Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Sorghum is one of the rice substitution commodities, and a source of carbohydrates, protein, vitamins and minerals, however, the percentage of its productivity witnessed a decrease. This research aims to analyze the economic efficiency level of sorghum cultivation through the development of monoculture and intercropping agricultural models. Additionally, the research is aimed at discovering the fundamental factors that influence the efficiency level. This research was conducted in Nggela village, starting from September to November 2023. The population was 170 participants, consisting of 95 people applying monoculture farming and 75 people for the intercropping farming model. The census method was used in this research. The researchers adopted the Cobb-Douglass Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach for data analysis. The results of the study showed that the average technical, allocative and economic efficiency of monoculture sorghum farmers was lower than that of intercropping sorghum farmers; this caused farmers to be more interested in intercropping technology than monoculture. Advantages of intercropping; reducing plant pests, increasing soil fertility, and increasing farm income. Factors that affect technical, allocative and economic efficiency are; age, length of farming, farmer membership dummy, cropping model dummy, and land ownership status dummy and the one that did not have a significant effect was the credit access dummy, This has an impact on the slow development of sorghum farming businesses. It is recommended that farmers adopt intercropping practices and optimize their use of inputs for greater efficiency.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Willybrordus Lanamana, Reyna Virginia Nona
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree with the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- Abebe, G. G. (2014). Off-Farm Income and Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia-A Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Master’s Thesis Advanced Level European Erasmus Mundus Master Program: Agricultural Food and Environmental Policy Analysis (AFEPA), 862(1), 1–53. Retrieved from https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/7004/
- Adem, M., & Gebregziabher, K. (2014). The Effect of Agricultural Extension Program on Technical Efficiency of Rural Farm Households Evidence From Northern Ethiopia: Stochastic Frontier Approach. International Researchers, 3(3). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379749670_THE_EFFECT_OF_AGRICULTURAL_EXTENSION_PROGRAM_ON_TECHNICAL_EFFICIENCY_OF_RURAL_FARM_HOUSEHOLDS_EVIDENCE_FROM_NORTHERN_ETHIOPIA_STOCHASTIC_FRONTIER_APPROACH
- Ahdiningtyas, M., et al. (2023). Efisiensi Teknis dan Ekonomis pada Usahatani Padi Di Desa Alang-Alang Kecamatan Tragah Kabupaten Bangkalan. Agricultural Socio-Economic Empowerment and Agribusiness Journal, 1(2), 59-68. doi: 10.20961/agrisema.v1i2.62663
- Amosun, J. O., Aduramigha, M. V. (2016). Influence of Groundnut Populations on Weed Suppression in Cassava-Groundnut Systems. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(5), 72-90. doi: 10.5539/jas.v8n5p72
- Anggraini, N., Harianto, H., & Anggraeni, L. (2017). Efisiensi Teknis, Alokatif dan Ekonomi pada Usahatani Ubikayu di Kabupaten Lampung Tengah Provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia, 4(1), 43-56. doi: 10.29244/jai.2016.4.1.43-56
- Asmara, R., & Hanani, N. (2017). Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) dan Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): Sebuah Komparasi Metode Pengukuran Efisiensi. Seminar Nasional Pembangunan Pertanian, 1(1), 123–127. Retrieved from https://fp.ub.ac.id/semnas2017/materi/paralel/materi%2022.pdf
- Ayodele, Akinola, & Owombo. (2012). Economic Efficiency of Land Improvement Techniques Among Cassava Farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 1(5), 154–159. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276271606_Economic_Efficiency_of_Land_Improvement_Techniques_among_Cassava_Farmers_in_Kogi_State_Nigeria
