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Abstrak
Abstract
This study aims to determine the validity of Active Motor Cards for improving the motor skills of elementary school children in the city of Malang. The research method used in this study uses Research and Development, namely the instrument development method. The design of this study includes an instrument evaluation expert test and a physical education expert. The population of this study is students of SDN Sumbersari 3 Malang City with details of the age group of 10-12 years old or grades 4, 5, and 6. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The instruments used in this study used Active Motor Card 3 (AMC-3) and Test Of Gross Motor Development 3 (TGMD-3) Active Motor Card 3 instruments consisted of one hand bounce, catching, wall throwing, kicking on target, betting. The instrument Test Of Gross Motor Developmemnt 3 (TGMD-3) consists of One Hand Stationary Drible, Two Hand Catch, Overhand Throw, Kick, Forenand Strike. Data analysis uses product correlation of person moments. The results of research and development show that it falls into the valid category. This is declared valid based on the average result of r calculation 0.894 and the correlation between Active Motor Card and TGMD 3 the average result r calculation is 0.647 with r table of 0.2199 significance 0.05. So it can be concluded that this research and development developed an Active Motor Card 3 instrument product in children aged 10-12 years is included in the valid category and this instrument can be recommended or used for motor skills research in children aged 10-12 years
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Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Bella Septia Rohali, Nurul Riyad Fadhli

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Referensi
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- Ardhanari, P., Mintarto, E., Tuasikal, A. R. S., & Suroto, S. (2020). Playing Activities Improve Manipulative Skills: a Literature Review. STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 9(2), 374–380. https://doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i2.294
- Bambang Santoso dkk. (2007). Metode Pengembangan Fisik.
- Barnett, L. M., Lai, S. K., Veldman, S. L. C., Hardy, L. L., Cliff, D. P., Morgan, P. J., Zask, A., Lubans, D. R., Shultz, S. P., Ridgers, N. D., Rush, E., Brown, H. L., & Okely, A. D. (2016). Correlates of Gross Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(11), 1663–1688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0495-z
- Barnett, L. M., van Beurden, E., Morgan, P. J., Brooks, L. O., & Beard, J. R. (2010). Gender differences in motor skill proficiency from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81(2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599663
- Bompa, T. O., & Buzzichelli, C. A. (2019). Periodization Theory and Methodology of Training Six Edition. human kinetic.
- Davids, K., Araújo, D., Correia, V., & Vilar, L. (2013). How small-sided and conditioned games enhance acquisition of movement and decision-making skills. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(3), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e318292f3ec
- Dewi Murni, S., Rizalina, R., & Zefriyenni, Z. (2022). Validitas Media Pembelajaran Statistika Berbasis Android dengan Teknik Peta Konsep untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Statistika. Jurnal Cendekia : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 6(1), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.31004/cendekia.v6i1.1087
- Dugdale, J. H., Sanders, D., Myers, T., Williams, A. M., & Hunter, A. M. (2020). A case study comparison of objective and subjective evaluation methods of physical qualities in youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(11–12), 1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1766177
- Duncan, M. J., Foweather, L., Bardid, F., Barnett, A. L., Rudd, J., O’Brien, W., Foulkes, J. D., Roscoe, C., Issartel, J., Stratton, G., & Clark, C. C. T. (2022). Motor Competence Among Children in the United Kingdom and Ireland: An Expert Statement on Behalf of the International Motor Development Research Consortium. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 10(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1123/JMLD.2021-0047
- Fitriani, R., & Adawiyah, R. (2018). Perkembangan Fisik Motorik Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Golden Age, 2(01), 25. https://doi.org/10.29408/goldenage.v2i01.742
- Giuriato, M., Codella, R., Lovecchio, N., Carnevale Pellino, V., Vandoni, M., & Nevill, A. M. (2021). Speed agility trends in children according to growth: A new approach to evaluate speed agility in children. Annals of Human Biology, 48(4), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2021.1928285
- Hendra, J., & Putra, G. I. (2019). Mengembangkan Keterampilan Gerak Dasar Manipulatif Bagi Anak Melalui Permainan Olahraga Di Taman Kanak-Kanak. Jurnal Muara Pendidikan, 4(2), 438–444. https://doi.org/10.52060/mp.v4i2.181
- Hulteen, R. M., Lander, N. J., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Robertson, S. J., & Lubans, D. R. (2015). Validity and Reliability of Field-Based Measures for Assessing Movement Skill Competency in Lifelong Physical Activities: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 45(10), 1443–1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0357-0
