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November 3, 2023
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March 27, 2024
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Staple food must be available in sufficient quantities and at affordable prices. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has restricted public access and disrupted food distribution. As one of the most affected cities, Medan City is facing the threat of rising food prices due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on staple food prices in Medan City. The commodities that are the focus of the research are: (1) rice, (2) white sugar, (3) palm oil, (4) chicken eggs, (5) chicken meat, and (6) beef. This study used weekly time series data which is divided into two periods; the period before the COVID-19 pandemic (2018-2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021). Data analysis was performed using the ANOVA method; where the price difference shows the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food prices. The results of the analysis show that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on increasing staple food prices in Medan City for the commodities: (1) rice, (2) white sugar, (3) palm oil, (4) chicken eggs, and (5) beef. The results of the study also show that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative implications on the food security in Medan City. This research emphasize the government intervention in stabilizing staple food prices during extraordinary conditions (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) to preserve food security in urban area.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Ekamonika Manihuruk, Aditya Arief Rachmadhan
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THE EFFECT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE PRICE OF STAPLE FOODS IN MEDAN CITY. (2024). Jurnal AGRISEP: Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 23(01), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.23.01.227-240
References
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Bola, E., & Prihtanti, T. M. (2019). Perilaku Petani Padi Organik Terhadap Risiko di Kecamatan Susukan Kabupaten Semarang. Soca, 13(2), 279–290. doi: 10.24843/SOCA.2019.v13.i02.p10
Cariappa, A. A., et al. (2021). COVID-19 Induced Lockdown Effects On Agricultural Commodity Prices And Consumer Behaviour In India - Implications For Food Loss And Waste Management. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 82(1), 1-23. doi: 10.1016/j.seps.2021.101160
Firdaus, M. (2021). Disparitas Harga Pangan Strategis Sebelum Dan Saat Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia, 10(2), 107–120. doi: 10.52813/jei.v10i2.104
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2008). Basic Econometric. In Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill.
Habtewold, T. M. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on Food Security, Employment And Education: An Empirical Assessment During The Early Phase Of The Pandemic. Clinical Nutrition Open Science, 38(1), 59–72. doi: 10.1016/j.nutos.2021.06.002
Ikhsan, M., & Virananda, I. G. S. (2021). How COVID-19 Affects Food Security In Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.lpem.org/id/how-COVID-19-affects-food-security-in-indonesia/
Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. (2021). Merekam Pandemi COVID-19 dan Memahami Kerja Keras Pengawal APBN. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.kemenkeu.go.id/media/18295/buku-merekam-pandemi-COVID-19-dan-memahami-kerja-keras-pengawal-apbn.pdf
Kang, Y., et al. (2021). Differences In The Early Impact Of COVID-19 On Food Security And Livelihoods In Rural And Urban Areas In The Asia Pacific Region. Global Food Security, 31(1), 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100580
Kantor Perwakilan Bank Indonesia Provinsi Sumatera Utara. (2021). Laporan Perekonomian Provinsi Sumatera Utara Agustus 2021. Retrieved from http://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/laporan/lpp/Pages/Laporan-Perekonomian-Provinsi-Sumatera-Utara-Agustus-2021.aspx
Kao, L. S., & Green, C. E. (2008). Analysis of Variance: Is There a Difference in Means and What Does It Mean? Journal of Surgical Research, 144(1), 158–170. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.02.053
Kesuma, R. F., Rahmadianto, S. A., & Yuniati, Y. (2020). Peningkatan Pemahaman Mengenai Keamanan Pangan bagi Masyarakat Desa Tegalweru. Jurnal Akses Pengabdian Indonesia (JAPI), 5(1), 18–21. doi: 10.33366/japi.v5i1.1267
Khoirunurrofik, K., Abdurrachman, F., & Putri, L. A. M. (2021). Half-Hearted Policies On Mobility Restrictions During COVID-19 In Indonesia: A Portrait Of Large Informal Economy Country. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 13(1), 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2021.100517
Maleha, N. Y., Saluza, I., & Setiawan, B. (2021). Dampak COVID-19 Terhadap Pendapatan Pedagang Kecil di Desa Sugih Waras Kec. Teluk Gelam Kab. OKI. Jurnal Imiah Ekonomi Islam, 7(3), 1441–1448. doi: 10.29040/jiei.v7i3.3476
