Semantic Analysis of Figurative Language Expressions in “Feature” of the Jakarta Post

This study aims at investigating the types of figurative lexicons and the types of meaning of figurative lexicons found in “feature” of The Jakarta Post's December editions. The methodology of the research used descriptive qualitative content analysis. The findings related to research questions showed that there were thirteen types of figurative lexicons found in “feature” of The Jakarta Post and the most dominant type of figurative lexicon found was simile while for the types of meanings of figurative lexicons found in “feature” of The Jakarta Post, it was found that there were seven types of meanings found in “feature” of the Jakarta Post and the most type of meaning of figurative lexicons found was conceptual meaning. This means that using simile and conceptual meaning in the news presentation of “feature” in The Jakarta Post were effective in order to help the readers easier in understanding the news presented in The Jakarta Post. Therefore, it is then recommended that teachers can bring this type of authentic material to school so the students are motivated and encourged to learn more things in English especially about figurative language and types of meanings


INTRODUCTION
Figurative language is a language aspect in which an expression is stated in the opposite way than its usual way. Figurative language is mostly used by writer in such different way so it has different effect on readers. It can be found in written or spoken expressions. Many of the expressions need special imagination and conceptualization to interpret their meanings. Collie and Slater (1987) suggest four main reasons of introducing figurative and metaphorical language: it offers valuable authentic material, cultural enrichment, language enrichment and personal involvement. Similarly, Carter and Long (1991) categorize the reasons under three headings, namely, the cultural model, the language model and the personal growth model, each of which copes a particular set of learning objectives for students.
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) have shown that everyday metaphors in a language are culturally as well as perceptually based. Bonvillain (2003) argued that linguistic analysis, particularly of words and expressions, reveals underlying concepts, beliefs, and values. Thus, the analysis of figurative expression in language can expose underlying concepts as well as the culture of its speakers. Essentially, there has been a movement from considering figurative language as figures of speech to the broader WHUP ³ILJXUHV RI WKRXJKW´ /DNRII -RKQVRQ 1980). Boers and Lindstromberg (2008) further explain that figurative language may be learned in the EFL classroom in a number of ways. For instance, some can focus on the literal meaning of the key word which is used figuratively (e.g. joint in joint account). We can also resort to the mnemonic potential of the expressions to be learned. For example noticing how sounds in many formulaic expressions are repeated, such as alliteration (e.g. play a part), rhyme (e.g. wear and tear), and assonance (e.g. turn a blind eye to). It is also possible to use the property of evoking a mental image that some figurative expressions have (e.g. she hit the ceiling) as another mnemonic tool. In fact, according to them using mental imagery has become part of pedagogic approaches to idioms, inspired by ideas from the cognitive semantics school of thought.
Furthermore, under cognitive semantic approaches, the imagery of idioms and figurative expressions is utilized in the classroom to show learners that figurative expressions may be motivated by underlying conceptual metaphors or metaphoric themes, as in the case of the expressions Your claims are indefensible, He attacked every weak point in my argument and His criticisms were right on target. (Boers & Lindstromberg, 2005;Lakoff, 1987). Van Dijk (1995), defines that newspapers are probably a type of a written discourse which most readers are confronted with most regularly. Newspaper can be used by teachers to provide materials for students to learn more vocabulary specifically about figure of speech. Students can not only be encouraged to interpret certain expressions into some actual perspectives but also to learn other cultures from the expressions.
Figurative meaning and vocabulary have a great relationship that is reciprocal relationship in which both of the aspects give a mutual exchange of advantages. It can be stated that learning figurative language will help us build our vocabulary or in another way around learning vocabulary can also mean learning figurative language. Figurative meaning and semantic also have a great relationship because without the knowledge of the meaning of the word, even connotative meaning, it is difficult to understand figurative meaning. Of course, the meaning of the expression will become odd or not understandable. Therefore, figurative language becomes essential in the learning of vocabularies. While, learning of vocabularies support the learning of semantics (Tarigan, 1995).
