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June 28, 2024
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March 10, 2025
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Deli Serdang Regency is the foremost rice grower in North Sumatra Province. The disparity in input access between male and female producers is responsible for the low rice output in this region. This study aimed to assess the technical efficiency of rice cultivation among male and female producers and identify the inefficiency sources among rice farmers in Deli Serdang Regency. We employ a stochastic frontier methodology to assess the technical efficiency of rice cultivation and utilize a statistical difference test to evaluate efficiency disparities between the two cohorts of rice growers. Primary data was gathered from 400 farmers during the 2022 planting season. The study revealed that male rice growers exhibited greater efficiency than their female counterparts. Our findings indicate that male rice producers inadequately utilized labor, fertilizer, land, and pesticides, but female rice producers inadequately utilized labor and fertilizer. Factors contributing to inefficiency also included the frequency of extensions, experience with FBOs, agricultural expertise, and access to irrigation. Given that women dedicate considerable time to domestic responsibilities and child-rearing, local governments may establish extension and training initiatives—such as guidance on fertilizer application, pest management, and agricultural record-keeping—alongside health programs routinely administered at integrated service posts (Posyandu) and family welfare programs (PKK). Extension services are essential to enhance the knowledge and abilities of women rice farmers, hence improving technical efficiency, household welfare, and the sustainability of rice growing in Deli Serdang Regency.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Jones T Simatupang, Manaor Bismar Posman Nababan, Aditia Erick Cantona Simatupang
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How to Cite
Gender-Based Analysis of Technical Efficiency in Rice Farming: A Case Study in Deli Serdang Regency. (2025). Jurnal AGRISEP: Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 24(01), 251–272. https://doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.24.01.251-272
References
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Abate, T. M., Dessie, A. B., & Mekie, T. M. (2019). Technical Efficiency Of Smallholder Farmers In Red Pepper Production In North Gondar Zone Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal Of Economic Structures, 8(1), 1–18. doi: 10.1186/S40008-019-0150-6/TABLES/4
Addison, M., Ohene, Y. K., & Fredua, A. E. (2016). Gender Role, Input Use And Technical Efficiency Among Rice Farmers At Ahafo Ano North District In Ashanti Region Of Ghana. Journal Of Food Security, 4(2), 27–35. doi: 10.12691/JFS-4-2-1
Alem, H., Lien, G., & Hardaker, J. B. (2018). Economic Performance And Efficiency Determinants Of Crop-Producing Farms In Norway. International Journal Of Productivity And Performance Management, 67(9), 1418–1434. doi: 10.1108/IJPPM-01-2018-0026/FULL/PDF
Alhassan, S. (2012). Technical Efficiency In Smallholder Paddy Farms In Ghana: An Analysis Based On Different Farming Systems And Gender. Journal Of Economics And Sustainable Development, 3(5), 91–105. Retrieved from https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEDS/article/view/1590
Ali, D., et al. (2016). Investigating The Gender Gap In Agricultural Productivity: Evidence From Uganda. World Development, 87(2), 152–170. doi: 10.1016/J.WORLDDEV.2016.06.006
Ali, I., et al. (2019). Technical Efficiency Of Hybrid Maize Growers: A Stochastic Frontier Model Approach. Journal Of Integrative Agriculture, 18(10), 2408–2421. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62743-7
Angin, C. P., Pakpahan, H. T., & Nababan, M. B. P. (2024). Technical Efficiency Analysis Of Rice Farming In Deli Serdang Regency: A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Approach. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 16(3), 239-252. doi: 10.19184/jsep.v16i3.43016
Battese, G. E., & Coelli, T. J. (1992). Frontier Production Functions, Technical Efficiency And Panel Data: With Application To Paddy Farmers In India. Journal Of Productivity Analysis, 3(1–2), 153–169. doi: 10.1007/BF00158774/METRICS