- Burhansyah, R. (2016). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Padi Tadah Hujan di Kawasan Perbatasan Kabupaten Sambas Dengan Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier Fungsi Produksi (Kasus di Desa Sebubus, Kecamatan Paloh). Informatika Pertanian, 25(2), 163-170. doi: 10.21082/ip.v25n2.2016.p163-170
- Chen, P., et al. (2019). Yield Advantage and Nitrogen Fate in An Additive Maize-Soybean Relay Intercropping System. Science of The Total Environment, 657(2), 987–999. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv .2018.11.376
- Chepng’etich, E., et al. (2015). Factors That Influence Technical Efficiency of Sorghum Production: A Case of Small Holder Sorghum Producers in Lower Eastern Kenya. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Agriculture, 201(2), 1–11. doi: 10.1155/2015/861919
- Dogba, K. B., Oluoch-Kosura, W., & Chumo, C. (2020). Economic efficiency of cassava production in Nimba County, Liberia: An output-oriented approach. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Open Science Index, 14(12), 168-174. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341055431_Economic_ Efficiency_of_Cassava_Production_in_Nimba_County_Li
- Fadwiwati, A. Y., et al. (2014). Analisis Efisiensi Teknis, Efisiensi Alokatif, dan Efisiensi Ekonomi Usahatani Jagung Berdasarkan Varietas di Provinsi Gorontalo. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 32(1), 1-12. doi: 10.21082/jae.v32n1.2014.1-12
- Galluzzo, N. (2017). Technical and Economic Efficiency in Some Italian Farms: An Analysis in Two Italian Islands. Agricultural Economics Review, 18(2), 30–39. Retrieved from https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/330606/?v=pdf
- Girei, A., Maurice, D., & onuk, E. (2016). Empirical Analysis of Allocative Efficiency Among Fadama Food Crop Farmers in Adamawa State, Nigeria. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 11(2), 1–7. doi: 10.9734/ajea/2016/22315
- Haile, B. T. (2015). Determinants of Technical, Allocative and Economic Efficiencies Among onion Producing Farmers in Kobo district , Amhara, Region, Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(3), 8–18. Retrieved from https://worldveg.tind.io/record/54405/
- Hannoeriadi A., I., Siregar, H., & Asmara, A. (2022). The Production of Food Commodities in Indonesia: Climate Change and Other Determinants. Jurnal AGRISEP: Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 21(2), 317–330. doi: 10.31186/jagrisep.21.2.317-330
- Hardono, G. S. (2014). Strategi Pengembangan diversifikasi Pangan Lokal Local Food diversification Development Strategy. Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian, 70(2), 1–17. doi: 10.21082/akp.v12n1.2014.1-17
- Ismail, M., Fariyanti, A., & Rifin, A. (2017). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Kedelai pada Lahan Tadah Hujan dan Lahan Kering di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya, Aceh. forum Agribisnis, 7(1), 21–34. doi: 10.29244/fagb.7.1.21-34
- Itam, K. O., et al. (2015). Technical Efficiency Analysis of Small Scale Cassava Farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria: A Stochastic Production Frontier Approach. Applied Economics and Finance, 2(4), 10–18. doi: 10.11114/aef.v2i4.1028
- Itam K. O., et al. (2015). Technical Efficiency Analysis of Small Scale Cassava Farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria: A Stochastic Production Frontier Approachno Title. Applied Economics and Finance, 2(4), 10–19. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?safe= strict&sxsrf=ALeKk00Ku9Jwj9T2K7DtRSU-
- Kareem, M. M. A., & Şahinli., Mehmet, A. (2018). Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Cassava Farmers Influencing Output Levels in The Savannah Zone of Northern Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(4), 189–195. doi: 10.5897/ajar2017.12268
- Kusnadi, N., et al. (2011). Analisis Efisiensi Usahatani Padi di Beberapa Sentra Produksi di Indonesia. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 29(1), 25–47. Retrieved from http://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/jae/article/view/4041/0
- Lanamana, W, & Fatima, I. (2022). A Comparison of Economic Efficiency Rate in The Jajar Legowo and Tegel Planting Systems: A Case of The Rice Farming in East Manggarai Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 6(1), 299–312. Retrieved from https://ejournal2.undip.ac. id/index.php/agrisocionomics/article/view/15319
