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Abstract
Abstract
This research aims to explain the literacy Ulu and the function of the manuscripts in the context of socio-cultural communication in a variety of ethnic group in Bengkulu at the beginning oh the twentieth century. The research based on survey of the Ulu literacy regarding a various ethnic groups in Bengkulu, and on discourse and practice of selected manuscripts preserved at the State Museum of Bengkulu, RUB (Royal Netherlands University Library) Leiden, KITLV (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asia and Caribbean Studies) Leiden, the National Library of Republic Indonesia, and the manuscripts preserved as families or villages heirlooms in several villages in Bengkulu Province as well. The results of the research shows as follows: (1) at that time the number of literate people slightly, about 1 to 200 in Serawai ethnic group, 1 to 431 in Rejang ethnic group, and less on the others; nevertheles, the Ulu literacy amongs a variety of ethnic groups in Bengkulu at that time idicate the level of functional literacy; (2) generally they also literate in Jawi and Arabic script and mastered the cultural knowledge from the origin of Jawi and Arabic script as well; (3) the literate people are able to read and understand the text well and write texts of cultural knowledge and social practices; (4) they write texts related to social status and their role in society; in such condition, the Ulu manuscripts is a medium to represent, transform, and cunstruct the cultural knowledge and social practiceKeywords
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References
- Braginski, V.I., “Some remarks on the structure of the ‘Syair Perahu’ Hamzah Fansuri”, BKI 131/4 (1976:407-42.
- _______________, “A Preliminary Reconstruction of the Rencong Version of Poem of the Boat”, BEFEO, Vol. 77. 1988:263-301.
- de Sturler, W.L. Proeve eener beschrijving van het gebied van Palembang (Zuid ooste-leijk gedeelte van Sumatra). Groningen: J. Oomkens, 1843.
- _______________. Bijdrage tot de kennis en rigtige beoordeeling van den staatkundigen toestand van het Palembang gebied. Groningen: J. Oomkens, 1855.
- Fairclough, Norman. Critical Discourse Analysis. The critical study of language. London and New York: Longman, 1995.
- Gonda, J. Sanskrit in Indonesia. Second Edition. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1973.
- Helfrich, O.L., “Bijdrage tot de Letterkunde van de Serawajer en Besemaher in de Afdeeling Manna en Pasemah Oeloe Manna (Residentie Bengkoelen)”, TBG XXXVII, 1894:65-104.
- ________________, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van het Midden-Maleisch (Besemahsch en Serawajsch dialect)”, VBG LIII, 1904.
- Holle, K.F. Tabel van Oud en Nieuwe Indische Alphabetten. ‘s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1882.
- Jaspan, M.A. South Sumatra Literature. Redjang Ka-Ga-Nga Texts. Canberra: The AustralianNational University, 1964.
- Kratz, Ulrich, “The editing of Malay manuscripts and textual criticism”, BKI 137, 1981 (229-240).
- Lekkerkerker, C. Land en Volk van Sumatra. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1916.
- Mass, Paul. Textual Criticism. Diterjemahkan dari bahasa Jerman oleh Barbara Flower, edisi ketiga, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
- Marsden, William. The History of Sumatera. A reprint of the third edition, introduced by John Bastin. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975.
- McCulloch, Gary. Documentary Research in Edication, History and the Social Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2004.
- McGann, J.J. A Critique of Modern Textual Criticism, paperback edition, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985.
- Prince, Gerald. Narratology. The Form and Functioning of Narrative. Berlin-New York-Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers, 1982.
- Reynolds, L.D. dan N.G. Wilson. Scribes & Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature, edisi ketiga, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
- Robson, S.O. Principles of Indonesian Philology. Dordrecht-Holland: Foris Publication, 1988.
- Sarwono, Sarwit. Juarian Beringin: suntingan naskah dan tinjauan bentuk. Tesis S-2 Ilmu Susastra Fakultas Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia, 1993.
- _______________, “Kajian Pendahuluan terhadap Tiga Naskah Pengobatan Tradisional Masyarakat Serawai”, dalam Titik Pujiastuti (penyunting), Naskah sebagai Sumber Pengetahuan Budaya. Jakarta: Masyarakat Pernaskahan Nusantara. 2000a (259-276).
- _______________, “Naskah E 4 Peti 91 dan Tradisi Nedo Suting pada Masyarakat Rejang”, dalam Titik Pujiastuti (penyunting), Tradisi Tulis Nusantara Menjelang Milenium III, Jakarta: Masyarakat Pernaskahan Nusantara, 2000b (66-96).
- _______________, Transkripsi dan Transliterasi Naskah MNB 07.69, Menanam Padi pada Masyarakat Serawai. Museum Negeri Bengkului, 2001.