Learners of English must be encouraged to see that not only fiction writers but also newspaper journalists resort to figurative language in order to convey concepts originally developed by and addressed to a different audience (Di Bari & Gouthier, 2004). Lexically, the most important code to convey both connotative and denotative meaning to the readers is by using simple, short, precise and appropriate words (Ifantidou, 2009).
For beginners, junior and senior high school students, understanding figurative language have been difficult. Students find it hard to conceptualize meanings of the expressions written figuratively. They tend to catch the meaning literally without going further to the real meaning implied in the expressions. So, as a language form, figurative expression is important to be taught at schools or learned by anyone in order to understand meaning expressed in a text containing figurative language. This might also make readers interested to read and try to concept the meaning of certain metaphoric expressions in a text. In other words, figurative language plays a big role LQ UHSUHVHQWLQJ VRPHRQH ¶V ZULWLQJ ,W FHUWDLQO\ gives effect to the language expression either in written or spoken forms. Some studies have looked at the importance of learning figure of speech in language teaching. The first was a research by Widyanti (2013) explained that there are six types of figurative language which commonly DSSHDU LQ DGYHUWLVHPHQWV IRXQG LQ +DUSHU ¶V Bazaar Magazine advertisements: metaphor, hyperbole, personification, simile, metonymy, and synecdoche. Among those types of figurative language, metaphor ranked first. The application of metaphor does not only make advertisements attractive, but also make them informative and persuasive. Next, figurative language mostly appears in the headline of advertisement. The headline is more preferable for readers since it is the theme and center of the advertisement.
The second research was by Yayianti (2015) explained that there are seven types of figurative language employed in the headline and body copy of the advertisements. They are hyperbole, antithesis, parallelism, personification, simile, metaphor and repetition. Each type of figurative language employed in the advertisements has its own functions. The analysis reveals that there are three factors which motivate advertisers to use figurative language in their advertisements. The factors are WR JUDE FRQVXPHUV ¶ DWWHQWLRQ WR FKDQJH FRQVXPHUV ¶ EHKDYLRU DQG WR DLG PHPRU\ The last, a study conducted by Istiqomah (2014) analyzed figurative expressions used in advertisements in InStyle Magazine. She found that hyperbole is the most dominant in the advertisements because it is used to persuade to buy the products. It proves that advertisers used figure of speech to make advertisements interesting and persuading.
As already discussed, the use of figurative language in newspaper has been studied by many researches in many areas of different sections of newspaper such as in the advertisement section of a magazine or newspaper, sports rubric, and the headlines. However, none of the previous studies focused on the figurative language in the feature rubric of English written newspaper published in Indonesia by mostly Indonesian news contributors. As a result, there has inadequate information about the use of figurative language used in feature rubrics of the Jakarta Post newspaper of December edition. This study also gives contribution to the researcher herself in which she can find a new way of teaching vocabulary by using newspapers. Next, the rubric chosen was faPLOLDU WR WKH VWXGHQWV ¶ OHYHO and this helps students understand the English learning materials easier.
Other specific aspects we can learn from this authentic material is the language aspect, it is the figurative language. This kind of figurative language can be found in a rubric QDPHO\ ³IHDWXUHV´ 7KLV UXEULF IHDWXUHV PDQ\ things such as culture, art, famous persons, special events and many others. This rubric is suitable for students, especially junior and senior students as a reading reference because its contents are not too difficult to be digest compare to other rubrics of the Jakarta Post such as; politics, economics, education, national, opinion, city, world, supplement, sport and other topics in other rubrics. Furthermore, the information given are so informative for VWXGHQWV 6SHFLILFDOO\ WR HQULFK VWXGHQWV ¶ vocabulary they can find figurative language here. This language aspect can be learnt at the same time while reading the rubric.
Since the Jakarta Post is the only English newspaper distributed in Indonesia including Pagaralam city in South Sumatera, it is worth-study for lecturers, teachers, students and those people who have interest in English not only to read but also to learn any language aspects found in the newspaper. It is also quite easy for us to buy in magazines agency because it has such a large selling area across Indonesia, while others are hard to find. Lecturers who teach reading for example, can use this authentic material for Extensive Reading because this is the only source available.

