Main Article Content
Abstract
Sustainability certifications are often regarded as tools for improving agricultural practices and supporting environmental stewardship among independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesia. However, their effectiveness in driving comprehensive agronomic transformation and improving household income remains debatable. This study examines the effect of sustainability certification on the adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) among certified and non-certified smallholders in the Philippines. We analyzed data from 64 oil palm smallholders in Simalungun Regency, Indonesia, using comparative and correlation statistical methods. The findings indicate that certification had a limited impact on core agronomic practices, such as fertilization, pruning, and weeding, which remain constrained by structural barriers, including limited technical capacity and financial resources. Certified smallholders exhibited better environmentally focused practices, particularly in reducing the use of hazardous chemicals and adopting sustainable weeding methods, although the differences were not statistically significant. These results suggest that certification programs have been more responsive to external market demands for environmental compliance but have fallen short in facilitating the widespread adoption of productivity-enhancing agronomic practices among smallholders in the region. To achieve environmental sustainability and improved productivity, future certification schemes should be designed to provide stronger agronomic support and balanced incentives. This study provides new insights into the limitations of sustainability certifications in driving comprehensive agronomic improvements, while highlighting their potential to address specific environmental challenges.
Keywords
Agronomic Transformation
Economic Impact
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
Independent Oil Palm Smallholders
Productivity GAP
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Copyright (c) 2026 Agung Rahmat Syahputra, Ratnawati Nurkhoiry, Rizki Amalia, Iput Pradiko
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How to Cite
Syahputra, A. R., Nurkhoiry, R., Amalia, R., & Pradiko, I. (2026). Limitations of Sustainability Certification on Good Agricultural Practices Adoption Among Certified and Noncertified Oil Palm Smallholders. Jurnal AGRISEP: Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 25(01), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.25.01.289-306
References
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Bulte, E., Di Falco, S., Kassie, M., & Vollenweider, X. (2023). Low-Quality Seeds, Labor Supply and Economic Returns: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01285
Central Bureau Statistics of Indonesia. (2023). Hasil Pencacahan Lengkap Sensus Pertanian 2023 - Tahap I. Berita Resmi Statistik, 86/12(XXVI).
Chalil, D., & Barus, R. (2024). Can Oil Palm Smallholders Become Financially Independent? Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, 32(2), 129–139.
Chen, J., Su, Y., Lin, F., Iqbal, M., Mehmood, K., Zhang, H., & Shi, D. (2021). Effect of paraquat on cytotoxicity involved in oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction: A review of mechanisms and ecological implications. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 224, 112711. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112711
de Vos, R. E., Nurfalah, L., Tenorio, F. A., Lim, Y. L., Monzon, J. P., Donough, C. R., Sugianto, H., Dwiyahreni, A. A., Winarni, N. L., Mulani, N., Ramadhan, G., Imran, M. A., Tito, A. P., Sulistiawan, P., Khoirul, M., Farrasati, R., Pradiko, I., Grassini, P., & Slingerland, M. (2023). Shortening harvest interval, reaping benefits? A study on harvest practices in oil palm smallholder farming systems in Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103753
de Vos, R. E., Suwarno, A., Slingerland, M., Van Der Meer, P. J., & Lucey, J. M. (2021). Independent oil palm smallholder management practices and yields: Can RSPO certification make a difference? Environmental Research Letters, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac018d
Euler, M., Hoffmann, M. P., Fathoni, Z., & Schwarze, S. (2016). Exploring yield gaps in smallholder oil palm production systems in eastern Sumatra, Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 146, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.04.007
Gromikora, N., Yahya, S., & Suwarto, D. (2014). Permodelan Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Kelapa Sawit pada Berbagai Taraf Penunasan Pelepah Growth and Production Modeling of Oil Palm at Different Levels of Frond Pruning. In J. Agron. Indonesia (Vol. 42, Issue 3).