- Sarwono, Sarwit, Ngudining Rahayu, dan Nunuk Juli Astuti. Penyusunan Katalogus Naskah-Naskah Ka-Ga-Nga di Indonesia untuk Meningkatkan Apresiasi dan Pengkajian terhadap Naskah-Naskah Ka-Ga-Nga. Penelitian HIBAH BERSAING X, Dikti Depdiknas, 2003
- Sarwono, Sarwit. Nandai sang Biyawak Nebat Berdasarkan Naskah Ulu Museum Negeri Bengkulu. Museum Negeri Bengkulu, 2006.
- Sarwono, Sarwit dan Nunuk Juli Astuti. Pemetaan Penulis dan Pusat Penulisan Naskah-Naskah Ulu Melalui Penelusuran Naskah-Naskah Ulu pada Masyarakat di Provinsi Bengkulu. Laporan Penelitian Hibah Pekerti, DP2M Ditjen Dikti, Depdiknas, 2007.
- Sarwono, Sarwit, Ngudining Rahayu, dan Agus Joko Purwadi. Transformasi Teks dalam Tradisi Tulis Ulu pada Etnik Serawai di Provinsi Bengkulu. Laporan Penelitian Fundamental DP2M Dikti, 2009.
- Sarwono, Sarwit, “Betuturu Story and Social Practices of Marriage in Serawai Ethnic Groups of Bengkulu, Journal of Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol.4, No.18, 2014a:125-142
- _______________. Teks-teks Ulu Adat Pernikahan pada Kelompok Etnik Serawai di Provinsi Bengkulu:representasi fungsi sosial ketua adat atas tindakan dalam praktik pernikahan. Disertasi S-3 Universitas Airlangga, 2014b
- Sarwono, Sarwit, Ngudining Rahayu, dan Agus Joko Purwadi. Representasi dan Transformasi Budaya dalam Manuskrip-manuskrip Ulu Bengkulu.Penelitian Fundamental, Dikti, Kemenristekdan Dikti, 2016
- Sedyawati, Edi, dkk., (editor), Sastra Melayu Lintas Daerah. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa, 2004.
- _______________. Kedwiaksaraan dalam Naskah-naskah Nusantara: kajian tipologi. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Depdiknas, 2008.
- van Dijk, Teun A.. Discourse and Context. A sociocognitive approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
- van Haselt, A.L., De Talen en Letterkunde van Midden-Sumatra. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1881.
- van Leeuwen, Theo. Introducing Social Semiotics. London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.
- _______________. Discourse and Practice. New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford-New York: Oxfrod University Press, 2008.
- Voorhoeve, Petrus. Südsumatranische Handschriften. Wiesbaden: Frauz Steiner Verlag GMBH, 1971.
- West, M.L. Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique. Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner, 1973.
- Westenenk, L.C., “Aanteekeningen omtrent het hoornopschrift van Loeboek Blimbing in de marga Sindang Bliti, onderafdeeling Redjang, afdeeling Lebong, residentie Benkoelen”, TBG LVIII, 1919 (448 – 459).
- Wink, P. “De Onderafdeeling Lais in de Residentie Bengkoeloe”, VBG LXVI/2. 1926.
References
Braginski, V.I., “Some remarks on the structure of the ‘Syair Perahu’ Hamzah Fansuri”, BKI 131/4 (1976:407-42.
_______________, “A Preliminary Reconstruction of the Rencong Version of Poem of the Boat”, BEFEO, Vol. 77. 1988:263-301.
de Sturler, W.L. Proeve eener beschrijving van het gebied van Palembang (Zuid ooste-leijk gedeelte van Sumatra). Groningen: J. Oomkens, 1843.
_______________. Bijdrage tot de kennis en rigtige beoordeeling van den staatkundigen toestand van het Palembang gebied. Groningen: J. Oomkens, 1855.
Fairclough, Norman. Critical Discourse Analysis. The critical study of language. London and New York: Longman, 1995.
Gonda, J. Sanskrit in Indonesia. Second Edition. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1973.
Helfrich, O.L., “Bijdrage tot de Letterkunde van de Serawajer en Besemaher in de Afdeeling Manna en Pasemah Oeloe Manna (Residentie Bengkoelen)”, TBG XXXVII, 1894:65-104.
________________, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van het Midden-Maleisch (Besemahsch en Serawajsch dialect)”, VBG LIII, 1904.
Holle, K.F. Tabel van Oud en Nieuwe Indische Alphabetten. ‘s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1882.
Jaspan, M.A. South Sumatra Literature. Redjang Ka-Ga-Nga Texts. Canberra: The AustralianNational University, 1964.
Kratz, Ulrich, “The editing of Malay manuscripts and textual criticism”, BKI 137, 1981 (229-240).
Lekkerkerker, C. Land en Volk van Sumatra. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1916.