Research Methodology
This study used qualitative method to analyze the data. Qualitative research involves data collection procedures that result primarily in open-ended, non-numerical data which is then analyzed primarily by non-statistical methods (Dornyei, 2007, p. 24). Specifically, this study used content analysis method. Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid interferences from texts to the context of their use. Qualitative content analysis involves any kinds of analysis where communication content (speech, written text, interview, images, etc.) is categorized and classified (Krippendorf, 2004.) Quantitative content analysis is now used for a variety of research problems. Next to specifically textoriented analysis, it can also be sender/production-oriented to study the influence of ownership, organizational routines and rules when it becomes integrated into studies of international media flows, media organizations, professionals, production of media content. Content related in order to analyze the influence of media content on individuals' opinions or on wider socio-cultural, economic or political processes. Content analysis is probably the oldest way of studying the media and is an answer to the age-old concern with media content. The basic concern was, and is, with how media contents reflect or interpret social, cultural and political norms, attitudes, beliefs and values. As such many sociologists throughout this century (starting with Max Weber) were interested in content analysis as a means of 'monitoring the "cultural temperature" of society ' (Hansen et al., 1998, p. 92).
The concern of this theory is oriented precisely toward the relationship 'between the "text" as a social construction and its form or its imputed audience-derived meaning' (Manning and Cullum-Swan, 1994, p.464). Qualitative, interpretative content analysis, then, is aimed at the reconstruction of what could be termed the 'meaning structure' of the text or content. The problematic in this kind of research usually refers to the relationship between characteristics and patterns within the 'text' and the context of the material. As a new bold (Hansen et al., 1998, p.131), underline, the methodology relies heavily on the reading of the text by the researcher, so on his/her interpretation. Compared to the quantitative approach, qualitative content analysis is usually concerned with smaller bodies of material to be analyzed.
In this research content analysis is an analytical approach based on established categories and the types of the object found in WKH ³)HDWXUH 5XEULF´ This method is used to describe relative meanings between figurative language and the expressions used.

Object of the Research
The Jakarta Post is the object of the research data, this newspaper is targeted at Indonesian business people, well-educated Indonesians, and foreigners. The Jakarta Post has won several awards and been described as EHLQJ ³,QGRQHVLD ¶V OHDGLQJ (QJOLVK-language GDLO\´ The Jakarta Post is a member of Asia News Network. Besides printed edition, The Jakarta Post also features an online edition, which includes exclusive stories that are free to access. The data of this study were obtained IURP ³IHDWXUH´, a rubric in The Jakarta Post which is usually written on page 19 to 20 of each edition. In this study, the data analyzed ZHUH WKH ILJXUDWLYH OH[LFRQV LQ ³IHDWXUH´ December 2 2017 until December 30 2017. There were 9 days with no publications because they were holidays (Dec 1 2017 was Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW, 24, 25 and 26 were Christmas and 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 were Sunday). This means that there were only 23 days editions published during December.
This newspaper was selected because it is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia with the largest circulation. The expressions were read comprehensively and VHOHFWHG IURP WKH ³IHDWXUH´ LQ The Jakarta Post. From 23 editions, it was found that there were 80 expressions of figurative lexicons used in ³IHDWXUH´ )URP WKRVH H[SUHVVLRQV WKHUH ZHUH 72 expressions in which researcher and the corater agreed to be the data of the study.

Instrument of the Research
Checklists VWUXFWXUH D SHUVRQ ¶V observation or evaluation of a performance or artifact. They can be simple lists or criteria that can be marked as present or absent, or can provide space for observer comments. These tools can provide consistency over time or between observers. Checklist can be used for evaluating databases, virtual IM services, the use of library space, of for structuring peer observations of instruction sessions. (www.alaworkshopdata.wordpress.com).
Generally the aim of using checklist is to obtain a concise and coherent description of the system in terms of objects, attributes, functions, relation between objects as well as between objects and functions, dialogue states, selections and estimate usability. Ideally a checklist used for testing purposes should take up the matric that is being applied, the measurement technique, and most importantly, the related quality characteristics. (Retrieved from www.issco.ugine.ch) To collect the data from the newspaper, checklist was used as the research instrument.