- Lanamana, W. (2019). Measurement of Economic Efficiency of Upland Rice Farming in different Land Ownership Status in Mausambi Village, Maurole Subdistrict, Ende Regency. Jurnal AGRISEP, 18(2), 387–402. doi: 10.31186/jagrisep.18.2.387-402
- Lanamana, W, & Supardi, P. N. (2020). A Comparison of Economic Efficiency of Monoculture and Multiple Cropping Patterns: The Case of Cassava Farming in Ende, Indonesia. Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 36(1), 69-77. doi: 10.20961/carakatani.v36i1.41784
- Latruffe, L., & Nauges, C. (2014). Technical Efficiency and Conversion to Organic Farming: The Case of France. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 41(2), 227–253. doi: 10.1093/erae/jbt024
- Lestari, S. P., et al. (2023). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Padi Organik di Provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 7(3), 1169-1188. doi: 10.21776/ub.jepa. 2023.007.03.22
- Mango, N., et al. (2015). A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Technical Efficiency in Smallholder Maize Production in Zimbabwe: The Post-Fast-Track Land Reform Outlook. Cogent Economics and Finance, 3(1), 1-14. doi: 10. 1080/23322039. 2015.1117189
- Minarsih, I., & Waluyati, L. R. (2019). Efisiensi Produksi pada Usahatani Bawang Merah di Kabupaten Madiun. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 3(1), 128–137. doi: 10.21776/ub.jepa.2019.003.01.13
- Murniati, K., et al. (2017). Efisiensi Teknis Usaha Tani Padi Organik Lahan Sawah Tadah Hujan di Kabupaten Tanggamus Provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, 14(1), 31–38. doi: 10.25181/jppt.v14i1.139
- Mutoko, M. C., et al. (2015). Technical and Allocative Efficiency Gains From Integrated Soil Fertility Management in The Maize Farming System of Kenya. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 7(4), 143–152. doi: 10.5897/jdae2015.0633
- Noviana. (2015). Upaya Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Lahan Melalui Sistem Tanam Tumpangsari Sorgum Dengan Kacang-Kacangan di Lahan Kering [IPB]. Retrieved from https://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/131019/
- Nurdiani, U., & Prasetyo, K. (2023). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Kedelai (Glicine Max L) di Kabupaten Banyumas. Jurnal Agrimanex: Agribusiness, Rural Management, and Development Extension, 3(2), 168–177. doi: 10.35706/agrimanex.v3i2.8781
- Nyi, T., et al. (2014). Effect of Delayed Cassava Planting on Yields and Economic Returns of A Cassava-Groundnut Intercrop in The Democratic Republic of Congo. World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(3), 101–108. doi: 10.12691/wjar-2-3-3
- Ogundari, K., & Brümmer, B. (2011). Technical Efficiency of Nigerian Agriculture: A Meta-Regression Analysis. Outlook on Agriculture, 40(2), 171–180. doi: 10.5367/oa.2011.0038
- Ogunleye, A. S., Adeyemo, R., & Binuiomote. (2014). Cassava Production and Technical Efficiency in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State , Nigeria. Elixir Agriculture, 71(2), 24465–24468. Retrieved from https://www.elixirpublishers.com/articles/1401513165_71 (2014) 24465-24468.pdf%0D
- Okoye, B. C., et al. (2016). differentials in Technical Efficiency Among Smallholder Cassava Farmers in Central Madagascar: A Cobb Douglas Stochastic Frontier Production Approach. Cogent Economics and Finance, 4(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1080/23322039.2016.1143345
- Onubuogu, & Esiobu. (2019). Determinants of Allocative (Pricing) Efficiency of Cassava Farms in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 17(2), 86–99. doi: 10. 4314/jafs.v17i2.8
- Putri, T. A., Kusnadi, N., & Rachmina, D. (2019). Efisiensi Teknis Usaha Penggilingan Padi di Kabupaten Cianjur: Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Jurnal AGRISEP: Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 18(2), 203–218. doi: 10.31186/jagrisep.18.2.203-218
- Rivanda, D. R., Nahraeni, W., & Yusdiarti, A. (2015). Analisis Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Padi Sawah (Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier). Jurnal Agribisnis, 1(1), 1–13. Retrieved from https://ojs.unida.ac.id/AGB/article/view/140