Hameed, R. A., Ajum, S., & Afzal, M. N. (2017). Effect of Glyphosat and Paraquat Herbicides on Weed Control and Productivity of Cotton. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 50(2), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2017-0014
Iddris, N. A. A., Formaglio, G., Paul, C., von Groß, V., Chen, G., Angulo-Rubiano, A., Berkelmann, D., Brambach, F., Darras, K. F. A., Krashevska, V., Potapov, A., Wenzel, A., Irawan, B., Damris, M., Daniel, R., Grass, I., Kreft, H., Scheu, S., Tscharntke, T., … Corre, M. D. (2023). Mechanical weeding enhances ecosystem multifunctionality and profit in industrial oil palm. Nature Sustainability, 6(6), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01076-x
Lechenet, M., Dessaint, F., Py, G., Makowski, D., & Munier-Jolain, N. (2017). Reducing pesticide use while preserving crop productivity and profitability on arable farms. Nature Plants, 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2017.8
Lestari, H. D., Nurliza, & Oktoriana, S. (2024). Peningkatan Keterampilan Praktik Pertanian yang Baik Petani Sawit Swadaya di Kabupaten Sambas. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 29(2), 244–250. https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.29.2.244
Lim, Y. L., Tenorio, F. A., Monzon, J. P., Sugianto, H., Donough, C. R., Rahutomo, S., Agus, F., Slingerland, M. A., Darlan, N. H., Dwiyahreni, A. A., Farrasati, R., Mahmudah, N., Muhamad, T., Nurdwiansyah, D., Palupi, S., Pradiko, I., Saleh, S., Syarovy, M., Wiratmoko, D., & Grassini, P. (2023). Too little, too imbalanced: Nutrient supply in smallholder oil palm fields in Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103729
Manju, B., Jamal, S., & Lokesh, N. K. (2022). Paraquat poisoning, what we should know. International Journal of Health Sciences, 2274–2284. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.5999
Mohd Suib, N. A. binti, Salleh, N. H. M., Shukor, M. S., Chamhuri, N., Shahimi, S., Salleh, K. M., & Hashim, K. (2023). The Influence of Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) on the Productivity and Well-Being of Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO)-Certified Independent Smallholders in Malaysia. Agriculture (Switzerland), 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13050990
Monzon, J. P., Lim, Y. L., Tenorio, F. A., Farrasati, R., Pradiko, I., Sugianto, H., Donough, C. R., Rattalino Edreira, J. I., Rahutomo, S., Agus, F., Slingerland, M. A., Zijlstra, M., Saleh, S., Nashr, F., Nurdwiansyah, D., Ulfaria, N., Winarni, N. L., Zulhakim, N., & Grassini, P. (2023). Agronomy explains large yield gaps in smallholder oil palm fields. Agricultural Systems, 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103689
Mosnier, A., Boere, E., Reumann, A., Yowargana, P., Pirker, J., Havlik, P., & Pacheco, P. (2017). Palm oil and likely futures: Assessing the potential impacts of zero deforestation commitments and a moratorium on large-scale oil palm plantations in Indonesia. CIFOR Infobriefs, 177. https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/006468
Napitupulu, D., Alamsyah, Z., Ernawati, H. D., Yanita, M., Elwamendri, E., & Fauzia, G. (2021). Impact of oil palm plantation on household welfare in Jambi Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 782(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/782/3/032056
Oil World. (2023). Palm Oil: Import of Major Countries (Mn T). ISTA Mielke GmbH. https://www.oilworld.biz/
Popkin, M., Reiss-Woolever, V. J., Turner, E. C., & Luke, S. H. (2022). A systematic map of within-plantation oil palm management practices reveals a rapidly growing but patchy evidence base. PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, 1(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000023
Prasetyo, A. E., Supena, N., & Susanto, A. (2021). Kajian Penunasan Berat Pelepah terhadap Kuantitas dan Kualitas Bunga Jantan Kelapa Sawit serta Ketertarikan Elaeidobius kamerunicus FAUST. Buletin Palma, 22(1), 52–61.
Stuart, A. M., Merfield, C. N., Horgan, F. G., Willis, S., Watts, M. A., Ramírez-Muñoz, F., U, J. S., Utyasheva, L., Eddleston, M., Davis, M. L., Neumeister, L., Sanou, M. R., & Williamson, S. (2023). Agriculture without paraquat is feasible without loss of productivity—lessons learned from phasing out a highly hazardous herbicide. In Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Vol. 30, Issue 7, pp. 16984–17008). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24951-0
Sugianto, H., Monzon, J. P., Pradiko, I., Tenorio, F. A., Lim, Y. L., Donough, C. R., Sunawan, Rahutomo, S., Agus, F., Cock, J., Amsar, J., Farrasati, R., Iskandar, R., Rattalino Edreira, J. I., Saleh, S., Santoso, H., Tito, A. P., Ulfaria, N., Slingerland, M. A., & Grassini, P. (2023). First things first: Widespread nutrient deficiencies limit yields in smallholder oil palm fields. Agricultural Systems, 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103709
Syahputra, A. R., Nurkhoiry, R., Amalia, R., & Nasution, Z. P. S. (2024). Risiko Produksi dan Pendapatan Pekebun Kelapa Sawit Rakyat Bersertifikasi dan Nonsertifikasi RSPO. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, 32(3), 164–175.
