Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts on YouTube Videos Employed by Niana Guerrero

This research is aimed at finding the illocutionary act types performed by Niana Guerrero in her YouTube videos and the perlocutionary effects performed by the hearers in Niana Guerrero’s YouTube videos. This research employed a qualitative descriptive research. The subjects of this research were two of the most viewed videos uploaded from May 2019-August 2019. After listing, selecting, and collecting the videos, the videos were watched several times to ease the researcher in transcribing them. In analyzing the data, the researcher only took the interactional conversations which enabled Niana to deliver her intentions to the hearers directly and enabled the hearers to fulfill Niana’s intentions directly as well. The illocutionary act data performed by Niana Guerrero were classified using an instrument following Searle’s theory and the perlocutionary effect data performed by the hearers were classified using an instrument following Gu’s theory. The first finding showed four illocutionary act types performed by Niana Guerrero namely representative, directive, commisive, and expressive. The second finding showed all of the six perlocutionary effect types performed by the hearers namely motor reflexive response, emotive response, cognitive response, negative response, verbal response, and physical response. By performing four types of illocutionary acts, Niana Guerrero may have various ways to express her intentions to the hearers. Meanwhile, the hearers may have various ways to fulfill Niana Guerrero’s intention by performing six types of perlocutionary effects. These speech acts create the communicative effects that cause Niana Guerrero having many subscribers and viewers in her YouTube channel by establishing highly interactive, joyful, and interesting situation.

teachers to help the students to develop their English skills. Moreover, YouTube provides authentic example of everyday English spoken that can attract the students' attention and make the interesting classroom situation. This is in line with Almurashi (2016) who suggests that YouTube is a website which provides online materials resources that can be used for traditional lessons of English. In other words, YouTube is a website that is easy to be accessed and gives many benefits especially in any kind of learning materials.
There are some previous studies related to this research. Nurhayati & Yuwartatik (2016) investigated the illocutionary act types and the impacts of perlocutionary act performed by the main characters in a science-fiction novel. The results showed that all of the five illocutionary act types occurred in the novel. Meanwhile, the impacts of the perlocutionary act were described directly and narratively in each explanation of illocutionary act examples. Nadeak et al. (2017) also examined the illocutionary act types, the context of illocutionary act, and the perlocutionary effect of a character's utterances in a comedy-adventure movie. The results showed that all of the five illocutionary act types occurred in the movie. Meanwhile, the context of illocutionary act performed and the perlocutionary acts by the character's utterances were described directly and narratively in each explanation of illocutionary act examples. Kamajaya et al. (2017) also investigated the illocutionary act types and the perlocutionary acts found in a movie. The results showed that all of the five illocutionary act types occurred in a comedy-drama movie script.
Meanwhile, the perlocutionary acts occurred in the movie were described directly and narratively in each explanation of illocutionary act examples.
Another previous study was conducted by Tutuarima et al. (2018) who tried to find out the speech act types and the classification of illocutionary act used in a movie. The results showed that locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act were used in the movie. Meanwhile, there were all of the five illocutionary act types used in the movie. Tanjung (2019) also conduct a research to find out the illocutionary act types, the dominant type of illocutionary act, and the use of the results for teaching and learning context.
The results showed that all illocutionary act types occurred namely representative, directive, commisive, expressive, and declaration in which the Chairani, Sofyan, Hardiah Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts on YouTube Videos Employed by Niana Guerrero 416 dominant type was directive. The results of this previous study could be used for teaching writing, grammar, linguistic expression, etc. Prakarsa (2018) also tried to find out the context of situation and the illocutionary act types found in a movie. The results showed that there were several aspects of context underlying in the movie, such as addresser & addressee, setting, and context of situation. Meanwhile, there were four of the illocutionary act types found in the movie namely representative, directive, commisive, and expressive. Similarly, Rahayu et al. (2018) conducted a study to find put the illocutionary act types and the context underlying the illocutionary act of the main characters in the movie. The results revealed that there were also four types of illocutionary act found in the movie namely representative, directive, commisive, and expressive. Meanwhile, there were several aspects underlying in the movie, such as setting, participants, ends, act, sequence, key, instrumentalities, and genre.
Regarding the previous studies above, the data were mostly from novels, movie script, and classroom interaction. Meanwhile, the studies about illocutionary and perlocutionary acts within YouTubers' language are still very rarely analyzed in the pragmatics fields. Moreover, from all of the previous studies, there is no significant classification to categorize the perlocutionary effects performed by the hearers whereas the effects could be performed in various ways. Seeing the facts and the gap from the previous studies, the researcher was interested to analyze the illocutionary and the perlocutionary acts within a YouTubers' language. The present study was conducted to analyze the illocutionary act types performed by the YouTuber and the perlocutionary effects performed by the hearers from two different videos. The present study employed an illocutionary act theory from Searle who categorizes the illocutionary acts into representative, directive, commisive, expressive, and declaration. Meanwhile, a theory of perlocutionary act from Gu was used which has a clear classification namely motor reflexive response, emotive response, cognitive response, negative response, verbal response, and physical response.

Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts on YouTube Videos Employed by Niana Guerrero
According to Kamajaya et al. (2017), descriptive qualitative research deals with the application of a deep explanation in analyzing the data.
Meanwhile, Prakarsa (2017) adds that the information in a qualitative research is not in numerical form. Therefore, this research employed a descriptive qualitative design because the data were deeply analyzed and explained without dealing with numerical. Hancock (as cited in Oktadistio et al., 2018), states that a social phenomenon is closely related to the qualitative research.
Therefore, this research was attempted to describe the social phenomenon of speech acts from YouTuber's language in her YouTub videos. The subjects of this video were acquired from two of the most viewed videos from Niana Guerrero's YouTube channel uploaded from May 2019-August 2019. The dance, tutorial, and prank videos were excluded because they were assumed to have less required data. The details of the videos are as follow.

No
Video Title Upload Time According to Rahayu et al. (2018), the researcher is the key instrument in qualitative. Therefore, the researcher used herself as the main research instrument. There were also 2 datasheets as the secondary instrument of this research. The first datasheet was used to collect the illocutionary act types performed by Niana Guerrero in her YouTube videos following Searle's theory and the second datasheet was used to record the perlocutionary effects performed by the hearers in Niana Guerrero's YouTube videos following Gu's theory.
There were some processes applied to collect the data of this research.
After listing all videos uploaded from May 2019-August 2019, two videos were selected excluding the videos of prank, dance cover, and tutorial because they were assumed to have less or no required data. After the video had been According to Miles and Huberman (as cited in Rahayu et al., 2018), there are three procedures of data analysis in qualitative research namely data reduction, data display, and data conclusion. In data reduction, the researcher took some notes to classify the data and discard the data which did not answer the research questions. In data display, the data of the illocutionary act types by Searle's theory and the perlocutionary effects by Gu's theory that have been analyzed were presented in paragraph narratively.
After reducing and presenting the data, the conclusion from the overall data was drawn which explained the previous discussion based on the research questions.

Videos
The first objective of this research is to find out the illocutionary act types performed by Niana Guerrero in her YouTube videos. From Niana Guerrero's YouTube videos, there were four of the illocutionary act types performed by Niana Guerrero namely representative, directive, commisive, and expressive.
The data of illocutionary act are summarized in Table 2  Representative is purposed to convey some states of affairs of the world from the speaker to the hearer, such as stating, suggesting, claiming, describing, telling, asserting, informing, etc. The example above belongs to representative because Niana seemed asserting the viewers of her video that she and Ranz had finished taking the photo that time. Niana said this utterance because she may also signal others that they would rumble another photo to be recreated since they had finished taking the previous photo.

Directive
Example: N : C'mon let's do this! X : I am not a baby anymore. the old version of him. Niana mocked that she could not find Ranz for years and finally, she found him with the same look. Niana also mocked Ranz that she was happy to welcome someone she had been looking for years.

The Perlocutionary Effects performed by The Hearers in Niana Guerrero's YouTube Videos
The second objective of this research is to find out the perlocutionary effects performed by the hearers in Niana Guerrero's YouTube videos. From Niana Guerrero's YouTube videos, there were six types of perlocutionary effect performed by the hearers namely motor reflexive response, emotive response, cognitive response, negative response, verbal response, and physical response.
The data of perlocutionary effects are summarized in Table 3 below.  This finding is in line with the previous study from Rahayu et al. (2018) which was aimed at finding the illocutionary act types performed by the main characters' in a movie. The result revealed that the commisive type only occured in the second video. Commisive is an act that expresses the speaker's intention for future action. Since this type was not found in the first video, it can be assumed that Niana did not want to commit anything to the participants in the video while doing the challenge. Declaration type was also not performed by Niana Guerrero but in both videos. It might happen because she seemed considering to have an equal status or level with the other hearers even though most hearers were older than her. Since the videos were in informal situation and Niana wanted to entertain her viewers, she probably did not have any institutional role with any appropriate context to change the status or situation of an object through declaring.
This finding is in line with the previous study from Prakarsa (2018) who aimed at finding the illocutionary act types in a movie. Similarly, the present study was also aimed at finding the illocutionary act types on YouTube videos.
The results of the previous study revealed that the declaration type was not performed. It might happen because the context of the movie was inappropriate for the declaration type to be performed. That is to say, the character did not have power to cause a situation happened by performing speaker's utterance since they were in a theme park with many extreme rides to try. Moreover, they may have no time to perform this type since they were excited and scared of the rides that they tried.
All this research findings revealed that the number of the illocutionary act types were more than the number of the listed utterances. It might happen because one utterance may have multiple intentions so it contained more than one type of illocutionary act. Also, the number of the perlocutionary effects were more than the number of the listed utterances. It might happen because one utterance may affect the hearers to perform more than one response so they performed more than one perlocutionary effects. This is in line with the study from Tutuarima et al. (2018). This previous study was also attempted to find out the speech acts used in a movie. The results of this previous research showed that the number of illocutionary act types (99 data) were higher than the number of the listed utterance (37 utterances). It might happen because the speakers were assumed to deliver different meanings to the hearers. In other words, the speakers had various ways to deliver their meaning by performing different meanings to the hearers.