- Rosdiantini, R. (2020). Estimasi Efisiensi Ekonomi Usahatani Bawang Merah di Kabupaten Bantul. Jurnal Agrosainta: Widyaiswara Mandiri Membangun Bangsa, 3(2), 114–125. doi: 10.51589/ags.v3i2.20
- Sahara, D., et al. (2019). Sebaran Efisiensi Teknis Berdasarkan Sumber Inefisiensi pada Usahatani Jagung di Kabupaten Kendal, Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Pangan, 28(2), 121–134. doi: 10.33964/jp.v28i2.433
- Sarini S, U., Rachmina, D., & Tinaprilla, N. (2022). Efisiensi Teknis Usaha Tani Bawang Merah di Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 28(1), 114–122. doi: 10.18343/jipi.28.1.114
- Sasana, H., & Santoso, S. I. (2018). Analysis of The Efficiency of Jasmine Agricultural Centre in Pemalang Indonesia. of International Conference: 3rd SHIELD, 502–513. Retrieved from http://shield.unila.ac.id/2018/wp-content/uploads /2019/09/9-Agric-Hadi.pdf
- Sasmita, I., Supriyono, & Nyoto, S. (2014). Effect of Corn Variety on Intercropping With Peanut in Additive Series on Growth and Yield. Caraka Tani Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Pertanian, 45(2), 45–52. doi: 10.20961/carakatani.v29i1.13312
- Suryo, W. (2022). Strategi Pengembangan Sorgum Nasional. Fakultas Pertanian IPB. Retrieved from https://ptn.ipb.ac.id/cms/id/berita/detail/303/guru-besar-ipb-university-berikan-kajian-strategi-pengembangan-sorgum-nasional-kumparan-com
- Sutrisna, N., Sunandar, N., & Zubair, A. (2013). Uji Adaptasi Beberapa Varietas Sorgum (Sorghum Bicolor L.) pada Lahan Kering di Kabupaten Ciamis, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal, 2(2), 137–143. Retrieved from www.jlsuboptimal.unsri.ac.id
- Tang, X., et al. (2020). Cassava/Peanut Intercropping Improves Soil Quality Via Rhizospheric Microbes Increased Available Nitrogen Contents. BMC Biotechnology, 20(1), 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12896-020-00606-1
- Tri, S. N. N. (2022). Analisis Efisiensi Usahatani Jagung Anggota dan Non Anggota Kelompok Tani dI Kecamatan Marga Tiga Kabupaten Lampung Timur. Retrieved from https://digilib.unila.ac.id/55220/
- Widi, H. (2023). Menjaga Pangan, Harga, dan Bumi. Harian Umum KOMPAS. Retrieved from https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2023/09/24/menjaga-pangan-harga-dan-bumi
- Widowati, S. (2010). Karakteristik Mutu Gizi dan diversifikasi Pangan Berbasis Sorgum. Jurnal Pangan, 19(4), 373–382. Retrieved from https://www.jurnalpangan.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi
- Widyantari, I. N., et al. (2023). The Use of The Stochastic Frontier Method for Measuring The Performance of Rice Farming in The Frontier, Remote, and Underdeveloped Areas in Merauke Regency, South Papua Province, Indonesia. Agric, 35(2), 181–192. doi: 10.24246/agric.2023.v35.i2.p181-192
- Wijayanti, A., Subejo, S., & Harsoyo, H. (2016). Respons Petani Terhadap Inovasi Budidaya dan Pemanfaatan Sorgum di Kecamatan Srandakan Kabupaten Bantul. Agro Ekonomi, 26(2), 179-188. doi: 10.22146 /agroekonomi.17270
- Yoko, B., Syaukat, Y., & Fariyanti, A. (2017). Analisis Efisiensi Usahatani Padi di Kabupaten Lampung Tengah. Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia, 2(2), 127-140. doi: 10.29244/jai.2014.2.2.127-140
References
Abebe, G. G. (2014). Off-Farm Income and Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia-A Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Master’s Thesis Advanced Level European Erasmus Mundus Master Program: Agricultural Food and Environmental Policy Analysis (AFEPA), 862(1), 1–53. Retrieved from https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/7004/
Adem, M., & Gebregziabher, K. (2014). The Effect of Agricultural Extension Program on Technical Efficiency of Rural Farm Households Evidence From Northern Ethiopia: Stochastic Frontier Approach. International Researchers, 3(3). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379749670_THE_EFFECT_OF_AGRICULTURAL_EXTENSION_PROGRAM_ON_TECHNICAL_EFFICIENCY_OF_RURAL_FARM_HOUSEHOLDS_EVIDENCE_FROM_NORTHERN_ETHIOPIA_STOCHASTIC_FRONTIER_APPROACH
Ahdiningtyas, M., et al. (2023). Efisiensi Teknis dan Ekonomis pada Usahatani Padi Di Desa Alang-Alang Kecamatan Tragah Kabupaten Bangkalan. Agricultural Socio-Economic Empowerment and Agribusiness Journal, 1(2), 59-68. doi: 10.20961/agrisema.v1i2.62663