UN Comtrade. (2024). Palm Oil Trade Data. United Nations Comtrade Database. https://comtradeplus.un.org/
UNDP. (2020). Mapping the Palm Oil Value Chain: Opportunities for sustainable palm oil in Indonesia and China. United Nations Development Programme.
USDA. (2024). 2023/2024 Palm Oil Production Top Producing Countries. Foreign Agricultural Services, U.S. Department of Agricultural. https://fas.usda.gov/data/production/commodity/4243000
Ward, M. C. E., Barrios, M. C., & Fallon, A. M. (2023). Paraquat is toxic to the soil-dwelling arthropod, Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae), and has potential effects on its Wolbachia endosymbiont. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 198, 107936. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2023.107936
Widiyanti, E., Karsidi, R., Wijaya, M., & Utari, P. (2020). Identity gaps and negotiations among layers of young farmers: Case study in Indonesia. Open Agriculture, 5(1), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0041
Woittiez, L. S., Sadikin, H., Turhina, S., Dani, H., Dukan, T. P., & Smit, H. (2016). Smallholder Oil Palm Handbook. Wageningen University and SNV International Development Organisation.
Woittiez, L. S., Slingerland, M., & Giller, K. E. (2015). Yield Gaps in Indonesian Smallholder Oil Palm Plantations: Causes and Solutions. PIPOC. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284168819
References
Bulte, E., Di Falco, S., Kassie, M., & Vollenweider, X. (2023). Low-Quality Seeds, Labor Supply and Economic Returns: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01285
Central Bureau Statistics of Indonesia. (2023). Hasil Pencacahan Lengkap Sensus Pertanian 2023 - Tahap I. Berita Resmi Statistik, 86/12(XXVI).
Chalil, D., & Barus, R. (2024). Can Oil Palm Smallholders Become Financially Independent? Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, 32(2), 129–139.
Chen, J., Su, Y., Lin, F., Iqbal, M., Mehmood, K., Zhang, H., & Shi, D. (2021). Effect of paraquat on cytotoxicity involved in oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction: A review of mechanisms and ecological implications. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 224, 112711. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112711
de Vos, R. E., Nurfalah, L., Tenorio, F. A., Lim, Y. L., Monzon, J. P., Donough, C. R., Sugianto, H., Dwiyahreni, A. A., Winarni, N. L., Mulani, N., Ramadhan, G., Imran, M. A., Tito, A. P., Sulistiawan, P., Khoirul, M., Farrasati, R., Pradiko, I., Grassini, P., & Slingerland, M. (2023). Shortening harvest interval, reaping benefits? A study on harvest practices in oil palm smallholder farming systems in Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103753
de Vos, R. E., Suwarno, A., Slingerland, M., Van Der Meer, P. J., & Lucey, J. M. (2021). Independent oil palm smallholder management practices and yields: Can RSPO certification make a difference? Environmental Research Letters, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac018d
Euler, M., Hoffmann, M. P., Fathoni, Z., & Schwarze, S. (2016). Exploring yield gaps in smallholder oil palm production systems in eastern Sumatra, Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 146, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.04.007
Gromikora, N., Yahya, S., & Suwarto, D. (2014). Permodelan Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Kelapa Sawit pada Berbagai Taraf Penunasan Pelepah Growth and Production Modeling of Oil Palm at Different Levels of Frond Pruning. In J. Agron. Indonesia (Vol. 42, Issue 3).
