Main Article Content
Abstract
Social remittances (ideas, system practice, and social capital flow from the receiving country to the home country) of Indonesian female migrant workers (BMP) in Hong Kong appeared better and more complete than other BMP in other countries like Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, or Singapore. Based on that research, we are encouraged to do extensive research in order to identify factors that push BMP’s social remittances development in Hong Kong, to identify kinds of social remmitances they receive and to understand on how far their social remittances become a medium to empower them and their society. This study is done in qualitative method that uses an in-depth interview technique and FGD. Subjects of study are BMP, the government (Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration and BNP2TKI), NGOs, migrant workers’ organization and researchers of BMP. The study done in Cianjur (West Java), Wonosobo and Banyumas (Central Java) and Hong Kong indicates that during their migration process, female migrant workers not only have economical remittance that can be used for productive activities, but also social remittances. The social remittances are in the form practical knowledge such as language skill and nursery; knowledge on health, financial management; ethical work; the mindset changing and networking. The study indicate that female migrant workers are extraordinary women more than just an ex-helper. Their migration has put them into a position as an agent of development in society.
Keywords
Article Details
Authors who publish with this journal agree with the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- Chotim Ernawati dan Citra. 2001 Mengidentifikasi Persoalan Perempuan pada Masa Krisis. Jurnal Analisis Sosial Vol 6 November. Akatiga. Bandung.
- Denzin, N K&Lincoln, Yvonna S,. 2000. Handbook of Qualitative Research (second edition), Thousand Oaks, sage Publication, Inc.
- Denzin, N K,. 1997. Interpretive Etnografi: Etnographic Practices for the 21st Century. Thousand Oaks CA:Sage Publication Denzin. 1989. Interpretive Biography. New York, Sage Publication, Ellis,
- Frank. 2000. Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press Giddens,
- Anthony. 2004. The Consequences of Modernity, Polity Press LTD
- Giddens, Anthony. 2004 The Constitution of Society: Teori Strukturasi untuk Analisis Sosial, terjemahan dari “The Constitution of Society: The Outline of The Theory of Structuration, Polity Press Cambridge, UK. 1995. Yogyakarta, Pedati.
- Http://www.siteresources.worldbank.org.INTIINDONESIA/Resources/fact_sheet migran_workers_januari 2006 Hugo, Graeme. 1995. International Labor Migration and Family: Some Observation from Indonesia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 4(2-3).
- Levitt, Peggy. 1996. Social Remmitances: A Conceptual Tool for Understanding Migration and Development, Working Paper Series Number 96.04
- Nabonenar, Bonari. 2007. Buruh Migran Indonesia Hong Kong yang Saya Kenal, dalam Jurnal Perempuan No. 56. Wiyono, Nur
- Hadi. 2003. Migrasi Internasional Tenaga Kerja: Perspektif Negara Pengirim dan Negara Penerima. Warta Demografi Tahun 33, No 4.
- Wulan, Tyas Retno. 2007. Pengetahuan dan Kekuasaan: Penguatan Remitansi Sosial Sebagai Strategi Pemberdayaan Buruh Migran Perempuan Indonesia. Warta Demoografi Tahun ke 37, No 2.
- Wulan, Tyas Retno. 2008 Remiten Sosial dan Buruh Migran Perempuan. Kompas 10 Maret 2008 Wulan, Tyas Retno. 2008. Reinterpretasi Strategi Nafkah Buruh Migran Perempuan. Prosiding Seminar Pengarusutamaan Gender dalam Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam yang Berkelanjutan, kerjasama FEMA IPB dan
- Kementrian PP, 2008 Wulan, Tyas Retno. 2009. Menemukan Remiten Sosial di Hong Kong, Koran SUARA, Hong Kong Januari 2009. Wulan, Tyas Retno. 2009 Penghentian Pengiriman TKI, Menjadi Solusi atau Masalah. Kompas 20 Nopember 2009.
References
Chotim Ernawati dan Citra. 2001 Mengidentifikasi Persoalan Perempuan pada Masa Krisis. Jurnal Analisis Sosial Vol 6 November. Akatiga. Bandung.
Denzin, N K&Lincoln, Yvonna S,. 2000. Handbook of Qualitative Research (second edition), Thousand Oaks, sage Publication, Inc.
Denzin, N K,. 1997. Interpretive Etnografi: Etnographic Practices for the 21st Century. Thousand Oaks CA:Sage Publication Denzin. 1989. Interpretive Biography. New York, Sage Publication, Ellis,
Frank. 2000. Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press Giddens,
Anthony. 2004. The Consequences of Modernity, Polity Press LTD
Giddens, Anthony. 2004 The Constitution of Society: Teori Strukturasi untuk Analisis Sosial, terjemahan dari “The Constitution of Society: The Outline of The Theory of Structuration, Polity Press Cambridge, UK. 1995. Yogyakarta, Pedati.
Http://www.siteresources.worldbank.org.INTIINDONESIA/Resources/fact_sheet migran_workers_januari 2006 Hugo, Graeme. 1995. International Labor Migration and Family: Some Observation from Indonesia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 4(2-3).
Levitt, Peggy. 1996. Social Remmitances: A Conceptual Tool for Understanding Migration and Development, Working Paper Series Number 96.04
Nabonenar, Bonari. 2007. Buruh Migran Indonesia Hong Kong yang Saya Kenal, dalam Jurnal Perempuan No. 56. Wiyono, Nur
Hadi. 2003. Migrasi Internasional Tenaga Kerja: Perspektif Negara Pengirim dan Negara Penerima. Warta Demografi Tahun 33, No 4.
Wulan, Tyas Retno. 2007. Pengetahuan dan Kekuasaan: Penguatan Remitansi Sosial Sebagai Strategi Pemberdayaan Buruh Migran Perempuan Indonesia. Warta Demoografi Tahun ke 37, No 2.
Wulan, Tyas Retno. 2008 Remiten Sosial dan Buruh Migran Perempuan. Kompas 10 Maret 2008 Wulan, Tyas Retno. 2008. Reinterpretasi Strategi Nafkah Buruh Migran Perempuan. Prosiding Seminar Pengarusutamaan Gender dalam Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam yang Berkelanjutan, kerjasama FEMA IPB dan
Kementrian PP, 2008 Wulan, Tyas Retno. 2009. Menemukan Remiten Sosial di Hong Kong, Koran SUARA, Hong Kong Januari 2009. Wulan, Tyas Retno. 2009 Penghentian Pengiriman TKI, Menjadi Solusi atau Masalah. Kompas 20 Nopember 2009.