Data Analysis Procedure
The following was the procedure of the research in conducting the study: 1. Read the text comprehensively in order to find the expressions considered using figurative language. 2. Identified the phrases containing the figurative meaning by paying attention to use of non-literal words and imaginative way. 3. Note taking the expressions into notes in order not to miss any expressions found from the texts. 4. Classified the figurative lexicons based on their types (metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, apostrophe, metonymy, synecdoche, symbol, image, paradox, litotes, irony, allegory, allusion, repetition, tautology, alliteration, para rhyme, parallelism, and oxymoron). 5. Classified the types of the meaning of the ILJXUDWLYH OH[LFRQ IRXQG EDVHG RQ /HHFK ¶V theory (conceptual meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, thematic meaning, collocative meaning, connotative meaning, and reflected meaning). 6. Grouped the types of figurative lexicons and the meaning of the figurative lexicons found into the checklist forms in order to be wellorganized and easily read. 7. Drew conclusion by comparing the result of the study to the co-UDWHU ¶V UHVXOW LQ RUGHU WR be valid and reliable to answer the questions addressed.

Technique for Analyzing Data
The processes of data analysis in this research were based on the following stages. First, the researcher read the text comprehensively. Second, the researcher noted down all the expressions containing figurative language. Third, the researcher analyzed, classified and grouped the expressions based on their types of figurative language and types of meaning by using the checklist form. Fourth, the researcher interpreted the meanings of the figurative lexicons by referring to the theories used in the study. After interpreting, the researcher did the checklist. Finally the cross checked her analysis to the co-rater and described the result statistically and drew some conclusions to answer the questions proposed in the study.
The result of the study analysis presented in the form of description and discussions. Description would give the readers, background and context analysis of the expressions explain in order to be rich and thick. Meanwhile discussions would represent personal and theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of the study.

Triangulation
Triangulation is a process of verification that increases validity by incorporating several viewpoints and methods. In the social sciences, it refers to the combination of two or more theories, data sources, methods or investigators in one study of a single phenomenon to converge on a single construct, and can be employed in both quantitative (validation) and qualitative (inquiry) studies. Discussions about whether and how to combine social research methods go back to debates about the use of survey and fieldwork or the use of interviews and participant observation. Most recently, the debates about the relationship between quantitative and qualitative methods as viewed by Blaikie (1991), particularly in evaluation research, have advocated a combination of methods of different types of research. The purpose is to increase the credibility and validity of the results. Often this purpose in specific contexts is to obtain confirmation of findings through convergence of different perspectives.
In fact, there are many different approaches to 'triangulation' and there are articulate proponents for each approach.
This study used theory triangulation to help interpret and explain the data gained from the study in order to be valid and reliable. This research crossed check the theory of the experts used, the judgment from the co-rater pointed and the study of the researcher herself. For example, in order to find the meaning of certain figurative lexicons found, the meaning needed to be defined by referring to the theories reviewed, corater judgment, the researcher herself, and other supporting sources like dictionary, books or internet. After this phase, the data were verified by the co-rater pointed to be judged whether they were correct or incorrect.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data of this study were obtained IURP ³IHDWXUH´, a rubric in The Jakarta Post. This study employed data triangulation analysis to check the reliability of the textual analysis.
The result of the inter-rater reliability between the researcher and the co-rater was almost perfect or ninety percent (90%) agreed to WKH GDWD REWDLQ IURP WKH ³IHDWXUH´ 7KLV PHDQV that the agreement needed as reliable and valid data of study could be accepted. Therefore, the final result of this study based on the research questions addressed, are as the following:

The Types of Figurative Language found in ³)HDWXUH´ RI The Jakarta Post
The first analysis of this study is on the figurative lexicons used by the writer in ³IHDWXUH´ 7KH GDWD DQDO\VLV LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKH ILJXUDWLYH OH[LFRQV IRXQG LQ ³IHDWXUH´ EDVHG RQ the theory of figurative language by Perrine is presented in the table below. e, and syne cdoc he were in the group of the middle frequently used types of figurative language, and parallelism, repetition, allegory, oxymoron, image, and synecdoche were in the low frequently used types of figurative language. From the three groups, it can be seen that the third group was the group of the types of figurative language not found in ³IHDWXUH´ RI The Jakarta Post.