Amosun, J. O., Aduramigha, M. V. (2016). Influence of Groundnut Populations on Weed Suppression in Cassava-Groundnut Systems. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(5), 72-90. doi: 10.5539/jas.v8n5p72
Anggraini, N., Harianto, H., & Anggraeni, L. (2017). Efisiensi Teknis, Alokatif dan Ekonomi pada Usahatani Ubikayu di Kabupaten Lampung Tengah Provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia, 4(1), 43-56. doi: 10.29244/jai.2016.4.1.43-56
Asmara, R., & Hanani, N. (2017). Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) dan Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): Sebuah Komparasi Metode Pengukuran Efisiensi. Seminar Nasional Pembangunan Pertanian, 1(1), 123–127. Retrieved from https://fp.ub.ac.id/semnas2017/materi/paralel/materi%2022.pdf
Ayodele, Akinola, & Owombo. (2012). Economic Efficiency of Land Improvement Techniques Among Cassava Farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 1(5), 154–159. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276271606_Economic_Efficiency_of_Land_Improvement_Techniques_among_Cassava_Farmers_in_Kogi_State_Nigeria
Burhansyah, R. (2016). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Padi Tadah Hujan di Kawasan Perbatasan Kabupaten Sambas Dengan Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier Fungsi Produksi (Kasus di Desa Sebubus, Kecamatan Paloh). Informatika Pertanian, 25(2), 163-170. doi: 10.21082/ip.v25n2.2016.p163-170
Chen, P., et al. (2019). Yield Advantage and Nitrogen Fate in An Additive Maize-Soybean Relay Intercropping System. Science of The Total Environment, 657(2), 987–999. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv .2018.11.376
Chepng’etich, E., et al. (2015). Factors That Influence Technical Efficiency of Sorghum Production: A Case of Small Holder Sorghum Producers in Lower Eastern Kenya. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Agriculture, 201(2), 1–11. doi: 10.1155/2015/861919
Dogba, K. B., Oluoch-Kosura, W., & Chumo, C. (2020). Economic efficiency of cassava production in Nimba County, Liberia: An output-oriented approach. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Open Science Index, 14(12), 168-174. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341055431_Economic_ Efficiency_of_Cassava_Production_in_Nimba_County_Li
Fadwiwati, A. Y., et al. (2014). Analisis Efisiensi Teknis, Efisiensi Alokatif, dan Efisiensi Ekonomi Usahatani Jagung Berdasarkan Varietas di Provinsi Gorontalo. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 32(1), 1-12. doi: 10.21082/jae.v32n1.2014.1-12
Galluzzo, N. (2017). Technical and Economic Efficiency in Some Italian Farms: An Analysis in Two Italian Islands. Agricultural Economics Review, 18(2), 30–39. Retrieved from https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/330606/?v=pdf
Girei, A., Maurice, D., & onuk, E. (2016). Empirical Analysis of Allocative Efficiency Among Fadama Food Crop Farmers in Adamawa State, Nigeria. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 11(2), 1–7. doi: 10.9734/ajea/2016/22315
Haile, B. T. (2015). Determinants of Technical, Allocative and Economic Efficiencies Among onion Producing Farmers in Kobo district , Amhara, Region, Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(3), 8–18. Retrieved from https://worldveg.tind.io/record/54405/
Hannoeriadi A., I., Siregar, H., & Asmara, A. (2022). The Production of Food Commodities in Indonesia: Climate Change and Other Determinants. Jurnal AGRISEP: Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 21(2), 317–330. doi: 10.31186/jagrisep.21.2.317-330
Hardono, G. S. (2014). Strategi Pengembangan diversifikasi Pangan Lokal Local Food diversification Development Strategy. Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian, 70(2), 1–17. doi: 10.21082/akp.v12n1.2014.1-17
Ismail, M., Fariyanti, A., & Rifin, A. (2017). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Kedelai pada Lahan Tadah Hujan dan Lahan Kering di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya, Aceh. forum Agribisnis, 7(1), 21–34. doi: 10.29244/fagb.7.1.21-34
Itam, K. O., et al. (2015). Technical Efficiency Analysis of Small Scale Cassava Farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria: A Stochastic Production Frontier Approach. Applied Economics and Finance, 2(4), 10–18. doi: 10.11114/aef.v2i4.1028