Hameed, R. A., Ajum, S., & Afzal, M. N. (2017). Effect of Glyphosat and Paraquat Herbicides on Weed Control and Productivity of Cotton. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 50(2), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2017-0014
Iddris, N. A. A., Formaglio, G., Paul, C., von Groß, V., Chen, G., Angulo-Rubiano, A., Berkelmann, D., Brambach, F., Darras, K. F. A., Krashevska, V., Potapov, A., Wenzel, A., Irawan, B., Damris, M., Daniel, R., Grass, I., Kreft, H., Scheu, S., Tscharntke, T., … Corre, M. D. (2023). Mechanical weeding enhances ecosystem multifunctionality and profit in industrial oil palm. Nature Sustainability, 6(6), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01076-x
Lechenet, M., Dessaint, F., Py, G., Makowski, D., & Munier-Jolain, N. (2017). Reducing pesticide use while preserving crop productivity and profitability on arable farms. Nature Plants, 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2017.8
Lestari, H. D., Nurliza, & Oktoriana, S. (2024). Peningkatan Keterampilan Praktik Pertanian yang Baik Petani Sawit Swadaya di Kabupaten Sambas. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 29(2), 244–250. https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.29.2.244
Lim, Y. L., Tenorio, F. A., Monzon, J. P., Sugianto, H., Donough, C. R., Rahutomo, S., Agus, F., Slingerland, M. A., Darlan, N. H., Dwiyahreni, A. A., Farrasati, R., Mahmudah, N., Muhamad, T., Nurdwiansyah, D., Palupi, S., Pradiko, I., Saleh, S., Syarovy, M., Wiratmoko, D., & Grassini, P. (2023). Too little, too imbalanced: Nutrient supply in smallholder oil palm fields in Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103729
Manju, B., Jamal, S., & Lokesh, N. K. (2022). Paraquat poisoning, what we should know. International Journal of Health Sciences, 2274–2284. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.5999
Mohd Suib, N. A. binti, Salleh, N. H. M., Shukor, M. S., Chamhuri, N., Shahimi, S., Salleh, K. M., & Hashim, K. (2023). The Influence of Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) on the Productivity and Well-Being of Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO)-Certified Independent Smallholders in Malaysia. Agriculture (Switzerland), 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13050990
Monzon, J. P., Lim, Y. L., Tenorio, F. A., Farrasati, R., Pradiko, I., Sugianto, H., Donough, C. R., Rattalino Edreira, J. I., Rahutomo, S., Agus, F., Slingerland, M. A., Zijlstra, M., Saleh, S., Nashr, F., Nurdwiansyah, D., Ulfaria, N., Winarni, N. L., Zulhakim, N., & Grassini, P. (2023). Agronomy explains large yield gaps in smallholder oil palm fields. Agricultural Systems, 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103689
Mosnier, A., Boere, E., Reumann, A., Yowargana, P., Pirker, J., Havlik, P., & Pacheco, P. (2017). Palm oil and likely futures: Assessing the potential impacts of zero deforestation commitments and a moratorium on large-scale oil palm plantations in Indonesia. CIFOR Infobriefs, 177. https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/006468
Napitupulu, D., Alamsyah, Z., Ernawati, H. D., Yanita, M., Elwamendri, E., & Fauzia, G. (2021). Impact of oil palm plantation on household welfare in Jambi Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 782(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/782/3/032056
Oil World. (2023). Palm Oil: Import of Major Countries (Mn T). ISTA Mielke GmbH. https://www.oilworld.biz/
Popkin, M., Reiss-Woolever, V. J., Turner, E. C., & Luke, S. H. (2022). A systematic map of within-plantation oil palm management practices reveals a rapidly growing but patchy evidence base. PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, 1(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000023
Prasetyo, A. E., Supena, N., & Susanto, A. (2021). Kajian Penunasan Berat Pelepah terhadap Kuantitas dan Kualitas Bunga Jantan Kelapa Sawit serta Ketertarikan Elaeidobius kamerunicus FAUST. Buletin Palma, 22(1), 52–61.
Stuart, A. M., Merfield, C. N., Horgan, F. G., Willis, S., Watts, M. A., Ramírez-Muñoz, F., U, J. S., Utyasheva, L., Eddleston, M., Davis, M. L., Neumeister, L., Sanou, M. R., & Williamson, S. (2023). Agriculture without paraquat is feasible without loss of productivity—lessons learned from phasing out a highly hazardous herbicide. In Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Vol. 30, Issue 7, pp. 16984–17008). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24951-0
Sugianto, H., Monzon, J. P., Pradiko, I., Tenorio, F. A., Lim, Y. L., Donough, C. R., Sunawan, Rahutomo, S., Agus, F., Cock, J., Amsar, J., Farrasati, R., Iskandar, R., Rattalino Edreira, J. I., Saleh, S., Santoso, H., Tito, A. P., Ulfaria, N., Slingerland, M. A., & Grassini, P. (2023). First things first: Widespread nutrient deficiencies limit yields in smallholder oil palm fields. Agricultural Systems, 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103709
Syahputra, A. R., Nurkhoiry, R., Amalia, R., & Nasution, Z. P. S. (2024). Risiko Produksi dan Pendapatan Pekebun Kelapa Sawit Rakyat Bersertifikasi dan Nonsertifikasi RSPO. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, 32(3), 164–175.
