Types of Implicature in Informal Conversations Used by the English Education Study Program Students

Implicature was refers to implied meaning in utterance that can be understood by indirectly expression. In informal conversation was occurred the hidden meaning of what actually said by the speakers. This study was investigated the types of implicature in informal conversations used by the English education study program students. The study was aimed to analyze the types of implicature and how the implicature is carried out in the informal conversations. The method of study was a descriptive qualitative method. The subjects of this study were 25 students of English study program who have informal conversation. The students' conversation was transcribed and analyzed by using checklist instrument. The results was shown that 1) there were three types of implicature found in the informal conversations; conventional implicature, generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature, and 2) the implicature is carried out in the informal conversations by the used of generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. Moreover, a conclusion is students in the informal conversation have potentially implicature that indicates that their utterance has implied meaning. The suggestions, the study about implicature should be conducted in different area such as movie, drama or others, to give enrichment information in the Pragmatics study.


INTRODUCTION
Language as a tool for communication intends to make the interaction easier. The term interaction could actually apply to a very large number of different social encounters. For example, a teacher talks to students in a classroom, and groups of friends discuss their planning are called as kinds of interactions.
There are so many languages in the world that used by people in their own countries. Everyone uses language to talk each other and makes conversation in both formal and informal situation. Exactly, the most important is language has a function as the conversation tool in communication.
A communication is desired to exchange the informations. The information will be easy to understand when the speaker says clearly and informatively, not more or less. Most of the time, conversation consists of two, or more, participants. Human always produces language to express the ideas in many ways. The languages are produced with pause or silence in the spoken act is called utterances (Johnson, 2003).
The situation of utterance is produced in both formal and informal situation. Sometimes, people make conversation informally.
The informal conversation occurs in context of situation informally. The informal situation of conversation may take place like in a shop, market library, movie etc.
The formal conversation takes in formal situation such as in the classroom, seminar, speech contest, etc.
Pragmatics is the study of the aspects meaning and language that are depend on the speaker and the hearer and other features of the context utterances. Levinson (1983) said that pragmatics is the study of the relation between language and its context appropriatelly. In addition, pragmatics is concern into discussion about what the speaker saying is not same with the addressee meaning.
The addresse has own interpretation or schemata in an utterance. Thus, different people may interpret the same utterance differently according to the information they possess. Understanding the context consider with all situation happen when the language is occur.
Context is the responsibility of the hearer who accesses the information in order to process an utterance, on the assumption that has made by the speaker (Black, 2006).
Understanding language context means understanding about the situation of the language is taking includes who, what, where, when and how the speaker produced the language.
Context is the physical environment in which a word is used (Yule, 1996). Understanding the context of the language situation avoid the hearers to prejudice the wrong perception of information that uttered by the speaker.
The understanding of language context help the hearers or reader to understand the information as much as required based on their behaviour, knowledge, experience and the intellectual capacity (Victory, 2010). Therefore, by consider about the context the hearer will be easy to understand the speaker's message.
Implicit meaning of utterances is investigated into pragmatics concept. Pragmatics is the study of the language usage based on the context (Levinson, 1983). Conversation that occurs between speakers and hearers contains certain purpose that is different from the structure of the language used.
In this conditions, the use of language often has the hidden purpose or indirect ways (Grice, 1975). Someone usually use many ways in express something. The implicit meaning of utterances is expressed indirectly. It means that when people produce implicit meaning it can be defined as Implicature.
Implicature is indirect or implicit meaning of an utterance that is produced by the speaker. Implicature happens when the speaker wants to express something in an implicit or indirect way in a conversation.
There are numbers of implicature types introduced by Grice. An implicature's type is also has characteristics. One type of Implicature is conventional implicature. Conventional Implicature is implications based on the conventional meanings of the words occurring in an utterance.
Conventional implicature does not depend on the special contex, but deals with the specific word such as but, yet, therefore, however and even. These conjunctions are use in conventional implicature to explain the implicit meaning from particular lexical items or expression.
A speaker using the word"but" between coordinate clauses thinks that some contrast or concession (Levinson, 1983). The conventional has the different criteria to test whether the implicature was mentioned in the utterance or not.
Conventional Implicature is non cancelable, non calculable, detachable, conventional, carried by what is said and determinate (Grice as cited in Rosidi, 2009).
Another type of implicature is conversational implicature. Conversational Implicature is implications derived on the conversational principles and assumptions, relying on more than linguistic meaning words in an utterance.
In conversation people make communication. In true condition, the speakers use different ways to express their meant. The characteristic of conversational implicature is well defined. Types of implicature can be identified by the characteristics of each type.