7DEOH )UHTXHQF\ RI W\SHV RI ILJXUDWLYH OH[LFRQV IRXQG LQ ³IHDWXUH´ RI
The following are the extracts of the types of figurative lexicons used by the QHZV FRQWULEXWRUV LQ ³IHDWXUH´.
Extract 1 : Simile During a tour initiated by cellular telecommunication operator XL Axiata, The Jakarta Post also stopped by Banda Aceh to observe the icon of provincial, Baiturrahman Grand Mosque. Built by Sultan Iskandar Muda Mahkota Alam in 1612. Its beauty and magnificence resemble the grandeur of Taj Mahal in India.
In extract 1, WKH NH\ ZRUG LV ³UHVHPEOH´ This indicates that the type of figurative language used is Simile. Here, the writer gave such help clue to imagine that Baiturrahman Grand Mosque is similar to Taj Mahal in India.
By having similarity to Taj Mahal, reader could use their imagination to imagine the two objects being compared, and this kind of comparison helps readers understand the information easier. It was apparent that many, many people at the festival grounds were waiting for the rainbow-colored, sticky-sweet EDM of Marshmallow, the DJ notable for wearing a marshmallow-shaped bucket in his head. People rushed, ran and some literally fell down running toward the main Garuda stage just to secure a VSRW DW WKH GD\ ¶V PRVW ZDLWHG-for set. Decoy Marshmallow buckets and masks were everywhere in the crowd. Sweat flowed from everywhere like torrential rain. It was almost too much to bear.

,Q H[WUDFW WKH NH\ ZRUG LV ³OLNH´
Here, the sweat which flowed from everywhere is compared to a torrential rain.

Extract 3 : Simile
In another work, Space to Human Behavior, He treated the bamboo using contemporary methods to create a tunnel where the bamboo would move and made sounds similar to that produced by a traditional music instrument called an angklung.
,Q H[WUDFW WKH NH\ SKUDVH LV ³VLPLODU WR´ ,Q WKLs expression, the bamboo was treated like a tunnel which would move and made sounds to that of angklung would do.

Extract 4
: Allusion You might not be familiar with Tino if you are a member of Generation Z, a label given to those born after 1995.
In extract 4 WKH NH\ ZRUG LV ³*HQHUDWLRQ =´ 7KLV LV DQ Allusion. Here, readers had to find what Generation Z referred to in order to understand the reference of the word used. The sixth extract is a metaphor, in which the title implied the comparison of two different things. Here, the writer indirectly stated that Karangturi (a village in Rembang, Central Java in which many Chinese and santri or students of Islamic school live is described as a high tolerance village) was compared to a place like a heaven in which tolerance become the characteristic of the village itself. In extract 7, the phrase ³cheerfully dancing´ is the key words. Here, the phrase ³thousands of words and stories´ are given the characteristics of human being (cheerfully dancing). ³Words´ and ³stories´ are non living objects but described as cheerfully dance like a human. This figurative lexicon considered as personification.

Extract 8 : Paradox
What ¶V so engaging about the film is that it feels like a series of vignettes culled IURP 6ROHK ¶V UHFROOHFWLRQ RI KLV WLPH DW WKH XQLYHUVLW\ 7KDW ¶V ZK\ KH SOD\V D fictionalized version of himself; he breaks the fourth-wall to explain why he plays himself in movie: Because he looked old when he was young and also, the DFWRU 5H]D 5DKDUGLDQ ³LV LQ WRR PDQ\ PRYLHV The key words of extract 8 are ³old´ and ³young´. These two words are categorized as paradox because they gave contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true of the situation. The age was still young but looked old.

Extract 9
: Symbol Through the film, the viewer is able to see that it was PDQLO\ 6ROHK ¶s carefree viewpoint of life that he is today. He admitted that he had never had any ambitions, and that his success in life were purely the fruits of his own insticnts.
In extract 9, the key word ³fruits´ symbolizes the reVXOW RI VRPHRQH ¶V VXFFHVV ,W FRXOG EH VHHQ IURP VRPHRQH ¶V PDWHULDO ZHDOWK way of life or other things which give opinions to other people that someone is rich or successful already. In extract 13 the key words bitter and sweet (bittersweet) has two opposite ideas which are joined to create an effect that something is at the same time bitter but also sweet. someone will imagine a dull situation when he or she comes across this word.

