Main Article Content
Abstract
Regional economic factors, income levels, and the availability of substitutes influence the demand for beef, chicken, and eggs in Indonesia. Beef is considered a luxury commodity in higher-income areas and exhibits greater price sensitivity in lower-GDP regions. Chicken, a staple protein source, generally demonstrates inelastic demand but increases price sensitivity in the lower GDP areas. Eggs, being more affordable, exhibit higher price elasticity, particularly in lower-GDP regions, and often complement beef consumption. This study examines the own-price, cross-price, and income elasticities for beef, chicken, and eggs in Indonesia, comparing these effects across provinces with varying income per capita levels. The research utilized secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency, encompassing per capita commodity consumption, consumption values, and prices from 2013 to 2023 across 33 provinces. The Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model analyzed the interrelated consumption of beef, broiler chicken, and eggs. Certain provinces were excluded due to data limitations, particularly in newly formed regions with insufficient historical records. The findings of this research indicate that price sensitivity, regional economic factors, and consumer preferences influence the demand for beef, chicken, and eggs. Income disparities affect substitution patterns, wherein rising chicken prices lead to increased beef consumption, while eggs complement beef and premium varieties are perceived as luxury goods. Consequently, there is a necessity for policies addressing regional economic disparities, food security, and affordability, especially as premium products such as organic eggs become more prevalent and the cost of animal proteins increases.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Rulianda Purnomo Wibowo, Dian Pebriyani, Titien Indrawati, Muhammad Khaliqi

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References
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- Clements, K. W., & Si, J. (2018). Engel’s Law, diet diversity, and The Quality of Food Consumption. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 100(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1093/ajae/aax053
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- Hayat, N., Hussain, A., & Yousaf, H. (2016). Food Demand in Pakistan: Analysis and Projections. South Asia Economic Journal, 17(1), 94–113. doi: 10.1177/1391561415621826
- Jappelli, T., & Pistaferri, L. (2010). Does Consumption Inequality Track Income Inequality in Italy? Review of Economic Dynamics, 13(1), 133–153. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1094202509000684
- Jiang, L., Seto, K. C., & Bai, J. (2015). Urban Economic Development, Changes in Food Consumption Patterns and Land Requirements for Food Production in China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 7(2), 240–261. doi: 10.1108/CAER-11-2013-0150
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- Khoiriyah, N., forgenie, D., Sookhai, S., & Saputro, A. J. (2024). Demand Elasticities of Animal-Sourced Food: Empirical Study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, 12(3), 171–188. doi: 10.22004/ag.econ.344845
- Krueger, D., & Perri, F. (2006). Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality? Evidence and Theory. The Review of Economic Studies, 73(1), 163–193. Retrieved from http://www.fperri.net/papers/consinc_restud.pdf
- Lusk, J. L., & tonsor, G. T. (2016). How Meat Demand Elasticities Vary With Price, Income, and Product Category. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 38(4), 673–711.