Itam K. O., et al. (2015). Technical Efficiency Analysis of Small Scale Cassava Farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria: A Stochastic Production Frontier Approachno Title. Applied Economics and Finance, 2(4), 10–19. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?safe= strict&sxsrf=ALeKk00Ku9Jwj9T2K7DtRSU-
Kareem, M. M. A., & Şahinli., Mehmet, A. (2018). Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Cassava Farmers Influencing Output Levels in The Savannah Zone of Northern Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(4), 189–195. doi: 10.5897/ajar2017.12268
Kusnadi, N., et al. (2011). Analisis Efisiensi Usahatani Padi di Beberapa Sentra Produksi di Indonesia. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 29(1), 25–47. Retrieved from http://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/jae/article/view/4041/0
Lanamana, W, & Fatima, I. (2022). A Comparison of Economic Efficiency Rate in The Jajar Legowo and Tegel Planting Systems: A Case of The Rice Farming in East Manggarai Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 6(1), 299–312. Retrieved from https://ejournal2.undip.ac. id/index.php/agrisocionomics/article/view/15319
Lanamana, W. (2019). Measurement of Economic Efficiency of Upland Rice Farming in different Land Ownership Status in Mausambi Village, Maurole Subdistrict, Ende Regency. Jurnal AGRISEP, 18(2), 387–402. doi: 10.31186/jagrisep.18.2.387-402
Lanamana, W, & Supardi, P. N. (2020). A Comparison of Economic Efficiency of Monoculture and Multiple Cropping Patterns: The Case of Cassava Farming in Ende, Indonesia. Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 36(1), 69-77. doi: 10.20961/carakatani.v36i1.41784
Latruffe, L., & Nauges, C. (2014). Technical Efficiency and Conversion to Organic Farming: The Case of France. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 41(2), 227–253. doi: 10.1093/erae/jbt024
Lestari, S. P., et al. (2023). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Padi Organik di Provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 7(3), 1169-1188. doi: 10.21776/ub.jepa. 2023.007.03.22
Mango, N., et al. (2015). A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Technical Efficiency in Smallholder Maize Production in Zimbabwe: The Post-Fast-Track Land Reform Outlook. Cogent Economics and Finance, 3(1), 1-14. doi: 10. 1080/23322039. 2015.1117189
Minarsih, I., & Waluyati, L. R. (2019). Efisiensi Produksi pada Usahatani Bawang Merah di Kabupaten Madiun. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 3(1), 128–137. doi: 10.21776/ub.jepa.2019.003.01.13
Murniati, K., et al. (2017). Efisiensi Teknis Usaha Tani Padi Organik Lahan Sawah Tadah Hujan di Kabupaten Tanggamus Provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, 14(1), 31–38. doi: 10.25181/jppt.v14i1.139
Mutoko, M. C., et al. (2015). Technical and Allocative Efficiency Gains From Integrated Soil Fertility Management in The Maize Farming System of Kenya. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 7(4), 143–152. doi: 10.5897/jdae2015.0633
Noviana. (2015). Upaya Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Lahan Melalui Sistem Tanam Tumpangsari Sorgum Dengan Kacang-Kacangan di Lahan Kering [IPB]. Retrieved from https://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/131019/
Nurdiani, U., & Prasetyo, K. (2023). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Kedelai (Glicine Max L) di Kabupaten Banyumas. Jurnal Agrimanex: Agribusiness, Rural Management, and Development Extension, 3(2), 168–177. doi: 10.35706/agrimanex.v3i2.8781
Nyi, T., et al. (2014). Effect of Delayed Cassava Planting on Yields and Economic Returns of A Cassava-Groundnut Intercrop in The Democratic Republic of Congo. World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(3), 101–108. doi: 10.12691/wjar-2-3-3
Ogundari, K., & Brümmer, B. (2011). Technical Efficiency of Nigerian Agriculture: A Meta-Regression Analysis. Outlook on Agriculture, 40(2), 171–180. doi: 10.5367/oa.2011.0038
Ogunleye, A. S., Adeyemo, R., & Binuiomote. (2014). Cassava Production and Technical Efficiency in Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State , Nigeria. Elixir Agriculture, 71(2), 24465–24468. Retrieved from https://www.elixirpublishers.com/articles/1401513165_71 (2014) 24465-24468.pdf%0D