The Types of Meanings of Figurative /H[LFRQV )RXQG LQ ³)HDWXUH´ RI The Jakarta Post
The second focus of this study is on the types of meanings of figurative lexicons found LQ ³IHDWXUH´ 7KH WDEOH LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKH frequency of the types of meanings of figurative OH[LFRQV IRXQG LQ ³IHDWXUH´ LV DV LOOXVWUDWHG below.  Table 2 reveals that there were seven W\SHV RI PHDQLQJV IRXQG LQ ³IHDWXUH´ RI The Jakarta Post. From the table it is also found that there are three categories of the types of meanings of figurative lexicons found in ³IHDWXUH´ 7KH ILUVW FDWHJRU\ LV WKH KLJK frequently used category, which was conceptual meaning, the second category is the middle frequently used category, which were reflected meaning and connotative meaning and the third category is the low frequently used category, which were social meaning, affective meaning, thematic meaning and collocative meaning.

7DEOH )UHTXHQF\ RI W\SHV RI PHDQLQJ RI ILJXUDWLYH OH[LFRQV IRXQG LQ ³IHDWXUH´ RI
This could be inferred that even though figurative language usually use non-literal words and imaginative ways to convey the messages in the expressions, but the meaning suggested in the figurative lexicons used by the writer in ³IHDWXUH´ ZHUH KLJKO\ GRPLQDWHG E\ conceptual meaning.
Here are the extracts of the types of meanings of figurative lexicons found in ³IHDWXUH´ Extract 17 : Conceptual Meaning The exhibition, which is up and running until March 18 next year, correlates either Issue-wise or time-wise, denoting a conceptual vision that fits the spirit of our time.
The key word ³wise´ in the above extract implies a conceptual meaning. It is understood that ³wise´ is a referent to the real meaning of itself in the real world. When VRPHRQH UHDGV WKH ZRUG ³ZLVH´ KH RU VKH ZRXOG refer to something which is having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgement. In WKLV FDVH ³ZLVH´ PHDQV KDYLQJ JRRG MXGJHPHQW on the issue and the time to visit the exhibition.

Extract 18
: Conceptual Meaning In other Indonesian romantic drama, such as Melbourne Rewind or Love in London, it is all too obvious that the main characters are Indonesians, as they bring their hometown attitudes, mannerisms, and perceptions into an unfamiliar setting. Those characters stick out like sore thumbs and do not blend in with the foreign environment, with the result that the movies themselves look disingenuous and overly obsessed with the Indonesian identity, creating the impression that the directors are underestimating the intelligence of Indonesian moviegoers.
,Q H[WUDFW WKH NH\ ZRUG ³OLNH´ DV WKH adjective acts as a reference of its own meaning and its meaning can be accepted in the real world. This extract is conceptual meaning EHFDXVH ³OLNH´ KHUH DFWV DVN D UHIHUHQFH LQ ZKLFK that the characters are like the sore thumbs. Means that both things have something in common or similar to each other.

Extract 19
: Conceptual Meaning Another entry to the nostalgia sweepstakes is the Polaroid OneStep 2, the first true Polaroid to hit the market since the company stopped producing them in 2008. Eschewing all the modern add-ons that come with similar retro camera gadgets of recent years, the OneStep 2 stays true to its origin, for better or worse, focusing more on capturing feeling.
,Q H[WUDFW WKH NH\ ZRUGV ³EHWWHU´ DQG ³ZRUVH´ UHSUHVHQW WKHLU UHDO PHDQLQJV DQG WKH\ DUH UHIHUHQW WR WKH UHDO ZRUOG ³%HWWHU´ KHUH could mean something of a more excellent or HIIHFWLYH W\SH RU TXDOLW\ DQG ³ZRUVH´ FRXOG mean something of poorer quality or a lower standard; less good or desirable. So, for better or worse implies that whatever the results, whether it is bad or good one it will be accepted.

