualitas Tidur pada Remaja. Formosa Journal of Science and Technology, 1(4), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v1i4.877
Jimenez, M. P., Deville, N. V., Elliott, E. G., Schiff, J. E., Wilt, G. E., Hart, J. E., & James, P. (2021). Associations between nature exposure and health: A review of the evidence. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 18, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094790
Kumcagiz, H. (2019). Quality of Life as a Predictor of Smartphone Addiction Risk Among Adolescents. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 24(1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-017-9348-6
Labrague, L. J., & De los Santos, J. A. (2020). Association between nurse and hospital characteristics and organisational silence behaviours in nurses: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(8), 2196–2204. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13101
Li, S. H., Achilles, M. R., Spanos, S., Habak, S., Werner-Seidler, A., & O’dea, B. (2022). A cognitive behavioural therapy smartphone app for adolescent depression and anxiety: co-design of ClearlyMe. Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X22000095
Mac Cárthaigh, S., Griffin, C., & Perry, J. (2020). The relationship between sleep and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A systematic review. Developmental Review, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2020.100897
Murillo-Rodríguez, E., Yamamoto, T., Monteiro, D., Budde, H., Rocha, N. B., Cid, L., Teixeira, D. S., Telles-Correia, D., Veras, A. B., Machado, S., Imperatori, C., & Torterolo, P. (2020). Assessing the Management of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness by Napping Benefits. In Sleep and Vigilance (Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 117–123). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41782-020-00090-9
Paksarian, D., Rudolph, K. E., Stapp, E. K., Dunster, G. P., He, J., Mennitt, D., Hattar, S., Casey, J. A., James, P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2020). Association of Outdoor Artificial Light at Night with Mental Disorders and Sleep Patterns among US Adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(12), 1266–1275. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1935
Rathakrishnan, B., Singh, S. S. B., Kamaluddin, M. R., Yahaya, A., Nasir, M. A. M., Ibrahim, F., & Rahman, Z. A. (2021). Smartphone addiction and sleep quality on academic performance of university students: An exploratory research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168291
Simbolon, P. A., & Daulay, N. (2022). The Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Students’ Academic Proscrastination. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(4), 5580–5688. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i4.3101
Suleman, Q., Hussain, I., Syed, M. A., Parveen, R., Lodhi, I. S., & Mahmood, Z. (2019). Association between emotional intelligence and academic success among undergraduates: A cross-sectional study in KUST, Pakistan. In PLoS ONE (Vol. 14, Issue 7). journals.plos.org. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219468
Wacks, Y., & Weinstein, A. M. (2021). Excessive Smartphone Use Is Associated With Health Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults. In Frontiers in Psychiatry (Vol. 12). frontiersin.org. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669042
Wang, P. Y., Chen, K. L., Yang, S. Y., & Lin, P. H. (2019). Relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students. PLoS ONE, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214769
Werner-Seidler, A., Li, S. H., Spanos, S., Johnston, L., O’Dea, B., Torok, M., Ritterband, L., Newby, J. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Christensen, H. (2023). The effects of a sleep-focused smartphone application on insomnia and depressive symptoms: a randomised controlled trial and mediation analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 64(9), 1324–1335. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13795
Yang, J., Fu, X., Liao, X., & Li, Y. (2020). Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In Psychiatry Research (Vol. 284). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112686