- Mahbubi, A., & Uchiyama, T. (2019). A Comparison of Halal Beef Consumer Preferences in Majority and Minority Muslim Areas in Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic Marketing and Branding, 4(3), 195–211. doi: 10.1504/IJIMB.2019.107283
- Maina, Y. B., & Yusuf, A. B. (2023). Determinants of Demand for Meat Products in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria. Gusau Journal of Economics and Development Studies, 4(1), 274–288. doi: 10.57233/gujeds.v4i1.18
- Mudassar, K., Aziz, B., & Anwar, A. (2012). Estimating Consumer Demand of Major Food Items in Pakistan: A Microdata Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 10(1), 53–58. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229061752_Estimating_Consumer_Demand_of_Major_Food_Items_in_Pakistan_A_Micro_Data_Analysis
- Muzayyanah, M. A. U., Nurtini, S., Widiati, R., Syahlani, S. P., & Kusumastuti, T. A. (2017). Household Decision Analysis On Animal Protein Food Consumption: Evidence From DI Yogyakarta Province. Buletin Peternakan, 41(2), 203–211. doi: 10.21059/buletinpeternak.v41i2.18062
- Naheed, K., & Hussain, I. (2024). Elasticity Measurement of Food Demand in Pakistan: Cross-Price and Own Price Elasticity Analysis. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, 11(5), 11–16. doi: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.99
- Novarista, N., & Syahni, R. (2013). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Konsumsi Pangan Hewani pada Konsumen Rumahtangga di Kota padang. Jurnal Agribisnis Kerakyatan, 3(1). 64-74. Retrieved from http://jak.faperta.unand.ac.id/index.php/jak/article/view/55/71
- Pangaribowo, E. H., & Tsegai, D. W. (2011). Food Demand Analysis of Indonesian Households With Particular Attention to The Poorest. Germany: Center for Development Research
- Putra, A. S., tong, G., & Pribadi, D. O. (2020). Spatial Analysis of Socio-Economic Driving Factors of Food Expenditure Variation Between Provinces in Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(4), 1-18. doi: 10.3390/su12041638
- Regmi, A., Deepak, M. S., Seale Jr, J. L., & Bernstein, J. (2001). Cross-Country Analysis of Food Consumption Patterns. Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade, 1422(1), 14–22. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281582351_Cross-country_analysis_of_food_consumption_patterns
- Sinaga, R., Hutagaol, M. P., Hartoyo, S., & Nuryartono, R. N. (2022). Analysis Food Demand of Java Households With Aids Model Estimates. Media Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 37(1), 96–108. doi: 10.24856/mem.v27i01.2550
- Sugiharto, I., Putr, A. R. S., & Muzayyanah, M. A. U. (2023). The Effect of Social Structures On Consumption of Beef in Indonesia. Tuijin Jishu/ Journal of Propulsion Technology, 44(4), 4052-4070. doi: 10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.1613
- Suryana, E. A., Martianto, D., & Baliwati, Y. F. (2019). Pola Konsumsi dan Permintaan Pangan Sumber Protein Hewani di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian, 17(1), 1–12. doi: 10.21082/akp.v17n1.2019.1-12
- Ugwumba, C. O. A., & Effiong, J. A. L. (2013). Analysis of Household Demand for Beef in Owerri Metropolis of Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences (JCBPS), 3(2), 1201-1205. Retrieved from https://staffportal.coou.edu.ng/view-staff.php?id=496
- Umaroh, R., & Vinantia, A. (2018). Analisis Konsumsi Protein Hewani pada Rumah Tangga Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 18(3), 22-32 doi: 10.21002/jepi.v0i0.869
- Widarjono, A., & Mumpuni Ruchba, S. (2021). Demand for Meat in Indonesia: Censored AIDS Model. AGRIS On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 13(2), 109–119. doi: 10.7160/aol.2021.130209
- Zellner, A. (1962). An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias. Journal of The American Statistical Association, 57(298), 348–368. doi: /10.2307/2281644
References
Afifi, M. F. M. (2022). Estimating The Elasticity of Demand for Some Sources of Animal Protein in Egypt. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 66–80. doi: 10.9734/ajaees/2022/v40i830938
Andari, Y. (2020). Analysis of Financial and Income disparity Between Rural-Urban Areas in Indonesia. Eko-Regional Jurnal Pengembangan Ekonomi Wilayah, 15(1). doi: 10.20884/1.erjpe.2020.15.1.1441
Ani, S. W., & Antriyandarti, E. (2019). Analysis of Household Demand for Chicken Meat in Yogyakarta. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 347(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/347/1/012119
Anindita, R., Sadiyah, A. A., & Khoiriyah, N. (2022). Income and Price Elasticities of Animal Food Demand and Welfare in Indonesian Urban: An Application of The LA-AIDS. Future of Food: Journal On Food, Agriculture and Society, 11(1), 1-14. doi: 10.17170/kobra-202210056939
Anindita, R., Sadiyah, A. A., Khoiriyah, N., & Nendyssa, D. R. (2020). The Demand for Beef in Indonesian Urban. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 411(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/411/1/012057
Arifatus Sa’diyah, A., Anindita, R., Hanani, N., & Muhaimin, A. W. (2019). The Strategic Food Demand for Non Poor Rural Households in Indonesia. Eurasian Journal of Biosciences Eurasia J Biosci, 13(2), 2197–2202. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/openview/b76b83813d3978a509f919e54cb2212c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2042720
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik Indonesia 2023. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/29/e9011b3155d45d70823c141f/statistik-indonesia-2020.html
Barnett, W. A., & Seck, O. (2008). Rotterdam model versus almost ideal demand system: will the best specification please stand up? Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(6), 795–824.
