Article Sidebar

Submitted
November 14, 2025
Published
November 20, 2025
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 4 Download : 4

Main Article Content

Abstract

Spinach leaf extract has been used as a photosensitizer in titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles for the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized via the co-precipitation method by mixing TiCl₃ with distilled water and NH₄OH. The mixture was stirred until it turned white, indicating precipitate formation. The absorbance properties of both the TiO₂ nanoparticle powder and the natural dye were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. DSSCs were fabricated by coating TiO₂ onto indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates using the doctor blade method, followed by immersion in the dye solution. Three DSSC devices were prepared with varying dye soaking durations: 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of each device were measured and plotted to determine their respective power conversion efficiencies. The obtained efficiencies were 0.0444% for the 2-hour soaking time, 0.0570% for 4 hours, and 0.0589% for 6 hours.

Keywords

natural dye DSSC co-precipitation method solar cell efficiency

Article Details

License
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish in this journal agree with the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
  4. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

• Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)

Creative Commons License

AMPLITUDO: Jurnal Ilmu dan Pembelajaran Fisika is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 
How to Cite
Gunawan, B. (2025). Fabrikasi Sel Surya Berbasis Bahan Pemeka Organik Menggunakan Material TiO2 dan Pewarna Dari Ekstrak Bayam. Amplitudo : Jurnal Ilmu Dan Pembelajaran Fisika, 5(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.33369/ajipf.5.1.15-21
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. (1). International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2023. OECD; 2023. https://doi.org/10.1787/827374a6-en.
  2. (2). Wu T-C, Huang W-M, Meen T-H, Tsai J-K. Performance Improvement of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Pressed TiO2 Nanoparticles Layer. Coatings 2023;13:907. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050907.
  3. (3). Alor KP, Ezekoye BA, Ugwuoke PE, Offiah SU, Ezema FI, Akor S, et al. A Review of Advances on Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (NDSSCs). JERR 2023;25:153–66. https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i101008.
  4. (4). Sasongko SB, Novasari D, Ramadhan DH, Fadlilah MN, Pratiwi WZ. Study on Making a Prototype Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) as an Alternative Electric Energy Source. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 2021;1053:012098. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1053/1/012098.
  5. (5). Gong J, Liang J, Sumathy K. Review on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs): Fundamental concepts and novel materials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2012;16:5848–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.044.
  6. (6). Kokkonen M, Talebi P, Zhou J, Asgari S, Soomro SA, Elsehrawy F, et al. Advanced research trends in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Mater Chem A 2021;9:10527–45. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA00690H.
  7. (7). Kato N, Higuchi K, Tanaka H, Nakajima J, Sano T, Toyoda T. Improvement in long-term stability of dye-sensitized solar cell for outdoor use. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2011;95:301–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.04.019.
  8. (8). Lee KS, Lee Y, Lee JY, Ahn J, Park JH. Flexible and Platinum‐Free Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with Conducting‐Polymer‐Coated Graphene Counter Electrodes. ChemSusChem 2012;5:379–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201100430.
  9. (9). Schoden F, Dotter M, Knefelkamp D, Blachowicz T, Schwenzfeier Hellkamp E. Review of State of the Art Recycling Methods in the Context of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. Energies 2021;14:3741. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133741.
  10. (10). Francis OI, Ikenna A. Review of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSCs) Development. NS 2021;13:496–509. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.1312043.
  11. (11). Adedokun O, Titilope K, Awodugba AO. Review on Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). IJET 2016;2:34. https://doi.org/10.19072/ijet.96456.
  12. (12). Seithtanabutara V, Chumwangwapee N, Suksri A, Wongwuttanasatian T. Potential investigation of combined natural dye pigments extracted from ivy gourd leaves, black glutinous rice and turmeric for dye-sensitised solar cell. Heliyon 2023;9:e21533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21533.
  13. (13). Musyaro’ah, Huda I, Indayani W, Gunawan B, Yudhoyono G, Endarko. Fabrication and characterization dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) based on TiO2/SnO2 composite, Solo, Indonesia: 2017, p. 030062. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968315.
  14. (14). Hatib R, Anwar K, Soso AY. PENGARUH VARIASI KOSENTRASI PADA EKSTRAK DAUN BAYAM MERAH SEBAGAI DYE TERHADAP KINERJA DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL (DSSC). JTAM ROTARY 2024;6:61. https://doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v6i1.11112.
  15. (15). Gunawan B, Musyaro’ah, Huda I, Indayani W, S. SR, Endarko. The influence of various concentrations of N-doped TiO2 as photoanode to increase the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell, Solo, Indonesia: 2017, p. 030128. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968381.
  16. (16). Zhang J, Zhou P, Liu J, Yu J. New understanding of the difference of photocatalytic activity among anatase, rutile and brookite TiO2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014;16:20382–6. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP02201G.
  17. (17). Alias SH, Abdul Razak FI, Chandren S, Loon Leaw W, Sahnoun R, Nur H. Band Gap Energy of Periodic Anatase TiO2 System Evaluated with the B2PLYP Double Hybrid Functional. Mal J Fund Appl Sci 2024;20:179–89. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v20n1.3223.
  18. (18). Ngagaraj G, Dhayal Raj A, Albert Irudayaraj A, Josephine R.L. Tuning the optical band Gap of pure TiO2 via photon induced method. Optik 2019;179:889–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.11.009.