Maskun, A., et al. (2021). The State Responsibility On Food Availability On The Pandemic. Gaceta Sanitaria, 35(2), 345–347. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.049
Muhyiddin, & Nugroho, H. (2021). A Year Of COVID-19: A Long Road To Recovery And Acceleration Of Indonesia’s Development. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesia Journal of Development Planning, 5(1), 1–19. doi: 10.36574/jpp.v5i1.181
Nuryanti, S., et al. (2017). Political Economic Analysis Of Rice Self-Sufficiency In Indonesia. Indonesian Journal Of Agricultural Science, 18(2), 77–86. doi: 10.21082/ijas.v.18.n2.2017.p.77–86
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 Tentang Pangan, Pub. L. No. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia. (2020). Nomor 59 Tahun 2020 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 71 Tahun 2015 Tentang Penetapan dan Penyimpanan Barang Kebutuhan Pokok dan Barang Penting
Pratama, F. H. (2018). Faktor-Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Risiko Harga Bawang Merah Di Tingkat Petani Di Kabupaten Brebes Jawa Tengah [Thesis, IPB University]. Retrieved from http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/94596
Rachmadhan, A. A., Kusnadi, N., & Adhi, A. K. (2020). Analisis Harga Eceran Gula Kristal Putih Indonesia. Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, 14(1), 1–20. doi: 10.30908/bilp.v14i1.433
Rachman, H. P. S. (2010). Aksesibilitas Pangan: Faktor Kunci Pencapaian Ketahanan Pangan Di Indonesia. Pangan, 19(1), 147–156. doi: 10.33964/jp.v19i2.128
Rahman, M. T., et al. (2021). How COVID-19 Pandemic Is Affecting Achieved Food Security In Bangladesh: A Perspective With Required Policy Interventions. Journal Of Agriculture And Food Research, 7(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100258
Rasoki, T., Fariyanti, A., & Rifin, A. (2016). Pembandingan Efisiensi Pemasaran Bawang Merah Konsumsi Dan Benih Di Kabupaten Brebes Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 34(2), 145–160. doi: 10.21082/jae.v34n2.2016.145-160
Reza, M. A., Firdaus, M., & Novianti, T. (2014). Analyses Of Food Price Stabilization In Indonesia. ASEAN Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 2(1), 48–63. doi: 2338-9710.
Rizal, M., Afrianti, R., & Abdurahman, I. (2021). Dampak Kebijakan Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) Bagi Pelaku Bisnis Coffe Shop Pada Masa Pandemi Terdampak COVID-19 Di Kabupaten Purwakarta. Jurnal Inspirasi, 12(1), 96–105. doi: 10.35880/inspirasi.v12i1.198
Safitri, L. A., & Dewa, C. B. (2021). Analisa Kebijakan Pemberlakuan PPKM pada Masa Pandemi COVID19 Terhadap Industri Skala Kecil dan Menengah Makanan dan Minuman. Jurnal Manajemen Dayasaing, 23(2), 97–107. doi: 10.23917/dayasaing.v23i2.16180
Saputra, Y. (2021). Dampak Pandemi COVID-19 Dan Kebijakan PPKM Terhadap Tingkat Pendapatan Usaha Mikro Kecil Menegah (UMKM) Menurut Perspektif Ekonomi Islam (Studi Pada UMKM Rumah Makan Pindang Meranjat Riu Resto Cabang Palapa Kota Bandar Lampung) (Thesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung). Retrieved from http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/16190/2/COVER%2CBAB 1%2C BAB 2%2C DAPUS.pdf
Satuan Tugas Penanganan COVID-19. (2022). Analisis Data COVID-19 Indonesia Update Per 16 Januari 2022. Retrieved from http://COVID19.go.id/artikel/2022/01/20/analisis-data-COVID-19-indonesia-update-16-januari-2022
Sayaka, B., & Adhie, S. (2016). Stabilisasi Harga Pangan Nonberas Di Malaysia. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 34(1), 71–86. doi: 10.21082/fae.v34n1.2016.71-86
Suliyah. (2021). Pengaruh Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Kota Bandar Lampung saat Pandemi COVID-19 Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam. (Dissertation, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia). Retrieved from http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/15551/1/BAB%201%202%20DAPUS.pdf
Tomek, W. G., & Robinson, K. L. (2014). Agricultural Product Prices (5th ed.). Cornell University Press
Wardhani, N. K. (2021). Penerapan Kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar Di Indonesia Dalam Prespektif Hukum Dan HAM. Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 2(1), 33–37. doi: 10.24123/soshum.v2i1.3990
Wijayati, P. D., Harianto, & Suryana, A. (2019). Permintaan Pangan Sumber Karbohidrat Di Indonesia. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian, 17(1), 13–26. doi: 10.21082/akp.v17n1.2019.13-26
References
Bola, E., & Prihtanti, T. M. (2019). Perilaku Petani Padi Organik Terhadap Risiko di Kecamatan Susukan Kabupaten Semarang. Soca, 13(2), 279–290. doi: 10.24843/SOCA.2019.v13.i02.p10
Cariappa, A. A., et al. (2021). COVID-19 Induced Lockdown Effects On Agricultural Commodity Prices And Consumer Behaviour In India - Implications For Food Loss And Waste Management. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 82(1), 1-23. doi: 10.1016/j.seps.2021.101160
Firdaus, M. (2021). Disparitas Harga Pangan Strategis Sebelum Dan Saat Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia, 10(2), 107–120. doi: 10.52813/jei.v10i2.104
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2008). Basic Econometric. In Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill.