Okoye, B. C., et al. (2016). differentials in Technical Efficiency Among Smallholder Cassava Farmers in Central Madagascar: A Cobb Douglas Stochastic Frontier Production Approach. Cogent Economics and Finance, 4(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1080/23322039.2016.1143345
Onubuogu, & Esiobu. (2019). Determinants of Allocative (Pricing) Efficiency of Cassava Farms in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 17(2), 86–99. doi: 10. 4314/jafs.v17i2.8
Putri, T. A., Kusnadi, N., & Rachmina, D. (2019). Efisiensi Teknis Usaha Penggilingan Padi di Kabupaten Cianjur: Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Jurnal AGRISEP: Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 18(2), 203–218. doi: 10.31186/jagrisep.18.2.203-218
Rivanda, D. R., Nahraeni, W., & Yusdiarti, A. (2015). Analisis Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Padi Sawah (Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier). Jurnal Agribisnis, 1(1), 1–13. Retrieved from https://ojs.unida.ac.id/AGB/article/view/140
Rosdiantini, R. (2020). Estimasi Efisiensi Ekonomi Usahatani Bawang Merah di Kabupaten Bantul. Jurnal Agrosainta: Widyaiswara Mandiri Membangun Bangsa, 3(2), 114–125. doi: 10.51589/ags.v3i2.20
Sahara, D., et al. (2019). Sebaran Efisiensi Teknis Berdasarkan Sumber Inefisiensi pada Usahatani Jagung di Kabupaten Kendal, Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Pangan, 28(2), 121–134. doi: 10.33964/jp.v28i2.433
Sarini S, U., Rachmina, D., & Tinaprilla, N. (2022). Efisiensi Teknis Usaha Tani Bawang Merah di Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 28(1), 114–122. doi: 10.18343/jipi.28.1.114
Sasana, H., & Santoso, S. I. (2018). Analysis of The Efficiency of Jasmine Agricultural Centre in Pemalang Indonesia. of International Conference: 3rd SHIELD, 502–513. Retrieved from http://shield.unila.ac.id/2018/wp-content/uploads /2019/09/9-Agric-Hadi.pdf
Sasmita, I., Supriyono, & Nyoto, S. (2014). Effect of Corn Variety on Intercropping With Peanut in Additive Series on Growth and Yield. Caraka Tani Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Pertanian, 45(2), 45–52. doi: 10.20961/carakatani.v29i1.13312
Suryo, W. (2022). Strategi Pengembangan Sorgum Nasional. Fakultas Pertanian IPB. Retrieved from https://ptn.ipb.ac.id/cms/id/berita/detail/303/guru-besar-ipb-university-berikan-kajian-strategi-pengembangan-sorgum-nasional-kumparan-com
Sutrisna, N., Sunandar, N., & Zubair, A. (2013). Uji Adaptasi Beberapa Varietas Sorgum (Sorghum Bicolor L.) pada Lahan Kering di Kabupaten Ciamis, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal, 2(2), 137–143. Retrieved from www.jlsuboptimal.unsri.ac.id
Tang, X., et al. (2020). Cassava/Peanut Intercropping Improves Soil Quality Via Rhizospheric Microbes Increased Available Nitrogen Contents. BMC Biotechnology, 20(1), 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12896-020-00606-1
Tri, S. N. N. (2022). Analisis Efisiensi Usahatani Jagung Anggota dan Non Anggota Kelompok Tani dI Kecamatan Marga Tiga Kabupaten Lampung Timur. Retrieved from https://digilib.unila.ac.id/55220/
Widi, H. (2023). Menjaga Pangan, Harga, dan Bumi. Harian Umum KOMPAS. Retrieved from https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2023/09/24/menjaga-pangan-harga-dan-bumi
Widowati, S. (2010). Karakteristik Mutu Gizi dan diversifikasi Pangan Berbasis Sorgum. Jurnal Pangan, 19(4), 373–382. Retrieved from https://www.jurnalpangan.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi
Widyantari, I. N., et al. (2023). The Use of The Stochastic Frontier Method for Measuring The Performance of Rice Farming in The Frontier, Remote, and Underdeveloped Areas in Merauke Regency, South Papua Province, Indonesia. Agric, 35(2), 181–192. doi: 10.24246/agric.2023.v35.i2.p181-192
Wijayanti, A., Subejo, S., & Harsoyo, H. (2016). Respons Petani Terhadap Inovasi Budidaya dan Pemanfaatan Sorgum di Kecamatan Srandakan Kabupaten Bantul. Agro Ekonomi, 26(2), 179-188. doi: 10.22146 /agroekonomi.17270
Yoko, B., Syaukat, Y., & Fariyanti, A. (2017). Analisis Efisiensi Usahatani Padi di Kabupaten Lampung Tengah. Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia, 2(2), 127-140. doi: 10.29244/jai.2014.2.2.127-140