Battese, G. E. (1992). Frontier Production Functions And Technical Efficiency: A Survey Of Empirical Applications In Agricultural Economics. Agricultural Economics, 7(3–4), 185–208. doi: 10.1016/0169-5150(92)90049-5
Battese, G. E., & Broca, S. S. (1997). Functional Forms Of Stochastic Frontier Production Functions And Models For Technical Inefficiency Effects: A Comparative Study For Wheat Farmers In Pakistan. Journal Of Productivity Analysis, 8(4), 395–414. doi: 10.1023/A:1007736025686/METRICS
Bibi, Z., Khan, D., & Haq, I. (2021). Technical And Environmental Efficiency Of Agriculture Sector In South Asia: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis Approach. Environment, Development And Sustainability, 23(6), 9260–9279. doi: 10.1007/S10668-020-01023-2/METRICS
BPS. (2021). Statistik Indonesia. Jakarta: Indonesia
BPS North Sumatra. (2022). Rice Production by Regency/City in North Sumatra Province. Retrieved from https://sumut.bps.go.id/statictable/2023/03/13/2989/produksi-padi1dan-beras-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-sumatera-utara-2021-dan-2022.html
BPS-Statistics. (2018). Results Of Inter-Censal Agriculture Survey A2 Series. Jakarta, Indonesia
Chiang, Y. H., & Cheng, E. W. L. (2014). Estimating Contractors’ Efficiency With Panel Data: Comparison Of The Data Envelopment Analysis, Cobb-Douglas And Translog Production Function Methods. Construction Innovation, 14(3), 274–291. doi: 10.1108/CI-07-2013-0033/FULL/XML
Coelli, T. J., et al. (2005). An Introduction To Efficiency And Productivity Analysis. An Introduction To Efficiency And Productivity Analysis, 1–349. doi: 10.1007/B136381/COVER
De, B. A., et al. (2013). The Feminisation Of Agriculture With Chinese Characteristics. The Journal Of Development Studies, 49(5), 689–704. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2012.724168
Farrell, M. J. (1957). The Measurement Of Productive Efficiency. Journal Of The Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), 120(3), 253-290. https://doi.org/10.2307/2343100
Giokas, D. (1991). Bank Branch Operating Efficiency: A Comparative Application Of DEA And The Loglinear Model. Omega, 19(6), 549–557. doi: 10.1016/0305-0483(91)90005-E
Greene, W. H. (1999). Frontier Production Functions. In M. H. Pesaran & P. Schmidt (Eds.), Handbook Of Applied Econometrics Volume 2: Microeconomics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. doi: 10.1111/b.9780631216339.1999.00004.x
Hakim, R., Haryanto, T., & Sari, D. W. (2021). Technical Efficiency Among Agricultural Households And Determinants Of Food Security In East Java, Indonesia. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83670-7
Harahap, N. (2022). Communication Interaction Of Double Burden Batak Women In Patriarkhi Family In Gender Analysis In North Sumatra. International Journal Of Humanities Education And Social Sciences, 2(2), 549–557. doi: 10.55227/IJHESS.V2I2.266
Houngue, V., & Nonvide, G. M. A. (2020). Estimation And Determinants Of Efficiency Among Rice Farmers In Benin. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1-21. doi: 10.1080/23311932.2020.1819004
Iliyasu, A., et al. (2016). Technical Efficiency Of Cage Fish Farming In Peninsular Malaysia: A Stochastic Frontier Production Approach. Aquaculture Research, 47(1), 101–113. doi: 10.1111/ARE.12474
John M. I. S., Kwame, R. W., & Yangari, O. (2020). Analysis Of Gender Differentials In Technical Efficiency Of Smallholder Rice Farmers In Ashanti Region Of Ghana. African Journal Of Gender And Women Studies, 5(1), 1-9. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/openview/4080703106ee7e54b074c2552515fd01/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=6515897
Khan, M. A., et al. (2021). Production Risk, Technical Efficiency, And Input Use Nexus: Lessons From Bangladesh Aquaculture. Journal Of The World Aquaculture Society, 52(1), 57–72. doi: 10.1111/JWAS.12767
Kilic, T., Palacios, L. A., & Goldstein, M. (2015). Caught In A Productivity Trap: A Distributional Perspective On Gender Differences In Malawian Agriculture. World Development, 70(1), 416–463. doi: 10.1016/J.WORLDDEV.2014.06.017