Habtewold, T. M. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on Food Security, Employment And Education: An Empirical Assessment During The Early Phase Of The Pandemic. Clinical Nutrition Open Science, 38(1), 59–72. doi: 10.1016/j.nutos.2021.06.002
Ikhsan, M., & Virananda, I. G. S. (2021). How COVID-19 Affects Food Security In Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.lpem.org/id/how-COVID-19-affects-food-security-in-indonesia/
Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. (2021). Merekam Pandemi COVID-19 dan Memahami Kerja Keras Pengawal APBN. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.kemenkeu.go.id/media/18295/buku-merekam-pandemi-COVID-19-dan-memahami-kerja-keras-pengawal-apbn.pdf
Kang, Y., et al. (2021). Differences In The Early Impact Of COVID-19 On Food Security And Livelihoods In Rural And Urban Areas In The Asia Pacific Region. Global Food Security, 31(1), 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100580
Kantor Perwakilan Bank Indonesia Provinsi Sumatera Utara. (2021). Laporan Perekonomian Provinsi Sumatera Utara Agustus 2021. Retrieved from http://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/laporan/lpp/Pages/Laporan-Perekonomian-Provinsi-Sumatera-Utara-Agustus-2021.aspx
Kao, L. S., & Green, C. E. (2008). Analysis of Variance: Is There a Difference in Means and What Does It Mean? Journal of Surgical Research, 144(1), 158–170. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.02.053
Kesuma, R. F., Rahmadianto, S. A., & Yuniati, Y. (2020). Peningkatan Pemahaman Mengenai Keamanan Pangan bagi Masyarakat Desa Tegalweru. Jurnal Akses Pengabdian Indonesia (JAPI), 5(1), 18–21. doi: 10.33366/japi.v5i1.1267
Khoirunurrofik, K., Abdurrachman, F., & Putri, L. A. M. (2021). Half-Hearted Policies On Mobility Restrictions During COVID-19 In Indonesia: A Portrait Of Large Informal Economy Country. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 13(1), 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2021.100517
Maleha, N. Y., Saluza, I., & Setiawan, B. (2021). Dampak COVID-19 Terhadap Pendapatan Pedagang Kecil di Desa Sugih Waras Kec. Teluk Gelam Kab. OKI. Jurnal Imiah Ekonomi Islam, 7(3), 1441–1448. doi: 10.29040/jiei.v7i3.3476
Maskun, A., et al. (2021). The State Responsibility On Food Availability On The Pandemic. Gaceta Sanitaria, 35(2), 345–347. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.049
Muhyiddin, & Nugroho, H. (2021). A Year Of COVID-19: A Long Road To Recovery And Acceleration Of Indonesia’s Development. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesia Journal of Development Planning, 5(1), 1–19. doi: 10.36574/jpp.v5i1.181
Nuryanti, S., et al. (2017). Political Economic Analysis Of Rice Self-Sufficiency In Indonesia. Indonesian Journal Of Agricultural Science, 18(2), 77–86. doi: 10.21082/ijas.v.18.n2.2017.p.77–86
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 Tentang Pangan, Pub. L. No. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia. (2020). Nomor 59 Tahun 2020 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 71 Tahun 2015 Tentang Penetapan dan Penyimpanan Barang Kebutuhan Pokok dan Barang Penting
Pratama, F. H. (2018). Faktor-Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Risiko Harga Bawang Merah Di Tingkat Petani Di Kabupaten Brebes Jawa Tengah [Thesis, IPB University]. Retrieved from http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/94596
Rachmadhan, A. A., Kusnadi, N., & Adhi, A. K. (2020). Analisis Harga Eceran Gula Kristal Putih Indonesia. Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, 14(1), 1–20. doi: 10.30908/bilp.v14i1.433
Rachman, H. P. S. (2010). Aksesibilitas Pangan: Faktor Kunci Pencapaian Ketahanan Pangan Di Indonesia. Pangan, 19(1), 147–156. doi: 10.33964/jp.v19i2.128
Rahman, M. T., et al. (2021). How COVID-19 Pandemic Is Affecting Achieved Food Security In Bangladesh: A Perspective With Required Policy Interventions. Journal Of Agriculture And Food Research, 7(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100258
Rasoki, T., Fariyanti, A., & Rifin, A. (2016). Pembandingan Efisiensi Pemasaran Bawang Merah Konsumsi Dan Benih Di Kabupaten Brebes Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 34(2), 145–160. doi: 10.21082/jae.v34n2.2016.145-160
Reza, M. A., Firdaus, M., & Novianti, T. (2014). Analyses Of Food Price Stabilization In Indonesia. ASEAN Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 2(1), 48–63. doi: 2338-9710.
