FAMILY LABOR CONTRIBUTION TO VEGETABLE FARMING INCOME OF RAINFED LOWLAND FIELDS IN CENTRAL BENGKULU REGENCY

ARTICLE HISTORY Received [30 Sept 2020] Revised [12 Dec 2020] Accepted [21 Dec 2020] ABSTRACT Labor, whether within and outside family member, has an important contribution in the structure of farm costs. This study aims to analyse the contribution of family labor to vegetable farming with four different cropping patterns in rainfed lowland land and its effect on farming profits. The research was conducted in Pondok Kelapa District, Bengkulu Tengah Regency from May to October 2019. There are six vegetable cropping patterns in Pondok Kelapa District, namely (1) cucumber paria long beans, (2) cucumber gambas long beans, ( 3) cucumber long beans long beans, (4) long beans pariah long beans, (5) long beans luffa long beans, and (6) long beans long beans kale pulled pulled kale. Data were collected through a census of 50 vegetable farmers and analyzed descriptively using the structure of farm costs and the R/C ratio. The results showed that the contribution of labor costs from within the family to the six cropping patterns was between 38.84 61.36% with an R/C ratio between 1.55 1.94. The highest labor contribution was obtained in cropping pattern 6, namely 61.36% with the lowest R/C ratio value of 1.55. However, if the family labor cost is assumed not to be taken into account the farm input costs, then the R/C ratio value in cropping pattern 6 is the highest, which is 4.06.


INTRODUCTION
Production costs are important in farming. BPS (2017a;2017b) calculates the annual crop production costs only includes production activities to harvest (excluding post-harvest activities), includes estimates of rent for own land / free of rent, estimates of rent for own business tools / facilities / free of rent, estimated wages unpaid workers / family, and the estimated interest on own capital credit / interest free calculated by imputation. The cost of labor and agricultural services is the highest cost component in rice farming, reaching 48.79% (BPS, 2017a), corn (48.55%) and soybean (47.23%) (BPS, 2017b), and ranks second after the cost of feed in beef cattle business (30.09%) (BPS, 2017c).
In practice, cultivating vegetables does not entirely use cash paid labor. The allocation of family labor that is not paid in cash for vegetable cultivation is also quite high. The participation rate of family members of farmers in vegetable farming above 0.25 ha is 4 people and 2 people below 0.25 ha are for family members over 10 years of age (Sari, 2011), especially female labor who cultivate vegetables in sideline. The role of female labor in family vegetable farming is quite important both in farming on land and in processing agricultural waste which brings added value (Syarif, 2017).
The use of labor in the family is getting higher, especially in the farming that have not implemented mechanization (Andajani et al., 2010). In addition, the use of productive labor in the family also depends on being busy working on farms. During busy periods (for example, during the planting and harvesting season), the outpouring of household labor is more directed at farming activities. Outside the busy farming period, more work is devoted to non-agricultural activities. This arrangement will have an impact on farming efficiency and increase farmer household income from activities outside of farming (Norfahmi et al., 2017).
In general, vegetable farming with various cropping patterns is carried out in vegetable production centers, but this is different from vegetable farmers in Srikuncoro Village. Vegetable farming in Srikuncoro Village, Pondok Kelapa District, Central Bengkulu Regency is carried out on less productive rainfed rice fields that are planted with vegetables with various different cropping patterns. This study aims to determine the contribution of labor in the family in vegetable farming on various cropping patterns in rainfed rice fields and their effect on farming efficiency.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research was conducted from May to October 2019. The location of the research was carried out in a vegetable center village in Pondok Kelapa District, namely Pekik Nyaring Village and Srikuncoro Village in rainfed lowland agroecosystems. Data collection using the census method. The total of responden in the census was 50 vegetable farmers, namely 42 people in Pekik Nyaring Village and 8 people in Srikuncoro Village. Data were collected by means of individual interviews using a questionnaire. In addition, field observations were made to check the accuracy of the information obtained from the census. Data were analyzed descriptively using the cost structure / farm costs to determine the contribution of family labor in farming activities and the R/C ratio to determine farming efficiency.