Kinkingninhoun, M. F. M., et al. (2010). Gender Discrimination And Its Impact On Income, Productivity, And Technical Efficiency: Evidence From Benin. Agriculture And Human Values, 27(1), 57–69. doi: 10.1007/S10460-008-9170-9/METRICS
Kodde, D. A., & Palm, F. C. (1986). Wald Criteria For Jointly Testing Equality And Inequality Restrictions. Econometrica, 54(5), 1243-1248. doi: 10.2307/1912331
Mango, N., et al. (2015). A Stochastic Frontier Analysis Of Technical Efficiency In Smallholder Maize Production In Zimbabwe: The Post-Fast-Track Land Reform Outlook. Cogent Economics & Finance, 3(1), 1-20. doi: 10.1080/23322039.2015.1117189
Mariko, K., et al. (2019). Stochastic Meta Frontier Analysis Of Smallholder Rice Farmers’ Technical Efficiency. Journal Of Agricultural Science, 11(8), 31–44. doi: 10.5539/JAS.V11N8P31
Nadra, U. (2015). Dimensi Gender Pada Pertanian Padi Di Kabupaten Toba Samosir Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Agribisnis Dan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian (JASEP), 1(2), 49–57. doi: 10.54895/JSP.V1I2.373
OECD. (2021). Gender And The Environment: Building Evidence And Policies To Achieve The SDGs. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/3d32ca39-en
Ojo, T. O., & Baiyegunhi, L. J. S. (2020). Impact Of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies On Rice Productivity In South-West, Nigeria: An Endogeneity Corrected Stochastic Frontier Model. Science Of The Total Environment, 745(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.141151
Owusu, V., Donkor, E., & Owusu, S. E. (2018). Accounting For The Gender Technology Gap Amongst Smallholder Rice Farmers In Northern Ghana. Journal Of Agricultural Economics, 69(2), 439–457. doi: 10.1111/1477-9552.12236
Oyakhilomen, O., et al. (2016). Technical Efficiency Of Catfish Farming In Alimosho Local Government Area Of Lagos State, Nigeria: A Gender Perspective. Agricultura Tropica Et Subtropica, 49(1–4), 45–49. doi: 10.1515/ATS-2016-0006
Qanti, S. R., Peralta, A., & Zeng, D. (2022). Social Norms And Perceptions Drive Women’s Participation In Agricultural Decisions In West Java, Indonesia. Agriculture And Human Values, 39(2), 645–662. doi: 10.1007/S10460-021-10277-Z/TABLES/3
Quisumbing, A. R., & Doss, C. R. (2021). Gender In Agriculture And Food Systems. Handbook Of Agricultural Economics, 5(1), 4481–4549. doi: 10.1016/BS.HESAGR.2021.10.009
Raoul, F. D. C., et al. (2023). Are Young Maize And Rice Farmers’ Profit Efficient? A Gender Differential Analysis. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(2), 1-18. doi: 10.1080/23322039.2023.2236887
Ririn, H., & Harahap, R. H. (2024). Realizing Food Security From The Role Of Women In The Family In Kolam Village Deli Serdang Regency. Journal Of Peasants’ Rights, 3(1), 52–58. doi: 10.32734/JPR.V3I1.16095
Simatupang, J. T., & Nababan, M. B. P. (2023). Technical Efficiency Of Irrigated And Rain-Fed Rice Farms In North Sumatra, Indonesia. International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Approach Research And Science, 1(03), 461–480. doi: 10.59653/IJMARS.V1I03.233
Sumaryanto, S. , Sri Hery Susilowati, S. Saptana, Bambang Sayaka, Erma Suryani, Adang Agustian, A. Ashari, Helena Juliani Purba. (2023). Technical Efficiency Changes Of Rice Farming In The Favorable Irrigated Areas Of Indonesia. Open Agriculture, 8(1), 20220207. doi: 10.1515/OPAG-2022-0207
Tasila K, D., Mabe, F. N., & Alhassan, H. (2019). Technical And Resource-Use-Efficiency Among Smallholder Rice Farmers In Northern Ghana. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 5(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1080/23311932.2019.1651473
USDA. (2022). Vietnam: Grain and Feed Update. Hanoi. Retrieved from https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/vietnam-grain-and-feed-update-20
Wibowo, R. P., Raihan, A., Sumono, & Gunawan, D. (2019). Comparative Analysis Of Technical Efficiency Between Organic And Non-Organic Rice Farming In North Sumatera Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 648(1), 1–8. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/648/1/012038
Wicaksono, M., Mahmudah, & Wahyudin. (2023). Penerapan Fungsi Kelompok Tani Dalam Produktivitas Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Kecamatan Perbaungan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Pertanian Terpadu Berkelanjutan (JPTB), 1(2), 82–93. Retrieved from https://journal.hdgi.org/index.php/jptb/article/view/132