Rizal, M., Afrianti, R., & Abdurahman, I. (2021). Dampak Kebijakan Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) Bagi Pelaku Bisnis Coffe Shop Pada Masa Pandemi Terdampak COVID-19 Di Kabupaten Purwakarta. Jurnal Inspirasi, 12(1), 96–105. doi: 10.35880/inspirasi.v12i1.198
Safitri, L. A., & Dewa, C. B. (2021). Analisa Kebijakan Pemberlakuan PPKM pada Masa Pandemi COVID19 Terhadap Industri Skala Kecil dan Menengah Makanan dan Minuman. Jurnal Manajemen Dayasaing, 23(2), 97–107. doi: 10.23917/dayasaing.v23i2.16180
Saputra, Y. (2021). Dampak Pandemi COVID-19 Dan Kebijakan PPKM Terhadap Tingkat Pendapatan Usaha Mikro Kecil Menegah (UMKM) Menurut Perspektif Ekonomi Islam (Studi Pada UMKM Rumah Makan Pindang Meranjat Riu Resto Cabang Palapa Kota Bandar Lampung) (Thesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung). Retrieved from http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/16190/2/COVER%2CBAB 1%2C BAB 2%2C DAPUS.pdf
Satuan Tugas Penanganan COVID-19. (2022). Analisis Data COVID-19 Indonesia Update Per 16 Januari 2022. Retrieved from http://COVID19.go.id/artikel/2022/01/20/analisis-data-COVID-19-indonesia-update-16-januari-2022
Sayaka, B., & Adhie, S. (2016). Stabilisasi Harga Pangan Nonberas Di Malaysia. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 34(1), 71–86. doi: 10.21082/fae.v34n1.2016.71-86
Suliyah. (2021). Pengaruh Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Kota Bandar Lampung saat Pandemi COVID-19 Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam. (Dissertation, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia). Retrieved from http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/15551/1/BAB%201%202%20DAPUS.pdf
Tomek, W. G., & Robinson, K. L. (2014). Agricultural Product Prices (5th ed.). Cornell University Press
Wardhani, N. K. (2021). Penerapan Kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar Di Indonesia Dalam Prespektif Hukum Dan HAM. Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 2(1), 33–37. doi: 10.24123/soshum.v2i1.3990
Wijayati, P. D., Harianto, & Suryana, A. (2019). Permintaan Pangan Sumber Karbohidrat Di Indonesia. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian, 17(1), 13–26. doi: 10.21082/akp.v17n1.2019.13-26
Cariappa, A. A., et al. (2021). COVID-19 Induced Lockdown Effects On Agricultural Commodity Prices And Consumer Behaviour In India - Implications For Food Loss And Waste Management. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 82(1), 1-23. doi: 10.1016/j.seps.2021.101160
Firdaus, M. (2021). Disparitas Harga Pangan Strategis Sebelum Dan Saat Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia, 10(2), 107–120. doi: 10.52813/jei.v10i2.104
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2008). Basic Econometric. In Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill.
