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Abstract
Global demand for patchouli oil reaches around 1,500 tonnes annually, with Indonesia supplying around 70 per cent of total demand. The area under patchouli cultivation in Indonesia has declined by an average of 1.52 per cent per year, and patchouli production in 2024 is estimated to reach only 2,220 tonnes, a sharp decline of 14.17% compared to the 2023 figure. However, the price of patchouli at the farmer level in the domestic market is quite encouraging. Therefore, with the increase in patchouli prices, farmers are expected to be able to increase production and exports of patchouli products in the international market. Indonesia's patchouli export destinations are spread across the continents of Asia, Europe, and Africa. The researcher aims to analyse coffee exports (HS 0901) to the largest export destinations, namely Egypt, Malaysia, Italy, and Japan, although in this case, coffee export volumes have decreased. This study is a secondary data analysis using time series data from 2014 to 2023. The export data analysed pertains to clove exports with HS code 3301 to Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, and France, using Revealed Comparative Advantage Analysis and the Trade Specialisation Index. Based on the results of the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Trade Specialisation Index (ISP) analyses, it can be concluded that Indonesian patchouli products have a very strong competitive position in the international market. The RCA values for several major export destinations, particularly Singapore, the Philippines, and Vietnam, indicate consistent comparative advantages.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Wan Adiwijaya Adiwijaya, Siti Sabrina Salqaura

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References
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References
Banerjee, A. (2004). Trade Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage BT - Globalisasi dan Perdagangan Internasional (T. Tambunan (ed.)). Ghalia Indonesia.
Bangun, R. H. (2022). Spesialisasi Perdagangan Dan Daya Saing Buah-Buahan Sumatera Utara Di Pasar Internasional. Jurnal Agriuma, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31289/agri.v4i1.6712
Council, I. E. O. (2017). Indonesian Essential Oils Industry Outlook. Dewan Atsiri Indonesia.
Darwanto, D. H. (2004). Agribisnis Internasional. MMA UGM.
E.Porter, M. (1990). Book Review: The Competitive Advantage of Nations. In Harvard Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700113
Effendy, E., Yusuf, M., Romano, & Safrida. (2019). Analisis Struktur Biaya Produksi Dan Kesenjangan Pendapatan Petani Akibat Fluktuasi Harga Minyak Nilam. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 3(2), 360–375. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jepa.2019.003.02.12
Ernawati, E., Masbar, R., Majid, M. S. A., & Jamal, A. (2021). Production and marketing efficiency of patchouli oil industry in Indonesia. Regional Science Inquiry, 13(2), 135–148.
Ferrarini, B., & Scaramozzino, P. (2011). Indicators and Patterns of Specialization in International Trade.
Fikri, M. Z. Al, Nurfadillah, S., & Santoso, S. I. (2024). Competitiveness of Indonesian Essential Oils in The International Market. SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 18(1), 43–58.
Huda, F. A., Meitasari, D., & Widyawati, W. (2021). Analisis Daya Saing Ekspor Minyak Atsiri Nilam (Patchouli Essential Oil) Indonesia di Pasar Internasional dengan Negara Brazil, Amerika Serikat, Meksiko, dan Perancis Periode 2001-2018. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 5(4), 1069–1085. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jepa.2021.005.04.10
Huey, C. (2005). Measuring Comparative Advantage in International Trade BT - Ekonomi Internasional: Teori dan Aplikasi (B. Susetyo (ed.)). PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Kartika Lestari, P. F., Ferhat, A., & Bimantio, M. P. (2023). Competitiveness Analysis of Indonesian Essential Oil As an Export Commodity in the International Market Using Revealed Comparative Advantage (Rca) Method. Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 7(1), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.14710/agrisocionomics.v7i1.16369
Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73(2), 28. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045917
Muliadi, Susanti, E., & Safrida. (2020). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Beralihnya petani Nilam Ke Serei wangi di Kecamatan Blangkejeren Kabupaten Goyo Lues. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian, 5(1), 88–96.
Nurcahyani, M., & Salqaura, S. S. (2023). Analisis Kinerja Ekspor Minyak Atsiri Indonesia Di Pasar Internasional. Agrifo : Jurnal Agribisnis Universitas Malikussaleh, 8(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.29103/ag.v8i1.11771
Onibala, S. A. Y., Memah, M. Y., & Benu, N. M. (2025). Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani dan Pengolahan Tanaman Nilam di Desa Tompasobaru Dua Kecamatan Tompasobaru Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development (Jurnal Agribisnis Dan Pengembangan Pedesaan), 7(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.35791/agrirud.v7i1.59412
Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian. (2024). Outlook Nilam 2024. In Sekretariat Jenderal - Kementerian Pertanian. https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/OUTLOOK_NILAM_2024
Putra, A. D. K., Sibuea, M. B., & Noer, Z. (2025). Daya Saing Eskpor Kopi Indonesia di Pasar Internasional. Mimbar Agribisnis : Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis, 11(2), 1700. https://doi.org/10.25157/ma.v11i2.17542
Qineti, A., Rajcaniova, M., & Matejkova, E. (2009). The competitiveness and comparative advantage of the Slovak and the EU agri-food trade with Russia and Ukraine. Agricultural Economics, 55(8), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.17221/42/2009-agricecon
Sagaria, A., & (Editor), A. M. (2013). Luas Lahan Tanaman Nilam Kutai Timur Berkurang. Antara News Kalimantan Timur. https://kaltim.antaranews.com/berita/16242/luas-lahan-tanaman-nilam-kutai-timur-berkurang
Susetyo, B. (2005). Ekonomi Internasional: Teori dan Aplikasi. PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Tambunan, T. (2004). Globalisasi dan Perdagangan Internasional. Ghalia Indonesia.
Zulkifli, H., Diansyah, R., & Usman, M. (2022). Analisis Kelayakan dan Nilai Tambah Usahatani Nilam di Kecamatan Panga kabupaten Aceh jaya. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian, 7(4), 435–447. https://doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v7i4.22024