References
Abate, T. M., Dessie, A. B., & Mekie, T. M. (2019). Technical Efficiency Of Smallholder Farmers In Red Pepper Production In North Gondar Zone Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal Of Economic Structures, 8(1), 1–18. doi: 10.1186/S40008-019-0150-6/TABLES/4
Addison, M., Ohene, Y. K., & Fredua, A. E. (2016). Gender Role, Input Use And Technical Efficiency Among Rice Farmers At Ahafo Ano North District In Ashanti Region Of Ghana. Journal Of Food Security, 4(2), 27–35. doi: 10.12691/JFS-4-2-1
Alem, H., Lien, G., & Hardaker, J. B. (2018). Economic Performance And Efficiency Determinants Of Crop-Producing Farms In Norway. International Journal Of Productivity And Performance Management, 67(9), 1418–1434. doi: 10.1108/IJPPM-01-2018-0026/FULL/PDF
Alhassan, S. (2012). Technical Efficiency In Smallholder Paddy Farms In Ghana: An Analysis Based On Different Farming Systems And Gender. Journal Of Economics And Sustainable Development, 3(5), 91–105. Retrieved from https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEDS/article/view/1590
Ali, D., et al. (2016). Investigating The Gender Gap In Agricultural Productivity: Evidence From Uganda. World Development, 87(2), 152–170. doi: 10.1016/J.WORLDDEV.2016.06.006
Ali, I., et al. (2019). Technical Efficiency Of Hybrid Maize Growers: A Stochastic Frontier Model Approach. Journal Of Integrative Agriculture, 18(10), 2408–2421. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62743-7
Angin, C. P., Pakpahan, H. T., & Nababan, M. B. P. (2024). Technical Efficiency Analysis Of Rice Farming In Deli Serdang Regency: A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Approach. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 16(3), 239-252. doi: 10.19184/jsep.v16i3.43016
Battese, G. E., & Coelli, T. J. (1992). Frontier Production Functions, Technical Efficiency And Panel Data: With Application To Paddy Farmers In India. Journal Of Productivity Analysis, 3(1–2), 153–169. doi: 10.1007/BF00158774/METRICS
Battese, G. E. (1992). Frontier Production Functions And Technical Efficiency: A Survey Of Empirical Applications In Agricultural Economics. Agricultural Economics, 7(3–4), 185–208. doi: 10.1016/0169-5150(92)90049-5
Battese, G. E., & Broca, S. S. (1997). Functional Forms Of Stochastic Frontier Production Functions And Models For Technical Inefficiency Effects: A Comparative Study For Wheat Farmers In Pakistan. Journal Of Productivity Analysis, 8(4), 395–414. doi: 10.1023/A:1007736025686/METRICS
Bibi, Z., Khan, D., & Haq, I. (2021). Technical And Environmental Efficiency Of Agriculture Sector In South Asia: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis Approach. Environment, Development And Sustainability, 23(6), 9260–9279. doi: 10.1007/S10668-020-01023-2/METRICS
BPS. (2021). Statistik Indonesia. Jakarta: Indonesia
BPS North Sumatra. (2022). Rice Production by Regency/City in North Sumatra Province. Retrieved from https://sumut.bps.go.id/statictable/2023/03/13/2989/produksi-padi1dan-beras-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-sumatera-utara-2021-dan-2022.html
BPS-Statistics. (2018). Results Of Inter-Censal Agriculture Survey A2 Series. Jakarta, Indonesia
Chiang, Y. H., & Cheng, E. W. L. (2014). Estimating Contractors’ Efficiency With Panel Data: Comparison Of The Data Envelopment Analysis, Cobb-Douglas And Translog Production Function Methods. Construction Innovation, 14(3), 274–291. doi: 10.1108/CI-07-2013-0033/FULL/XML
Coelli, T. J., et al. (2005). An Introduction To Efficiency And Productivity Analysis. An Introduction To Efficiency And Productivity Analysis, 1–349. doi: 10.1007/B136381/COVER
De, B. A., et al. (2013). The Feminisation Of Agriculture With Chinese Characteristics. The Journal Of Development Studies, 49(5), 689–704. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2012.724168
Farrell, M. J. (1957). The Measurement Of Productive Efficiency. Journal Of The Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), 120(3), 253-290. https://doi.org/10.2307/2343100
Giokas, D. (1991). Bank Branch Operating Efficiency: A Comparative Application Of DEA And The Loglinear Model. Omega, 19(6), 549–557. doi: 10.1016/0305-0483(91)90005-E