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- Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(Suppl 2), 318–319. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
- Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2018). Riskesdas 2018. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018, 44(8), 181–222. http://www.yankes.kemkes.go.id/assets/downloads/PMK No. 57 Tahun 2013 tentang PTRM.pdf
- Kosowan, L., Shannon, S., Rothney, J., Halas, G., Enns, J., Holmqvist, M., Wener, P., Goertzen, L., & Katz, A. (2022). Informing the Physical Activity Evaluation Framework: A Scoping Review of Reviews. American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(2), 340–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211050059
- Liu, Y., & Chen, S. (2021). Physical literacy in children and adolescents: Definitions, assessments, and interventions. European Physical Education Review, 27(1), 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20925502
- Logan, S. W., Robinson, L. E., Rudisill, M. E., Wadsworth, D. D., & Morera, M. (2014). The comparison of school-age children’s performance on two motor assessments: The Test of Gross Motor Development and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 19(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.726979
- Logan, S. W., Ross, S. M., Chee, K., Stodden, D. F., & Robinson, L. E. (2018). Fundamental motor skills: A systematic review of terminology. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(7), 781–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1340660
- Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Cliff, D. P., Barnett, L. M., & Okely, A. D. (2010). Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents: Review of associated health benefits. Sports Medicine, 40(12), 1019–1035. https://doi.org/10.2165/11536850-000000000-00000
- Lundvall, S. (2015). Physical literacy in the field of physical education - A challenge and a possibility. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(2), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.02.001
- Mahfud, I., & Fahrizqi, E. B. (2020). Sport Science And Education Journal Indonesia Pengembangan Model Latihan Keterampilan. Jurnal Teknokrat, 1(1), 31–37.
- Marsari, H., Neviyarni, & Nadamurni. (2021). Perkembangan Emosi Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 5(1), 1816–1822.
- Mazaya, F. (2024). Adolescence personality and social media: growth and challenge. Agustus.
- Nabilla, S., & Desmon, D. (2022). PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN ANAK Shintya Nabilla1, David Desmon2. Zona Psikologi, 4(3), 66–73.
- Oppici, L., Panchuk, D., Serpiello, F. R., & Farrow, D. (2017). Long-term practice with domain-specific task constraints influences perceptual skills. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(AUG), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01387
- Rahma, A., & Kastrena, E. (2020). Peningkatan Kemampuan Gerak Manipulatif Melalui Permainan Bowling Botol. Maenpo, 9(2), 48. https://doi.org/10.35194/jm.v9i2.908
- Rudd, J. R., Barnett, L. M., Butson, M. L., Farrow, D., Berry, J., & Polman, R. C. J. (2015). Fundamental movement skills are more than run, throw and catch: The role of stability skills. PLoS ONE, 10(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140224
- Rustam, A., Dwi, E., Sari, K., & Yunita, L. (2021). Ahmad Rustam | Eva Dwi Kumala Sari | Luki Yunita (Issue August).
- Santoso, N. P., Subagyo, Santoso, N., Prabowo, T. A., & Yulianto, W. D. (2024). Assessing the Effect of Traditional Games on Manipulative Movements in Elementary School Students Based on Gender. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(3), 442–448. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.3.13
- Sepdanius, E., Fajri, H. P., & Gemini, A. (2018). Validitas Dan Reliabilitas Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Footwork Berbasis Android Pada Olahraga Bulutangkis. Sporta Saintika, 3(2), 490–501. http://sportasaintika.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/sporta/article/view/74
- Sigmundsson, H., Lorås, H., & Haga, M. (2016). Assessment of Motor Competence Across the Life Span: Aspects of Reliability and Validity of a New Test Battery. SAGE Open, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016633273
- Thiagarajan, S. (1976). Instructional development for training teachers of exceptional children: A sourcebook. Journal of School Psychology, 14(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4405(76)90066-2
- U. Kustianing. (2021). Pengaruh Gender Dan Lingkungan Terhadap Kemampuan Motorik Kasar Siswa Dalam Meningkatkan Akhlak Siswa Sdn Tunggulwulung 1 Malang. An-Nahdlah: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 1(2), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.51806/an-nahdlah.v1i2.15
- WHO. (2016). WHO Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. In Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128
- Wicaksono, A. (2021). Buku Aktivitas Fisik dan Kesehatan (Issue July). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353605384
- Winarno, M. . (2014). Evaluasi Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga dan Kesehatan.