Clements, K. W., & Si, J. (2018). Engel’s Law, diet diversity, and The Quality of Food Consumption. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 100(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1093/ajae/aax053
D’Acunto, F., Malmendier, U., Ospina, J., & Weber, M. (2021). Exposure to Grocery Prices and Inflation Expectations. Journal of Political Economy, 129(5), 1615–1639. Retrieved from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/713192
Deaton, A., & Muellbauer, J. (1980). An Almost Ideal Demand System. The American Economic Review, 70(3), 312–326. doi: https://www.aeaweb.org/aer/top20/70.3.312-326.pdf
Delgado, C., Rosegrant, M., Steinfeld, H., Ehui, S., & Courbois, C. (2001). Livestock to 2020: The Next Food Revolution. Outlook On Agriculture, 30(1), 27–29. doi: 10.5367/000000001101293427
Delport, M., Louw, M., Davids, T., Vermeulen, H., & Meyer, F. (2017). Evaluating The Demand for Meat in South Africa: An Econometric Estimation of Short Term Demand Elasticities. Agrekon, 56(1), 13–27. doi: 10.1080/03031853.2017.1286249
Devi, L. Y., & Purnomosidi, R. K. H. (2019). Estimation of Demand Elasticity for Food Commodities in Java Island. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan, 12(1), 54–67. doi: 10.15294/jejak.v12i1.18824
Faharuddin, N., Mulyana, A., & Yunita, N. (2015). Analysis of Food Consumption Patterns in South Sumatra 2013: Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System Approach. Journal of Agroeconomics, 33(2), 121–140. doi: 10.21082/jae.v33n2.2015.121-140
Hayat, N., Hussain, A., & Yousaf, H. (2016). Food Demand in Pakistan: Analysis and Projections. South Asia Economic Journal, 17(1), 94–113. doi: 10.1177/1391561415621826
Jappelli, T., & Pistaferri, L. (2010). Does Consumption Inequality Track Income Inequality in Italy? Review of Economic Dynamics, 13(1), 133–153. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1094202509000684
Jiang, L., Seto, K. C., & Bai, J. (2015). Urban Economic Development, Changes in Food Consumption Patterns and Land Requirements for Food Production in China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 7(2), 240–261. doi: 10.1108/CAER-11-2013-0150
Khoiriyah, N., forgenie, D., & Iriany, A. (2023). Estimating Household Price and Income Elasticities for Animal-Sourced Food: The Case of Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Agris On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 15(3), 73–85. doi: 7160/aol.2023.150307
Khoiriyah, N., forgenie, D., Sookhai, S., & Saputro, A. J. (2024). Demand Elasticities of Animal-Sourced Food: Empirical Study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, 12(3), 171–188. doi: 10.22004/ag.econ.344845
Krueger, D., & Perri, F. (2006). Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality? Evidence and Theory. The Review of Economic Studies, 73(1), 163–193. Retrieved from http://www.fperri.net/papers/consinc_restud.pdf
Lusk, J. L., & tonsor, G. T. (2016). How Meat Demand Elasticities Vary With Price, Income, and Product Category. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 38(4), 673–711.