Greene, W. H. (1999). Frontier Production Functions. In M. H. Pesaran & P. Schmidt (Eds.), Handbook Of Applied Econometrics Volume 2: Microeconomics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. doi: 10.1111/b.9780631216339.1999.00004.x
Hakim, R., Haryanto, T., & Sari, D. W. (2021). Technical Efficiency Among Agricultural Households And Determinants Of Food Security In East Java, Indonesia. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83670-7
Harahap, N. (2022). Communication Interaction Of Double Burden Batak Women In Patriarkhi Family In Gender Analysis In North Sumatra. International Journal Of Humanities Education And Social Sciences, 2(2), 549–557. doi: 10.55227/IJHESS.V2I2.266
Houngue, V., & Nonvide, G. M. A. (2020). Estimation And Determinants Of Efficiency Among Rice Farmers In Benin. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1-21. doi: 10.1080/23311932.2020.1819004
Iliyasu, A., et al. (2016). Technical Efficiency Of Cage Fish Farming In Peninsular Malaysia: A Stochastic Frontier Production Approach. Aquaculture Research, 47(1), 101–113. doi: 10.1111/ARE.12474
John M. I. S., Kwame, R. W., & Yangari, O. (2020). Analysis Of Gender Differentials In Technical Efficiency Of Smallholder Rice Farmers In Ashanti Region Of Ghana. African Journal Of Gender And Women Studies, 5(1), 1-9. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/openview/4080703106ee7e54b074c2552515fd01/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=6515897
Khan, M. A., et al. (2021). Production Risk, Technical Efficiency, And Input Use Nexus: Lessons From Bangladesh Aquaculture. Journal Of The World Aquaculture Society, 52(1), 57–72. doi: 10.1111/JWAS.12767
Kilic, T., Palacios, L. A., & Goldstein, M. (2015). Caught In A Productivity Trap: A Distributional Perspective On Gender Differences In Malawian Agriculture. World Development, 70(1), 416–463. doi: 10.1016/J.WORLDDEV.2014.06.017
Kinkingninhoun, M. F. M., et al. (2010). Gender Discrimination And Its Impact On Income, Productivity, And Technical Efficiency: Evidence From Benin. Agriculture And Human Values, 27(1), 57–69. doi: 10.1007/S10460-008-9170-9/METRICS
Kodde, D. A., & Palm, F. C. (1986). Wald Criteria For Jointly Testing Equality And Inequality Restrictions. Econometrica, 54(5), 1243-1248. doi: 10.2307/1912331
Mango, N., et al. (2015). A Stochastic Frontier Analysis Of Technical Efficiency In Smallholder Maize Production In Zimbabwe: The Post-Fast-Track Land Reform Outlook. Cogent Economics & Finance, 3(1), 1-20. doi: 10.1080/23322039.2015.1117189
Mariko, K., et al. (2019). Stochastic Meta Frontier Analysis Of Smallholder Rice Farmers’ Technical Efficiency. Journal Of Agricultural Science, 11(8), 31–44. doi: 10.5539/JAS.V11N8P31
Nadra, U. (2015). Dimensi Gender Pada Pertanian Padi Di Kabupaten Toba Samosir Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Agribisnis Dan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian (JASEP), 1(2), 49–57. doi: 10.54895/JSP.V1I2.373
OECD. (2021). Gender And The Environment: Building Evidence And Policies To Achieve The SDGs. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/3d32ca39-en
Ojo, T. O., & Baiyegunhi, L. J. S. (2020). Impact Of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies On Rice Productivity In South-West, Nigeria: An Endogeneity Corrected Stochastic Frontier Model. Science Of The Total Environment, 745(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.141151
Owusu, V., Donkor, E., & Owusu, S. E. (2018). Accounting For The Gender Technology Gap Amongst Smallholder Rice Farmers In Northern Ghana. Journal Of Agricultural Economics, 69(2), 439–457. doi: 10.1111/1477-9552.12236
Oyakhilomen, O., et al. (2016). Technical Efficiency Of Catfish Farming In Alimosho Local Government Area Of Lagos State, Nigeria: A Gender Perspective. Agricultura Tropica Et Subtropica, 49(1–4), 45–49. doi: 10.1515/ATS-2016-0006
Qanti, S. R., Peralta, A., & Zeng, D. (2022). Social Norms And Perceptions Drive Women’s Participation In Agricultural Decisions In West Java, Indonesia. Agriculture And Human Values, 39(2), 645–662. doi: 10.1007/S10460-021-10277-Z/TABLES/3
Quisumbing, A. R., & Doss, C. R. (2021). Gender In Agriculture And Food Systems. Handbook Of Agricultural Economics, 5(1), 4481–4549. doi: 10.1016/BS.HESAGR.2021.10.009