Mass, Paul. Textual Criticism. Diterjemahkan dari bahasa Jerman oleh Barbara Flower, edisi ketiga, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Marsden, William. The History of Sumatera. A reprint of the third edition, introduced by John Bastin. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975.
McCulloch, Gary. Documentary Research in Edication, History and the Social Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2004.
McGann, J.J. A Critique of Modern Textual Criticism, paperback edition, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Prince, Gerald. Narratology. The Form and Functioning of Narrative. Berlin-New York-Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers, 1982.
Reynolds, L.D. dan N.G. Wilson. Scribes & Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature, edisi ketiga, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
Robson, S.O. Principles of Indonesian Philology. Dordrecht-Holland: Foris Publication, 1988.
Sarwono, Sarwit. Juarian Beringin: suntingan naskah dan tinjauan bentuk. Tesis S-2 Ilmu Susastra Fakultas Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia, 1993.
_______________, “Kajian Pendahuluan terhadap Tiga Naskah Pengobatan Tradisional Masyarakat Serawai”, dalam Titik Pujiastuti (penyunting), Naskah sebagai Sumber Pengetahuan Budaya. Jakarta: Masyarakat Pernaskahan Nusantara. 2000a (259-276).
_______________, “Naskah E 4 Peti 91 dan Tradisi Nedo Suting pada Masyarakat Rejang”, dalam Titik Pujiastuti (penyunting), Tradisi Tulis Nusantara Menjelang Milenium III, Jakarta: Masyarakat Pernaskahan Nusantara, 2000b (66-96).
_______________, Transkripsi dan Transliterasi Naskah MNB 07.69, Menanam Padi pada Masyarakat Serawai. Museum Negeri Bengkului, 2001.
Sarwono, Sarwit, Ngudining Rahayu, dan Nunuk Juli Astuti. Penyusunan Katalogus Naskah-Naskah Ka-Ga-Nga di Indonesia untuk Meningkatkan Apresiasi dan Pengkajian terhadap Naskah-Naskah Ka-Ga-Nga. Penelitian HIBAH BERSAING X, Dikti Depdiknas, 2003
Sarwono, Sarwit. Nandai sang Biyawak Nebat Berdasarkan Naskah Ulu Museum Negeri Bengkulu. Museum Negeri Bengkulu, 2006.
Sarwono, Sarwit dan Nunuk Juli Astuti. Pemetaan Penulis dan Pusat Penulisan Naskah-Naskah Ulu Melalui Penelusuran Naskah-Naskah Ulu pada Masyarakat di Provinsi Bengkulu. Laporan Penelitian Hibah Pekerti, DP2M Ditjen Dikti, Depdiknas, 2007.
Sarwono, Sarwit, Ngudining Rahayu, dan Agus Joko Purwadi. Transformasi Teks dalam Tradisi Tulis Ulu pada Etnik Serawai di Provinsi Bengkulu. Laporan Penelitian Fundamental DP2M Dikti, 2009.
Sarwono, Sarwit, “Betuturu Story and Social Practices of Marriage in Serawai Ethnic Groups of Bengkulu, Journal of Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol.4, No.18, 2014a:125-142
_______________. Teks-teks Ulu Adat Pernikahan pada Kelompok Etnik Serawai di Provinsi Bengkulu:representasi fungsi sosial ketua adat atas tindakan dalam praktik pernikahan. Disertasi S-3 Universitas Airlangga, 2014b
Sarwono, Sarwit, Ngudining Rahayu, dan Agus Joko Purwadi. Representasi dan Transformasi Budaya dalam Manuskrip-manuskrip Ulu Bengkulu.Penelitian Fundamental, Dikti, Kemenristekdan Dikti, 2016
Sedyawati, Edi, dkk., (editor), Sastra Melayu Lintas Daerah. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa, 2004.
_______________. Kedwiaksaraan dalam Naskah-naskah Nusantara: kajian tipologi. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Depdiknas, 2008.
van Dijk, Teun A.. Discourse and Context. A sociocognitive approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
van Haselt, A.L., De Talen en Letterkunde van Midden-Sumatra. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1881.
van Leeuwen, Theo. Introducing Social Semiotics. London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.
_______________. Discourse and Practice. New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford-New York: Oxfrod University Press, 2008.
Voorhoeve, Petrus. Südsumatranische Handschriften. Wiesbaden: Frauz Steiner Verlag GMBH, 1971.
West, M.L. Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique. Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner, 1973.
Westenenk, L.C., “Aanteekeningen omtrent het hoornopschrift van Loeboek Blimbing in de marga Sindang Bliti, onderafdeeling Redjang, afdeeling Lebong, residentie Benkoelen”, TBG LVIII, 1919 (448 – 459).
Wink, P. “De Onderafdeeling Lais in de Residentie Bengkoeloe”, VBG LXVI/2. 1926.