Habtewold, T. M. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on Food Security, Employment And Education: An Empirical Assessment During The Early Phase Of The Pandemic. Clinical Nutrition Open Science, 38(1), 59–72. doi: 10.1016/j.nutos.2021.06.002
Ikhsan, M., & Virananda, I. G. S. (2021). How COVID-19 Affects Food Security In Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.lpem.org/id/how-COVID-19-affects-food-security-in-indonesia/
Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. (2021). Merekam Pandemi COVID-19 dan Memahami Kerja Keras Pengawal APBN. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.kemenkeu.go.id/media/18295/buku-merekam-pandemi-COVID-19-dan-memahami-kerja-keras-pengawal-apbn.pdf
Kang, Y., et al. (2021). Differences In The Early Impact Of COVID-19 On Food Security And Livelihoods In Rural And Urban Areas In The Asia Pacific Region. Global Food Security, 31(1), 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100580
Kantor Perwakilan Bank Indonesia Provinsi Sumatera Utara. (2021). Laporan Perekonomian Provinsi Sumatera Utara Agustus 2021. Retrieved from http://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/laporan/lpp/Pages/Laporan-Perekonomian-Provinsi-Sumatera-Utara-Agustus-2021.aspx
Kao, L. S., & Green, C. E. (2008). Analysis of Variance: Is There a Difference in Means and What Does It Mean? Journal of Surgical Research, 144(1), 158–170. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.02.053
Kesuma, R. F., Rahmadianto, S. A., & Yuniati, Y. (2020). Peningkatan Pemahaman Mengenai Keamanan Pangan bagi Masyarakat Desa Tegalweru. Jurnal Akses Pengabdian Indonesia (JAPI), 5(1), 18–21. doi: 10.33366/japi.v5i1.1267
Khoirunurrofik, K., Abdurrachman, F., & Putri, L. A. M. (2021). Half-Hearted Policies On Mobility Restrictions During COVID-19 In Indonesia: A Portrait Of Large Informal Economy Country. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 13(1), 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2021.100517
Maleha, N. Y., Saluza, I., & Setiawan, B. (2021). Dampak COVID-19 Terhadap Pendapatan Pedagang Kecil di Desa Sugih Waras Kec. Teluk Gelam Kab. OKI. Jurnal Imiah Ekonomi Islam, 7(3), 1441–1448. doi: 10.29040/jiei.v7i3.3476
Maskun, A., et al. (2021). The State Responsibility On Food Availability On The Pandemic. Gaceta Sanitaria, 35(2), 345–347. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.049
Muhyiddin, & Nugroho, H. (2021). A Year Of COVID-19: A Long Road To Recovery And Acceleration Of Indonesia’s Development. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesia Journal of Development Planning, 5(1), 1–19. doi: 10.36574/jpp.v5i1.181
Nuryanti, S., et al. (2017). Political Economic Analysis Of Rice Self-Sufficiency In Indonesia. Indonesian Journal Of Agricultural Science, 18(2), 77–86. doi: 10.21082/ijas.v.18.n2.2017.p.77–86
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 Tentang Pangan, Pub. L. No. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia. (2020). Nomor 59 Tahun 2020 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 71 Tahun 2015 Tentang Penetapan dan Penyimpanan Barang Kebutuhan Pokok dan Barang Penting
Pratama, F. H. (2018). Faktor-Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Risiko Harga Bawang Merah Di Tingkat Petani Di Kabupaten Brebes Jawa Tengah [Thesis, IPB University]. Retrieved from http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/94596
Rachmadhan, A. A., Kusnadi, N., & Adhi, A. K. (2020). Analisis Harga Eceran Gula Kristal Putih Indonesia. Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, 14(1), 1–20. doi: 10.30908/bilp.v14i1.433
Rachman, H. P. S. (2010). Aksesibilitas Pangan: Faktor Kunci Pencapaian Ketahanan Pangan Di Indonesia. Pangan, 19(1), 147–156. doi: 10.33964/jp.v19i2.128
Rahman, M. T., et al. (2021). How COVID-19 Pandemic Is Affecting Achieved Food Security In Bangladesh: A Perspective With Required Policy Interventions. Journal Of Agriculture And Food Research, 7(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100258
Rasoki, T., Fariyanti, A., & Rifin, A. (2016). Pembandingan Efisiensi Pemasaran Bawang Merah Konsumsi Dan Benih Di Kabupaten Brebes Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 34(2), 145–160. doi: 10.21082/jae.v34n2.2016.145-160
Reza, M. A., Firdaus, M., & Novianti, T. (2014). Analyses Of Food Price Stabilization In Indonesia. ASEAN Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 2(1), 48–63. doi: 2338-9710.
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