Characteristics of Vegetables Farmers
The characteristics of farmers are a general description of the background of the farmers that will influence the mindset and behavior in the choice of vegetable cropping patterns in Pondok Kelapa District. Characteristics of farmers as variables in this study were farmer age, formal education, non-formal education, experience in vegetable farming, family dependents, and the area of vegetable farming. The characteristics of farmers are shown in Table 1. Farmers are in the age range of 20 to 68 years with an average of 45 years. This illustrates that the age range of farmers is quite wide, namely 45 years, indicating that farmers who cultivate vegetables from young to old age groups are generally still classified as productive. The population including the productive age is in the age range between 15-64 years (Rusli, 2012). Vegetable farmers from various age groups illustrate that the interest of farmers to cultivate vegetables is quite high.
The high interest of farmers of all ages to the cultivation vegetables in Pondok Kelapa District is thought to be because this farming can be an alternative source of family income if cultivated on relatively narrow lands. The area of land for vegetable farmers is between 0.12-0.50 ha with an average of 0.24 ha. Land ownership like this is included in the category of gurem who have land area of less than 0.5 ha (Susilowati and Maulana, 2012). The small area of lowland rice agricultural land will not be able to be used by farmers to meet household needs from rice, corn and soybean farming. The area of land required per household of rice, corn and soybean farmers to obtain an income equal to or above the poverty line is at least 0.65 ha, 1.12 ha, and 0.74 ha (Susilowati and Maulana, 2012).
The vegetable farming is also a solution for farmers who have a low level of education who are unlikely to access other types of work in the formal sector because the average level of formal education of farmers is 9 years or only has completed junior high school. Informal education is also relatively low. The average farmer has only attended training vegetable technology once. Knowledge of vegetable cultivation technology is obtained from field experience because the average farmer has been cultivating vegetables for 10 years. description of the characteristics the vegetable farmers in Pondok Kelapa District above shows that farmers are rational to choose vegetable farming according to their internal conditions to optimize their income from rainfed lowland land with a relatively narrow area.

Vegetable Cropping Patterns
The area in rainfed rice fields that have been used by farmers for the vegetable cultivation is around 12 hectares, spread over two villages in Pondok Kelapa District, namely Pekik Nyaring and Srikuncoro Villages. Farmers plant a variety of vegetables such as cucumbers, string beans, paria, luffa and kale with various cropping patterns.
There are six vegetable cropping patterns the rainfed lowland rice fields in Pondok Kelapa District as shown in Table 2. Three cropping patterns of which are the main cropping patterns, namely: (1) cucumber -paria -long beans, (2) cucumber -luffa -kacang long beans, (3) cucumber -long beans -long beans, (4) long beanspariah -long beans, (5) long beans -luffa -long beans and (6) long beans -long beans -kale pulled -kale pulled Pattern The main cropping pattern is the cropping pattern that is widely applied by farmers (> 20%). The number of farmers who apply the three cropping patterns is 38 people or 76% of the total number of vegetable farmers in Pondok Kelapa District.
The 1-5 cropping patterns using mulch. The use of mulch is intended to save weeding costs. According to Gustanti et al. (2014), one of the benefits of using mulch is to suppress weed growth. The vegetable farmers in Pondok Kelapa District started cultivating their land was uncertain. The consideration of farmers starting to Journal of Agri Socio-Economic and Business, Vol. 02 No. 2 Dec 2020 page: 85 -98|89 cultivate the land is as long as water is available which will be useful in plant maintenance, so it is estimated that farmers will start cultivating the land not in the dry season. Vegetable farmers make wells in the garden to collect rainwater. Cultivation of the land is carried out simultaneously with the manufacture of beds intended for a yearly cropping pattern.

The cost of tillage and making beds
Land processing is carried out once at the beginning of the rainy season to facilitate the manufacture of beds. The beds are made with certain sizes, namely 80 cm wide, 25 cm high, and follow east to west. The distance between the beds is 1 m. Farmers use mulch to cover the beds for the entire cropping pattern, except for the cropping pattern for long beans -long beans -kale pull. This is because the use of mulch is not possible when planting kale. Vegetable cropping patterns in Pondok Kelapa District are shown in Table 3. Table 3. Vegetable cropping patterns in Pondok Kelapa District.
Cucumber -long beans -long beans With mulch 4.
The use of mulch in the beds during land preparation causes the costs of farming in cropping patterns 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 to be higher than in cropping patterns 6. Vegetable planting patterns without mulch also use less compost. The cost of materials that are more efficient means that the cropping pattern 6 also uses less labor during land processing (Table 4).

Vegetable production costs
Description of the farming costs for cucumbers, luffa, paria, string beans, and kangkung pull is shown in Table 5. The cost of producing vegetables is very much influenced by the input given. Table 5 shows that the highest production costs (costs of production facilities and labor) were contributed by the cultivation of gambas in cropping pattern 2, namely IDR 30,148,000 / ha / planting season and the lowest was unplugged kangkung (second crop) which was IDR 12,520,000 / ha / planting season. The highest cost of vegetable production per cropping pattern is obtained in the cucumber -luffa -long bean cropping pattern, namely IDR 127,056,500 and the lowest was in the cropping pattern of long beans -long beans -kale unplug -IDR 96,145,000 / hectare.    12.520 ---------------------Production cost per hectare  cropping patterns 1 Cucumber -pariah -long beans) Rp. 127.056  cropping patterns 2 (Cucumber -luffa -long beans) Rp.