Referensi
Ali-maksum. (2009). Metodologi Penelitian Dalam Olahraga.
Amin, B. F., & Sukur, A. (2022). Implementasi Gerak Manipulatif Penggerak Olahraga Pada Anak Sd Usia 6-12 Tahun Di Kelurahan Jatinegara Kaum. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3, SNPP M2022-BRL.
Ardhanari, P., Mintarto, E., Tuasikal, A. R. S., & Suroto, S. (2020). Playing Activities Improve Manipulative Skills: a Literature Review. STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 9(2), 374–380. https://doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i2.294
Bambang Santoso dkk. (2007). Metode Pengembangan Fisik.
Barnett, L. M., Lai, S. K., Veldman, S. L. C., Hardy, L. L., Cliff, D. P., Morgan, P. J., Zask, A., Lubans, D. R., Shultz, S. P., Ridgers, N. D., Rush, E., Brown, H. L., & Okely, A. D. (2016). Correlates of Gross Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(11), 1663–1688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0495-z
Barnett, L. M., van Beurden, E., Morgan, P. J., Brooks, L. O., & Beard, J. R. (2010). Gender differences in motor skill proficiency from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81(2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599663
Bompa, T. O., & Buzzichelli, C. A. (2019). Periodization Theory and Methodology of Training Six Edition. human kinetic.
Davids, K., Araújo, D., Correia, V., & Vilar, L. (2013). How small-sided and conditioned games enhance acquisition of movement and decision-making skills. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(3), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e318292f3ec
Dewi Murni, S., Rizalina, R., & Zefriyenni, Z. (2022). Validitas Media Pembelajaran Statistika Berbasis Android dengan Teknik Peta Konsep untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Statistika. Jurnal Cendekia : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 6(1), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.31004/cendekia.v6i1.1087
Dugdale, J. H., Sanders, D., Myers, T., Williams, A. M., & Hunter, A. M. (2020). A case study comparison of objective and subjective evaluation methods of physical qualities in youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(11–12), 1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1766177
Duncan, M. J., Foweather, L., Bardid, F., Barnett, A. L., Rudd, J., O’Brien, W., Foulkes, J. D., Roscoe, C., Issartel, J., Stratton, G., & Clark, C. C. T. (2022). Motor Competence Among Children in the United Kingdom and Ireland: An Expert Statement on Behalf of the International Motor Development Research Consortium. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 10(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1123/JMLD.2021-0047
Fitriani, R., & Adawiyah, R. (2018). Perkembangan Fisik Motorik Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Golden Age, 2(01), 25. https://doi.org/10.29408/goldenage.v2i01.742
Giuriato, M., Codella, R., Lovecchio, N., Carnevale Pellino, V., Vandoni, M., & Nevill, A. M. (2021). Speed agility trends in children according to growth: A new approach to evaluate speed agility in children. Annals of Human Biology, 48(4), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2021.1928285
Hendra, J., & Putra, G. I. (2019). Mengembangkan Keterampilan Gerak Dasar Manipulatif Bagi Anak Melalui Permainan Olahraga Di Taman Kanak-Kanak. Jurnal Muara Pendidikan, 4(2), 438–444. https://doi.org/10.52060/mp.v4i2.181
Hulteen, R. M., Lander, N. J., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Robertson, S. J., & Lubans, D. R. (2015). Validity and Reliability of Field-Based Measures for Assessing Movement Skill Competency in Lifelong Physical Activities: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 45(10), 1443–1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0357-0
Ilham, I. (2020). Perkembangan Emosi Dan Sosial Pada Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar. EL-Muhbib: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Penelitian Pendidikan Dasar, 4(2), 162–180. https://doi.org/10.52266/el-muhbib.v4i2.562
Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(Suppl 2), 318–319. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2018). Riskesdas 2018. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018, 44(8), 181–222. http://www.yankes.kemkes.go.id/assets/downloads/PMK No. 57 Tahun 2013 tentang PTRM.pdf
Kosowan, L., Shannon, S., Rothney, J., Halas, G., Enns, J., Holmqvist, M., Wener, P., Goertzen, L., & Katz, A. (2022). Informing the Physical Activity Evaluation Framework: A Scoping Review of Reviews. American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(2), 340–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211050059