Mahbubi, A., & Uchiyama, T. (2019). A Comparison of Halal Beef Consumer Preferences in Majority and Minority Muslim Areas in Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic Marketing and Branding, 4(3), 195–211. doi: 10.1504/IJIMB.2019.107283
Maina, Y. B., & Yusuf, A. B. (2023). Determinants of Demand for Meat Products in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria. Gusau Journal of Economics and Development Studies, 4(1), 274–288. doi: 10.57233/gujeds.v4i1.18
Mudassar, K., Aziz, B., & Anwar, A. (2012). Estimating Consumer Demand of Major Food Items in Pakistan: A Microdata Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 10(1), 53–58. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229061752_Estimating_Consumer_Demand_of_Major_Food_Items_in_Pakistan_A_Micro_Data_Analysis
Muzayyanah, M. A. U., Nurtini, S., Widiati, R., Syahlani, S. P., & Kusumastuti, T. A. (2017). Household Decision Analysis On Animal Protein Food Consumption: Evidence From DI Yogyakarta Province. Buletin Peternakan, 41(2), 203–211. doi: 10.21059/buletinpeternak.v41i2.18062
Naheed, K., & Hussain, I. (2024). Elasticity Measurement of Food Demand in Pakistan: Cross-Price and Own Price Elasticity Analysis. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, 11(5), 11–16. doi: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.99
Novarista, N., & Syahni, R. (2013). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Konsumsi Pangan Hewani pada Konsumen Rumahtangga di Kota padang. Jurnal Agribisnis Kerakyatan, 3(1). 64-74. Retrieved from http://jak.faperta.unand.ac.id/index.php/jak/article/view/55/71
Pangaribowo, E. H., & Tsegai, D. W. (2011). Food Demand Analysis of Indonesian Households With Particular Attention to The Poorest. Germany: Center for Development Research
Putra, A. S., tong, G., & Pribadi, D. O. (2020). Spatial Analysis of Socio-Economic Driving Factors of Food Expenditure Variation Between Provinces in Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(4), 1-18. doi: 10.3390/su12041638
Regmi, A., Deepak, M. S., Seale Jr, J. L., & Bernstein, J. (2001). Cross-Country Analysis of Food Consumption Patterns. Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade, 1422(1), 14–22. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281582351_Cross-country_analysis_of_food_consumption_patterns
Sinaga, R., Hutagaol, M. P., Hartoyo, S., & Nuryartono, R. N. (2022). Analysis Food Demand of Java Households With Aids Model Estimates. Media Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 37(1), 96–108. doi: 10.24856/mem.v27i01.2550
Sugiharto, I., Putr, A. R. S., & Muzayyanah, M. A. U. (2023). The Effect of Social Structures On Consumption of Beef in Indonesia. Tuijin Jishu/ Journal of Propulsion Technology, 44(4), 4052-4070. doi: 10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.1613
Suryana, E. A., Martianto, D., & Baliwati, Y. F. (2019). Pola Konsumsi dan Permintaan Pangan Sumber Protein Hewani di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian, 17(1), 1–12. doi: 10.21082/akp.v17n1.2019.1-12
Ugwumba, C. O. A., & Effiong, J. A. L. (2013). Analysis of Household Demand for Beef in Owerri Metropolis of Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences (JCBPS), 3(2), 1201-1205. Retrieved from https://staffportal.coou.edu.ng/view-staff.php?id=496
Umaroh, R., & Vinantia, A. (2018). Analisis Konsumsi Protein Hewani pada Rumah Tangga Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 18(3), 22-32 doi: 10.21002/jepi.v0i0.869
Widarjono, A., & Mumpuni Ruchba, S. (2021). Demand for Meat in Indonesia: Censored AIDS Model. AGRIS On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 13(2), 109–119. doi: 10.7160/aol.2021.130209
Zellner, A. (1962). An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias. Journal of The American Statistical Association, 57(298), 348–368. doi: /10.2307/2281644