Farming Cost Structure Based On Vegetable Cropping Patterns
Farming costs in the six planting patterns have different structures. These costs were contributed by the costs of cultivating land and making beds (Table 4) and production costs per cropping pattern (Table 5). Table 6 shows the structure of the farming costs for each of these cropping patterns. Vegetable farming costs come from the cost of seeds, fertilizers (compost and inorganic), pesticides (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides), other materials (lime, mulch, stakes, ropes, etc.), and labor costs (land processing, manufacturing costs). beds, planting, weeding, fertilizing, controlling plant pests, and harvesting).
Labor costs contributed the greatest value to the cost structure of vegetable farming in all cropping patterns, namely between 53.32 -61.36% (Figure 1). Planting pattern 6 (long beans -long beans -kangkung pull -kangkung pull) which does not use mulch provides the largest labor contribution compared to other cropping patterns. This is because farmers need to carry out more intensive weed control due to not using mulch in this cropping pattern. One of the benefits of mulch is to reduce weed growth (Gustanti et al., 2014).

Farming Analysis of Vegetable Cropping Patterns
The analysis of four vegetable cropping patterns in Pondok Kelapa District is presented in Table 7. The R / C ratio value of the six cropping patterns was the highest in the cucumber -paria -long bean cropping pattern, namely 1.95, followed by the cucumber -luffa -long bean cropping pattern. , cucumber -long beans -long beans, long beans -pariah -long beans, long beans -gambas -long beans and long beans -long beans -kale pulled -kale pulled. The high profit of farming in the cucumber -paria -long bean cropping pattern is due to the crop yields of pariah and the relatively high selling price of this cropping pattern.  Cropping patterns 4, 5 and 6 are vegetable cropping patterns without cucumbers. The three cropping patterns showed the lowest profit value, namely the R / C ratio of 1.55. The cost of producing cucumbers is relatively lower compared to the costs of other crops, so the benefits of planting cucumbers will also be relatively higher. The advantage of the main cropping pattern which is relatively more profitable causes farmers to often apply it. Profit orientation determines the choice of cropping patterns vegetable farmer on rainfed rice fields in Pondok Kelapa District, Bengkulu Tengah Regency. This is also evidenced from the results of other studies that the choice of combination of seasonal cropping patterns on rice fields is indeed oriented to increase profits (Tarbiah et al., 2010;Setiani et al., 2015). Vol. 02 No. 2 Dec 2020 page: 85 -98|95 The contribution of labor from within the family in cropping patterns 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 is relatively similar, namely around 38.84 -41.18% of the farm cost structure.

Journal of Agri
Meanwhile, cropping pattern 6 shows the contribution of labor from within the family of about 61.36%. If the contribution of labor costs from within the family is assumed not to be taken into account in production costs, the R / C ratio in farming for 6 vegetable cropping patterns in Pondok Kelapa District will change (Table 9). Table 9.
Analysis of vegetable farming patterns per hectare with the assumption that labor from within the family is not taken into account.  Table 9 shows that the highest income from vegetable farming was obtained in cropping pattern 6 with an R / C ratio of 4.06 if the labor contribution from within the family was not taken into account in the analysis, whereas in the previous calculation (Table 7) had the lowest R / C ratio, namely amounting to 1.55. This shows that the contribution of labor costs to the family in cropping pattern 4 has an important role in vegetable farming in Pondok Kelapa District.

CONCLUSIONS
There are six vegetable cropping patterns on rainfed land in Pondok Kelapa District, Central Bengkulu Regency, namely cropping pattern 1 (cucumber -parialong bean), cropping pattern 2 (cucumber -luffa -long bean), cropping pattern 3 (cucumber -long bean) -long beans), cropping pattern 4 (long beans -paria -long beans), cropping pattern 5 (long beans -luffa -long beans) and cropping pattern 6 (long beans -long beans -kale pulled -kale pulled). The contribution of labor costs within the family for the six cropping patterns was between 38.84 -61.36%, the highest was in the 6 cropping pattern.Of the six vegetable cropping patterns applied, cropping pattern 1 (cucumber -paria -long bean) showed the highest profit with an R/C value of 1.94 compared to other cropping patterns. However, if the family labor costs are assumed not to be calculated into the farm input costs, then the highest R/C ratio value is obtained in cropping pattern 6 of 4.06. This means that the