Different with conventional implicature that expressed agreed meaning from lexical item, the conversational implicature is not intrinsically associated with any expression (Grundy as cited in Victory: 2010). Conversational implicature is inferred from the use of some utterance in context.
One types of conversational implicature is generalized conversational implicature. The implicature arises when utterances produced by the speaker give implied meaning based on context.
Types of conversational implicature regarding to its context is generalized conversational implicature. Generalized conversational implicature does not concern with special context. The general knowledge means that not need specific knowledge to identify the implicature when the conversation occurs. As part of conversational implicature, the general conversational implicature also has the characteristics.
When discuss about genealized conversational implicature, the thing that also needed to be discussed was scale implicature. A number of other generalized conversational Implicature discussed on the scale of values and known as scalar implicature.
Scalar Implicature is the special type of generalized Implicature. Scalar implicature is expressed the quantity such as; all, most, some, few, always, often and sometimes (Yule, 1996). When producing an utterance, a speaker selects the word from the scale, which is the most informative.
One of the ways to identify conversational implicature in an utterance is by cancellable (Grice, 1975). Implicature can be cancelled when the speaker gives additional information on his or her utterance. It means that when the speaker produces an implicature in the utterances, then he or she gives information of the first utterance, the implicature is cancelled.
Detachability Implicature can be described as the capacity of an implicature to be detached or separated from an utterance following a change in the linguistics form of an utterance. It means that the Implicature is attached to the semantics content of what is said, not the linguisics form.
In other words, Implicature is depend on the said of content not based on the particular ways of saying it. The third element of the implicature is calculability. Calculability can be described as implicature only be arriving at though a process of reasoning or calculation. It means that the truth of implicature content did not depend on what is literally said, it can be calculated from how the words were uttered.
Several studies have been done on this topic. The study was done by Victory (2010) entitle implicature Used in Humors of Yes Man Movie. Victory took analyzed the conversation in which conversationl implicature by the main characters as the main topic discussion. Victory found that the main character of the movie is actually used generalized implicature in the conversation.
However, research on Implicature was rarely done, especially in conversation, like as Sobur cited in Victory (2010) said that an understanding of implicature in conversation is more difficult rather than in written speech, especially in the discourse that contains of variety of the figurative language.
Therefore, to analyze the meaning of implicit meaning in conversation, someone must rely on implicature study. Even the utterance contains of implicature, the types of the implicature is not easy to define.
The informal conversation between the students of English Education study program in informal conversation raises the Implicature. In informal conversation, the students always use languages freely.
The students use some ways to express the idea that does not easy to understand by their partners. Sometimes the meaning of their utterance is expressed from what they said (conventionally) or by the act of saying (conversationally). Based on the problem above, this research is conducted to investigate the type of Implicature and how the Implicature is carried out in informal conversations. Finally, this study was aimed to investigate the types of implicature in informal conversations used by the English Education Study Program Students at The Teacher Training and Education Faculty of The University of Bengkulu.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A descriptive qualitative method is used to give comprehensive descriptions and discover the use of Implicature in the conversation. Because of the research design of this study was qualitative and the result of the study also described the phenomena of language, especially the type of implicature in informal conversations used by the English Education Study Program Students.
The subjects of this study were 25 students of English Education Study Program at the Teacher Training and Education Faculty of The University of Bengkulu. The participants were mutual friends who always study together in Reading Room. They have closeness and togetherness in personaly with the researcher.
Because of the similar background knowledge among participants, it raised Implicature in the conversations. As the data sources, the data was obtained from the recording of the students' informal conversation of English Study Program Students at Faculty Teacher Training and Education University of Bengkulu.
Implicature checklist was used to reduce the data and classify it according to the problem. The additional instruments used were handphone for recording and the field note for notes the context while the conversation is occur.
After the data was collected, the researcher was analyzed the data by some techniques: Transcribing of recording, reducing the types of Implicature use Implicature checklist, classifying the types; conventional implicature and conversational implicatures, discussing (showing the frequency of Implicature types), concluding.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Types of Implicature
According to Grice (1975), Implicature is divided into two major categories; conventional Implicature and nonconventional Implicature as called conversational Implicature. Table 1 below shows the results of conventional and conversational Implicature used in the conversations.
(I think December will be so complicated but this month is the horrible month for us. All of the thesis must be finished this months. So…,,) The example above is categorized as conventional Implicature because the use of conjunction 'yet' in line 77-78 (I think December will be so complicated "but" this month is the horrible month for us…). This explains what is implied. HEL said that December is the complicated month so December is also the horrible month for her and others to finish their thesis. The next example of conventional Implicature is given below:

Conversational Implicature
The data is taken from the conversation, so the more dominant type found is generalized conversational implicature rather than particularized conversational implicature. The type conversational implicature was shown in table 4 below: It can be seen in the table above the generalized conversational implicature is more dominant used by the students in the conversation than particularized conversational implicature. The generalized conversational does not concern with special context, the context is independent and uses the scalar implicature. The particularized conversational implicature is the second type found from the students conversations. The example of generalized conversational implicature is given below: The example above is categorized as a generalized conversational Implicature because by the use of scalar Implicature (always) in utterances (line 189). The generalized Implicature did not use special background knowledge of the context. Gusran was looked so busy because he prepares everything for his final examination shows the independent context from the conversations. It means that Gusran was not always busy for everything in that moment, but he just prepares for final examination. The next example of generalized conversational Implicature is as follows: In one moment, TR asked about football score tonight because she did not watch the match to RA and RI.  (13) As shown in the example above, the Implicature was called particularized conversational Implicature because specific context is explained.
The specific context is shown by the time for waiting the supervisor. The time for waiting the supervisor has been two hours that is why RI and RA look so bored (line 9: We have been waiting for hours).
The Implicature is calculable because RA's utterance in line 13 (very interesting) gives meaning they are bored.
The calculability is shown by the fact that they did not meet the supervisor at that day. The next example of particularized conversational Implicature was given below: The students talked about their scary graduation on December, because no one of them has yet got the final examination as the guarantee to be graduation at December.

RI
: Do you think all of us here will be graduated at December? (22) (30) In the example above, the Implicature is categorized as particularized conversational Implicature because HEL tries to explain the specific conditions about their limited time for thesis deadline and their graduation in December (examination is two weeks again: line 28).
The context of this Implicature is explained specifically. To graduate at December they just have two weeks left to complete all the requirements.
The thing that they are scared was not about the December as the scare month, but the thesis deadline was scary for regulation in very limited time (line 25: I am really scared for the December. I think it's hard).
Thus, the types of Implicature found in informal conversations by the English Education Study Program Students at the Teacher Training and Education Faculty of The University of Bengkulu are conventional implicature, generalized conversational implicature, andparticularizedconversationalimplicature.
The table shows the generalized conversational Implicature more dominant used than particularized conversational Implicature. Moreover, the last type found is conventional Implicature.

The Way of Implicature is Carried Out
The example of the implement of conventional Implicature in utterance was given below. In Reading Room, they were English students enrolled [2008][2009]  month is the horrible month for us. All of the skripsi (79) must finish this months. So…,, (I think December will be so complicated but this month is the horrible month for us. All of the thesis must be finished this months. So…,,) The presented example above was explained the use of conventional Implicature characteristics by used conjunction 'but' in line 77-78, (I think December will be so complicated but this month is the horrible month for us…).
The conjunction was explained conventionally of what is said. HEL is says that December is the complicated month so December also the horrible month for her and others to finish their thesis. The use of conjunction is determined of what is said. Another characteristic for this Implicature was detachable.
The detachable of this Implicature was shown by the capacity of the Implicature to be detached or separated from a changed a linguistics form of utterance. Furthermore, the changed conjunction 'but' become 'and' rise that the Implicature in this utterance was detached. The next example was given below. The example above was used the characteristics signals to produce a conventional Implicature because the used of conjunction 'yet' (no, not yet: line 428) implicates of what is RA says conventionally.

RI
In line, RA says (not, not yet) means that RA does not know whether Kaganga is taught in Manna or not as the curriculum The characteristics of conversational Implicature is indicate how the use of Implicature in the conversation conversationally.
The characteristics of generalized conversational Implicature that was used by the students in their conversations indicate the implementation of Implicature in the utterance.
The independent context is dominant characteristic use in Implicature.
In other words, the students implement all the characteristics of features of the generalized conversational Implicature in the informal conversations. In addition, the most characteristics used was context independent, scalar Implicature and calculable. The example of how generalized conversational Implicature was carried out in the utterance of conversation is given below: The example above was meatn that RA tries to explain the utterance in independent context (For parents and most EDSA: line 268). The context means that there was no specific context explains about what EDSA was. EDSA was the organizations of English student, there is no specific context explains what EDSA was because the speaker has knowledge that he as speaker and the all the listeners are EDSA members.