Extract 20 : Reflected Meaning
Her utmost dream now is to translate all of her books into Chinese to allow SHRSOH WR UHDG WKHP ³I also hope my books become a window for the world to see China was like´.
,Q H[WUDFW WKH ZRUG ³D ZLQGRZ´ GRHV not simply mean a window of a house, building or others but it rather had multiple reflected meanings. Here, the writer suggested that a window (the books) could possibly mean a media for reader to know more about China in the past. It might also mean that the books are the references to know the real history of China LQ ZKLFK PRVW SHRSOH KDYHQ ¶W NQRZQ DERXW LW \HW so far. This might also mean others. Extract 24 is an Affective Meaning. Here, the meaning of the sentence reflects the personal feeling of the speaker toward something she is talking about. Intan described that when her husband was creative, he puts his entire body and spirit into his work of art. Extract 25 : Thematic Meaning When I returned there, my students had obviously graduated from the school. I happened to recall some encounters with my favorite students in a washroom and in the library. I was overwhelmed with bittersweet sentiment. I tried holding onto the memory, but it is like gold dust that keeps slipping out of your hands the tighter you grasp it.
Extract 25 is a Thematic Meaning. Here, what is intended to be stressed is the subject of the sentence. The indication is that the speaker wants to organize the message in term of emphasizing. Here, the speaker wants to emphasize that he was overwhelmed with the bittersweeet sentiment.
Extract 26 : Collocative Meaning These are of course elements that were in turn borrowed from rock fore-bearers, The Beatles, T-Rex, and suchlike. In other words, they are catchy as hell, as good as the few single from those lesser albums or on par with the non-single tracks from Definitely and Morning Glory. This quality runs elsewhere.
7KH NH\ SKUDVH ³FDWFK\ DV KHOO´ LV considered as collotative meaning. It is because the meaning is likely to use only in certain ways not as other general or common words or phrases commonly used by people in general.

7KH SKUDVH ³DV KHOO´ KHUH JLYHV DQ HPSKDVLV WKDW
the song is really catchy that its course elements has the quality of those of rock fore-bearers such as The Beatles, T-Rex and others.

Types of Figurative Lexicons found in ³)HDWXUH´ RI The Jakarta Post.
As the result found, there were thirteen W\SHV RI ILJXUDWLYH OH[LFRQV IRXQG LQ ³IHDWXUH´ RI The Jakarta Post ¶V 'HFHPEHU HGLWLRQV DQG WKH highest frequently used type of figurative lexicons found was simile. The important of simile here is that similes help create a vivid image LQ WKH UHDGHUV ¶ PLQGV E\ FRPSDULQJ WKHLU subjects with known events or things. In everyday conversation as well as in writing and formal speeches, similes are used to clarify ideas, create memorable images, and emphasize key points. (English Language Art Skill & Strategies, 2005).
Other possible reasons for this is probably due to some reasons such as the type of WKH WH[W DQG WKH FXOWXUH EDFNJURXQG ,Q ³IHDWXUH´ the news present are mostly about popular writings. Of course, this type of text will be different from those of literary works such as novel, poetry, short story and drama script in which the use of the figurative language as literary device give extra beauty to the writing itself. Authors use similes for several reasons, but the most obvious one is illustrative. Writers ZDQW WR FUHDWH ODVWLQJ LPSUHVVLRQ LQ WKH UHDGHU ¶V minds (Butler R, 2016) Another reason is probably because of the culture background of the news contributors themselves who are mostly Indonesians. As Indonesian writers, contributors of news need to consider the market of the newspaper itself. They have to see that the news they bring into the presentation are based on the culture of Indonesian people. If they break the ethic for instance, the news might bring bad effects to the society, and the impact will be to the reputation of the newspaper itself. William W (as cited in Wilstach F. J, 1916) found that a newspaper, like a theatre, must mainly owe its continuance in life to the fact that it pleases many persons; and in order to please many persons it will, unconsciously perhaps, respond to their several tastes, reflect their various qualities, and reproduce their views.
This implies that the use of figurative language especially simile in the expressions XVHG LQ ³IHDWXUH´ RI the Jakarta Post indirectly limited by the freedom of the expression due to the text type and culture background of the newspaper buyers. There is somehow a tendency to fulfill the tastes of the newspaper readers. Simile makes the writing (and reading) more interesting and lyrical. Similes spark your UHDGHU ¶V LPDJLQDWLRQ ZKLOH JHWWLQJ WKH information across 7KH\ KHOS WKH UHDGHUV ³VHH´ the scene in their heads. (Lebel J, 2016)