Raoul, F. D. C., et al. (2023). Are Young Maize And Rice Farmers’ Profit Efficient? A Gender Differential Analysis. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(2), 1-18. doi: 10.1080/23322039.2023.2236887
Ririn, H., & Harahap, R. H. (2024). Realizing Food Security From The Role Of Women In The Family In Kolam Village Deli Serdang Regency. Journal Of Peasants’ Rights, 3(1), 52–58. doi: 10.32734/JPR.V3I1.16095
Simatupang, J. T., & Nababan, M. B. P. (2023). Technical Efficiency Of Irrigated And Rain-Fed Rice Farms In North Sumatra, Indonesia. International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Approach Research And Science, 1(03), 461–480. doi: 10.59653/IJMARS.V1I03.233
Sumaryanto, S. , Sri Hery Susilowati, S. Saptana, Bambang Sayaka, Erma Suryani, Adang Agustian, A. Ashari, Helena Juliani Purba. (2023). Technical Efficiency Changes Of Rice Farming In The Favorable Irrigated Areas Of Indonesia. Open Agriculture, 8(1), 20220207. doi: 10.1515/OPAG-2022-0207
Tasila K, D., Mabe, F. N., & Alhassan, H. (2019). Technical And Resource-Use-Efficiency Among Smallholder Rice Farmers In Northern Ghana. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 5(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1080/23311932.2019.1651473
USDA. (2022). Vietnam: Grain and Feed Update. Hanoi. Retrieved from https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/vietnam-grain-and-feed-update-20
Wibowo, R. P., Raihan, A., Sumono, & Gunawan, D. (2019). Comparative Analysis Of Technical Efficiency Between Organic And Non-Organic Rice Farming In North Sumatera Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 648(1), 1–8. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/648/1/012038
Wicaksono, M., Mahmudah, & Wahyudin. (2023). Penerapan Fungsi Kelompok Tani Dalam Produktivitas Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Kecamatan Perbaungan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Pertanian Terpadu Berkelanjutan (JPTB), 1(2), 82–93. Retrieved from https://journal.hdgi.org/index.php/jptb/article/view/132
Addison, M., Ohene, Y. K., & Fredua, A. E. (2016). Gender Role, Input Use And Technical Efficiency Among Rice Farmers At Ahafo Ano North District In Ashanti Region Of Ghana. Journal Of Food Security, 4(2), 27–35. doi: 10.12691/JFS-4-2-1
Alem, H., Lien, G., & Hardaker, J. B. (2018). Economic Performance And Efficiency Determinants Of Crop-Producing Farms In Norway. International Journal Of Productivity And Performance Management, 67(9), 1418–1434. doi: 10.1108/IJPPM-01-2018-0026/FULL/PDF
Alhassan, S. (2012). Technical Efficiency In Smallholder Paddy Farms In Ghana: An Analysis Based On Different Farming Systems And Gender. Journal Of Economics And Sustainable Development, 3(5), 91–105. Retrieved from https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEDS/article/view/1590
Ali, D., et al. (2016). Investigating The Gender Gap In Agricultural Productivity: Evidence From Uganda. World Development, 87(2), 152–170. doi: 10.1016/J.WORLDDEV.2016.06.006
Ali, I., et al. (2019). Technical Efficiency Of Hybrid Maize Growers: A Stochastic Frontier Model Approach. Journal Of Integrative Agriculture, 18(10), 2408–2421. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62743-7
Angin, C. P., Pakpahan, H. T., & Nababan, M. B. P. (2024). Technical Efficiency Analysis Of Rice Farming In Deli Serdang Regency: A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Approach. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 16(3), 239-252. doi: 10.19184/jsep.v16i3.43016
Battese, G. E., & Coelli, T. J. (1992). Frontier Production Functions, Technical Efficiency And Panel Data: With Application To Paddy Farmers In India. Journal Of Productivity Analysis, 3(1–2), 153–169. doi: 10.1007/BF00158774/METRICS
Battese, G. E. (1992). Frontier Production Functions And Technical Efficiency: A Survey Of Empirical Applications In Agricultural Economics. Agricultural Economics, 7(3–4), 185–208. doi: 10.1016/0169-5150(92)90049-5
Battese, G. E., & Broca, S. S. (1997). Functional Forms Of Stochastic Frontier Production Functions And Models For Technical Inefficiency Effects: A Comparative Study For Wheat Farmers In Pakistan. Journal Of Productivity Analysis, 8(4), 395–414. doi: 10.1023/A:1007736025686/METRICS
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