Suddenly, Erina came to the Reading Room. She is an English Study Program student of 7 th semester. All the students of English Study program students were members of EDSA (English Department Students Associations
The use of word "most" (For parents and most EDSA: line 268) EDSA was the scalar Implicature as the second indicate of Implicature is implemented in the utterance. RA does not mention in what enrolled of EDSA will be dedicated by him, but from the context is means that the dedication is refers to EDSA enrolled 2008-2009, because they are the members of EDSA 2008.
The next example of how generalized conversational Implicature carried out was given below: TR and RI were seriously talked about their future after graduated from the university. One day TR looked seriously for motivate herself and his friends. TR : But I think graduation is not the end of our journey but yes…(275) RI : Yes. But beginning (276) TR : but The journey that we have to work out, is not (277) the end.. but you know, The adventure just begun (278) RI : I think you are like pujangga today (279) TR : What is pujangga? oh… hehe (280) RI : You able to produce some words that meaningful that cannot easy to say. (281) (You are able to produce some words that are meaningful that cannot easy to say) TR : oh no. I think I read lots (282) The example above was shown the use of scalar Implicature as the characteristics of Implicature is carried out in the conversations. The use of word 'some' in line 281 (You able to produce some words that meaningful that cannot easy to say) indicates scalar Implicature. The utterance means that not all people who produce the meaningful words called as pujangga. In Indonesian, Pujangga refers to specialist someone who in produce a poem. The example above was shown the calculable Implicature. It does not need special context for understanding about who TR is. TR is Indonesian. This explanation does not explain specifically. Indonesian people mostly have black skin but not all foreign people are white skin. TR has good pronunciations' like English British; it did not mean she was a foreign people. The independent context was shown she was Indonesian because she was RA and RI's classmates from the first semester in English department.
The characteristic of particularized conversational Implicature is identified by the use of special context of background knowledge in the utterance. The dominant characteristics uses are special context of background knowledge, context dependent and calculable. The example of how particularized conversational Implicature was implemented in the utterance of conversation is given below: They silence for a moment. RI and RA said that they waited their supervisor but they did not meet. They also haven't yet made the appointment with their supervisor.

RI
: I feel kecewa today (

DISCUSSIONS
As presented result above it is concludes that the students of English Study Program of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of The University of Bengkulu use the Implicature in the informal conversation. The result findings were shown the generalized conversational Implicature is more dominant type use in the conversations. The second type is particularized conversational Implicature. Moreover, the last type is conventional Implicature.
Conventional Implicature did not usually occur in the conversation that is why this type is the less type found. Like as Grice said in Levinson (1975) that the implicit meaning of utterances is expressing indirectly. It means that when people produce implicit meaning it can be defined as Implicature.
Implicature is indirect or implicit meaning of an utterance that is produced by the speaker. Implicature happens when the speaker wants to express something in an implicit or indirect way in a conversation.
The result was shown that the generalized conversational Implicature is more dominant type found in the conversations, the second type is particularized conversational Implicature.
In addition, for the third findings is conventional Implicature which has the less percentage of findings. The findings were shown the students well in produce Implicature in the informal conversations.
The use of characteristics of Implicature in the conversations shows how the Implicature is carried out in the conversation. The test use is categorized the utterance of what is say is different with what is imply based on context.
The features of conventional Implicature show how conventional Implicature is carried out in the conversations. The features are indicates by the use of conjunction word; "yet and but".
The features of generalized conversational Implicature show how generalized conversational Implicature is carried out in the conversations; they are cancellable, calculable, context independent, no special background knowledge of the context, and use scalar implicature; identify with word all, many, some, and always.
The process of reasoning or calculation of implicit meaning of the utterances shows the calculable. The context independent shows the general context is carried out in conversations. The scalar Implicature is use to imply the meaning in more general context. The process of reasoning or calculation of implicit meaning of the utterances is shown the calculable. The context independent shows the general context of Implicature.
The scalar Implicature use to imply the meaning in more general context. The features of particularized conversational implicature showed how particularized conversational implicature was carried out in the conversations; they are cancellable, context dependent and use special context of background knowledge.
The dominant characteristics of particularized conversational implicature are the implementation of special context of background knowledge, calculable and context dependent.
The special context is the detail information or particular context that expresses the implicit meaning of the utterance. The calculable means that the Implicature is calculated from reasoning of the specific context in the utterance. Moreover, as a conclusion of how implicature carried out in the conversations is the use of generalized and particularized conversational implicature.
Finally, the analysis of types of implicature use by the students was based on the characteristics of implicature and the context of situation of the conversation is occurred. As Levinson (1983) said that implicature is the study of the language based on context, the context is refers to the physical environments that influence the meaning of the language was occur (Yule, 1996). In the conversational information have greatly potential rises the implicature.

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion the type of implicature and how implicature implemented were concludes as follows: 1. There are three types of implicature found in the informal conversations, they are conventional implicature, generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. 2. The implicature is carried out by the use of generalized and particularized conversational implicature in the conversation. Finally, the conclusion of this study is in the informal conversations the implicature types are used by the students. As the suggestions, for the next researcher, it is expected to analyze of implicature in others subject such as movie, humors or others. The result of this study is also expected to give additional information for Pragmatics study and the other studies, which has analysis in conversation such as speaking class.