UN Comtrade. (2024). Palm Oil Trade Data. United Nations Comtrade Database. https://comtradeplus.un.org/
UNDP. (2020). Mapping the Palm Oil Value Chain: Opportunities for sustainable palm oil in Indonesia and China. United Nations Development Programme.
USDA. (2024). 2023/2024 Palm Oil Production Top Producing Countries. Foreign Agricultural Services, U.S. Department of Agricultural. https://fas.usda.gov/data/production/commodity/4243000
Ward, M. C. E., Barrios, M. C., & Fallon, A. M. (2023). Paraquat is toxic to the soil-dwelling arthropod, Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae), and has potential effects on its Wolbachia endosymbiont. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 198, 107936. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2023.107936
Widiyanti, E., Karsidi, R., Wijaya, M., & Utari, P. (2020). Identity gaps and negotiations among layers of young farmers: Case study in Indonesia. Open Agriculture, 5(1), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0041
Woittiez, L. S., Sadikin, H., Turhina, S., Dani, H., Dukan, T. P., & Smit, H. (2016). Smallholder Oil Palm Handbook. Wageningen University and SNV International Development Organisation.
Woittiez, L. S., Slingerland, M., & Giller, K. E. (2015). Yield Gaps in Indonesian Smallholder Oil Palm Plantations: Causes and Solutions. PIPOC. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284168819
Central Bureau Statistics of Indonesia. (2023). Hasil Pencacahan Lengkap Sensus Pertanian 2023 - Tahap I. Berita Resmi Statistik, 86/12(XXVI).
Chalil, D., & Barus, R. (2024). Can Oil Palm Smallholders Become Financially Independent? Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, 32(2), 129–139.
Chen, J., Su, Y., Lin, F., Iqbal, M., Mehmood, K., Zhang, H., & Shi, D. (2021). Effect of paraquat on cytotoxicity involved in oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction: A review of mechanisms and ecological implications. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 224, 112711. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112711
de Vos, R. E., Nurfalah, L., Tenorio, F. A., Lim, Y. L., Monzon, J. P., Donough, C. R., Sugianto, H., Dwiyahreni, A. A., Winarni, N. L., Mulani, N., Ramadhan, G., Imran, M. A., Tito, A. P., Sulistiawan, P., Khoirul, M., Farrasati, R., Pradiko, I., Grassini, P., & Slingerland, M. (2023). Shortening harvest interval, reaping benefits? A study on harvest practices in oil palm smallholder farming systems in Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103753
de Vos, R. E., Suwarno, A., Slingerland, M., Van Der Meer, P. J., & Lucey, J. M. (2021). Independent oil palm smallholder management practices and yields: Can RSPO certification make a difference? Environmental Research Letters, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac018d
Euler, M., Hoffmann, M. P., Fathoni, Z., & Schwarze, S. (2016). Exploring yield gaps in smallholder oil palm production systems in eastern Sumatra, Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 146, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.04.007
Gromikora, N., Yahya, S., & Suwarto, D. (2014). Permodelan Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Kelapa Sawit pada Berbagai Taraf Penunasan Pelepah Growth and Production Modeling of Oil Palm at Different Levels of Frond Pruning. In J. Agron. Indonesia (Vol. 42, Issue 3).
Hameed, R. A., Ajum, S., & Afzal, M. N. (2017). Effect of Glyphosat and Paraquat Herbicides on Weed Control and Productivity of Cotton. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 50(2), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2017-0014
Iddris, N. A. A., Formaglio, G., Paul, C., von Groß, V., Chen, G., Angulo-Rubiano, A., Berkelmann, D., Brambach, F., Darras, K. F. A., Krashevska, V., Potapov, A., Wenzel, A., Irawan, B., Damris, M., Daniel, R., Grass, I., Kreft, H., Scheu, S., Tscharntke, T., … Corre, M. D. (2023). Mechanical weeding enhances ecosystem multifunctionality and profit in industrial oil palm. Nature Sustainability, 6(6), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01076-x
Lechenet, M., Dessaint, F., Py, G., Makowski, D., & Munier-Jolain, N. (2017). Reducing pesticide use while preserving crop productivity and profitability on arable farms. Nature Plants, 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2017.8
Lestari, H. D., Nurliza, & Oktoriana, S. (2024). Peningkatan Keterampilan Praktik Pertanian yang Baik Petani Sawit Swadaya di Kabupaten Sambas. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 29(2), 244–250. https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.29.2.244
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