Liu, Y., & Chen, S. (2021). Physical literacy in children and adolescents: Definitions, assessments, and interventions. European Physical Education Review, 27(1), 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20925502
Logan, S. W., Robinson, L. E., Rudisill, M. E., Wadsworth, D. D., & Morera, M. (2014). The comparison of school-age children’s performance on two motor assessments: The Test of Gross Motor Development and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 19(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.726979
Logan, S. W., Ross, S. M., Chee, K., Stodden, D. F., & Robinson, L. E. (2018). Fundamental motor skills: A systematic review of terminology. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(7), 781–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1340660
Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Cliff, D. P., Barnett, L. M., & Okely, A. D. (2010). Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents: Review of associated health benefits. Sports Medicine, 40(12), 1019–1035. https://doi.org/10.2165/11536850-000000000-00000
Lundvall, S. (2015). Physical literacy in the field of physical education - A challenge and a possibility. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(2), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.02.001
Mahfud, I., & Fahrizqi, E. B. (2020). Sport Science And Education Journal Indonesia Pengembangan Model Latihan Keterampilan. Jurnal Teknokrat, 1(1), 31–37.
Marsari, H., Neviyarni, & Nadamurni. (2021). Perkembangan Emosi Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 5(1), 1816–1822.
Mazaya, F. (2024). Adolescence personality and social media: growth and challenge. Agustus.
Nabilla, S., & Desmon, D. (2022). PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN ANAK Shintya Nabilla1, David Desmon2. Zona Psikologi, 4(3), 66–73.
Oppici, L., Panchuk, D., Serpiello, F. R., & Farrow, D. (2017). Long-term practice with domain-specific task constraints influences perceptual skills. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(AUG), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01387
Rahma, A., & Kastrena, E. (2020). Peningkatan Kemampuan Gerak Manipulatif Melalui Permainan Bowling Botol. Maenpo, 9(2), 48. https://doi.org/10.35194/jm.v9i2.908
Rudd, J. R., Barnett, L. M., Butson, M. L., Farrow, D., Berry, J., & Polman, R. C. J. (2015). Fundamental movement skills are more than run, throw and catch: The role of stability skills. PLoS ONE, 10(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140224
Rustam, A., Dwi, E., Sari, K., & Yunita, L. (2021). Ahmad Rustam | Eva Dwi Kumala Sari | Luki Yunita (Issue August).
Santoso, N. P., Subagyo, Santoso, N., Prabowo, T. A., & Yulianto, W. D. (2024). Assessing the Effect of Traditional Games on Manipulative Movements in Elementary School Students Based on Gender. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(3), 442–448. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.3.13
Sepdanius, E., Fajri, H. P., & Gemini, A. (2018). Validitas Dan Reliabilitas Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Footwork Berbasis Android Pada Olahraga Bulutangkis. Sporta Saintika, 3(2), 490–501. http://sportasaintika.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/sporta/article/view/74
Sigmundsson, H., Lorås, H., & Haga, M. (2016). Assessment of Motor Competence Across the Life Span: Aspects of Reliability and Validity of a New Test Battery. SAGE Open, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016633273
Thiagarajan, S. (1976). Instructional development for training teachers of exceptional children: A sourcebook. Journal of School Psychology, 14(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4405(76)90066-2
U. Kustianing. (2021). Pengaruh Gender Dan Lingkungan Terhadap Kemampuan Motorik Kasar Siswa Dalam Meningkatkan Akhlak Siswa Sdn Tunggulwulung 1 Malang. An-Nahdlah: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 1(2), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.51806/an-nahdlah.v1i2.15
WHO. (2016). WHO Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. In Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128
Wicaksono, A. (2021). Buku Aktivitas Fisik dan Kesehatan (Issue July). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353605384
Winarno, M. . (2014). Evaluasi Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga dan Kesehatan.