Types of meanings of Figurative Lexicons found in the Jakarta Post.
The table of frequency of types of meanings of figurative lexicons found in ³IHDWXUH´ UHYHDOV WKDW FRQFHSWXDO PHDQLQg was the most frequent type of meaning used by PRVWO\ RI WKH QHZV FRQWULEXWRUV LQ ³IHDWXUH´ Conceptual meaning was the most type of PHDQLQJ IRXQG LQ ³IHDWXUH´ This inferred that even though in general, figurative language usually characterized by non-literal words and use imaginative way to suggest the idea in written or spoken expressions, this study found that the use of conceptual words or dennotative words ZDV WKH PRVW IUHTXHQW LQ XVH LQ ³IHDWXUH´ of The Jakarta Post. In other words, it can alsa meant that the conceptual words used primarily DV WKH ILUVW FRPSRQHQW WR EXLOG WKH VHQWHQFHV ¶ meanings. Conceptual meaning may be defined as logical meaning, the meaning used to convey ideas in order to describe the world (Goatly A, 2012). It has been acknowledged, and is indeed popularly assumed, that the major function of human language is that of expressing a conceptual content (Leech, 1980).
In semantics, conceptual meaning is the literal or core sense of a word. Also called denotation or cognitive meaning. Contrast with connotation, effective meaning and figurative meaning (retrieved May 28, 2018, from http//:www.thought.com). This means that literal words give more contributions in the meanings as they reflect the words as they are in the real world. It is easier for readers to concept literal words rather than words, phrases, or expressions written figuratively. Moreover, denotative words are easy to be understood as they are according to their structures and use to those of syntactic and phonological aspects. It can be concluded that types of figurative lexicons used in certain texts will likely depend on the contents and also the types of news deliver to the readers by the news contributors.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
From the data analysis of figurative OH[LFRQV IRXQG LQ ³IHDWXUH´ WKLV VWXG\ XQFRYHUHG that the most type of figurative language used was simile at the frequency of use close to thirty five percent (35%). It can be said that many writers who contributed in ³IHDWXUH´ RI The Jakarta Post tend to use simile to deliver the messages they want to convey.
From the types of meaning of figurative OH[LFRQV IRXQG LQ ³IHDWXUH´ WKH VWXG\ UHYHDOHG that fifty percent (50%) of types of meanings of figurative lexicons was conceptual meaning.
Even though most words use in metaphorical expressions are non-literal and imaginative, however, the study indicates that the writers in ³IHDWXUH´ VWLOO XVHG OLWHUDO ZRUGV DV WKH SULPDU\ words to deliver the messages on issues they broXJKW WR WKH ZULWLQJV LQ ³IHDWXUH´ RI The Jakarta Post.
This study finds that simile was the most frequently used type of figurative language in ³IHDWXUH´ DQG FRQFHSWXDO PHDQLQJ ZDV WKH PRVW IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG W\SH RI PHDQLQJV LQ ³IHDWXUH´ RI The Jakarta Post. However, this study covers only both of the language aspects mentioned above in one of the rubrics in The Jakarta Post.
As there are many other rubrics can be learnt or analyzed, it is suggested for other researchers to discuss other rubrics of the newspapers. This type of authentic material has wide range of aspects to be offered, for example for extensive reading and vocabulary building, so it is very welcome for other researchers to conduct variety of studies by using newspapers or other similar types of authentic materials like magazine or internet as the objects of their study. Furthermore, in discussing simile it is suggested that the discussion can cover wider or larger scope of study in The Jakarta Post, not limited by one or some rubrics only.
Important to be mentioned, the previous studies in this study is extremely limited. Many analyzed types of the figurative languages used in advertisements but none was found analyzing ³IHDWXUH´ UXEULF 0RUH RU OHVV WKLV OLPLWDWLRQ will affect the conclusion of this study.
At last, the findings of this study have the potential implications for teaching not only the types of figurative language but also the types of meanings to the students at school. Furthermore, this type of learning can help students with their vocabulary building, reading fluency, and enriching cultural knowledge and personal involvement of the readers. It is also suggested that the discussion about simile and conceptual meaning in the teaching and learning process at schools can be given more proportion.