Main Article Content
Abstract
Immunity right of family members of diplomatic agent is required to help diplomats carry out their missions. However, they are frequently have engaged in activities that are contrary to the purpose of these rights. This study aims to examine the regulation of immunity right and privileges of family members of diplomat based on the 1961 Vienna Convention and its application based on cases of violations of its right. The normative legal method was used in this research, along with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The research found that the immunity right possessed by diplomat’s family is the right of immunity against exclusion and arrest, private residence and correspondence, the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving country, freedom of dues and taxes, freedom of customs, taxes and related levies items related to the scrapping mission. People who can enjoy these rights are spouses, any minor children or unmarried children who live with the members of the mission/diplomat. The application of this right and privileges can be enforced if it fulfills several conditions namely the person is part of the household and lives with a diplomat, respects the laws and regulations of the receiving state, and carrying out a diplomatic mission or function.
Article Details
References
- Sefriani, Hukum Internasional : Suatu Pengantar, PT. Rajagrafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2014.
- Montevideo Convention on The Rights and Duties of States 1933.
- Malcolm Shaw, International Law : Eigth Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2017.
- Jahawir T, Pranoto I, Hukum Internasional Kontemporer, PT. Refika Aditama, Bandung, 2006.
- Paul Sharp, Diplomatic Theory of International Relations, Cambridge University Press, New York
- Jan B. Kawatak, “Tugas Kewenangan Perwakilan Diplomatik Indonesia di Luar Negeri” Lex Administratum, Vol . 3, No. 6, 2015.
- Veronica L. Maginnis, “Lessons Learned from the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations”, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, Vol. 28, Issue 3, 2002.
- Sumaryo Suryokusumo, Hukum Diplomatik : Teori dan Kasus, PT. Alumni, Bandung, 1995.
- Jack Lefley, Katherine Barney, Kensington Rape: Son of Envoy Claims Immunity, diunduh pada 25 Oktober 2022 dari https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/kensington-rape-son-of-envoy-claims-immunity-6689745.html
- Jonny Hallam, Case against Anne Sacoolas over death of Harry Dunn can go ahead in US, judge rules”, diunduh pada 2 Oktober 2022 dari https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/17/us/harry-dunn-anne-sacoolas-damages-intl/index.html.
- Yuliya G. Zabyelina, “The Untouchables: Transnational Organized Crime Behind Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities” Trends Organ Crim, Vol. 16, 2013.
- Nico Ngani, Metodologi Penelitian dan Penulisan Hukum, Pustaka Yustisia, Yogyakarta, 2012.
- Muhaimin, Metode Penelitian Hukum, Mataran University Press, NTB, 2020.
- Herodotos, Histories, Transl. Rawlinson, G. Wordsworth. Ware, Herefordshir, 1996.
- Syahmin AK, Hukum Diplomatik Suatu Pengantar, Penerbit Armico Bandung, Bandung, 1994.
- Rina Goldenberg, “Abuse of Diplomatic Immunity: Is the Government Doing Enough?”, ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 1, 1995.
- B. Sen, A Diplomat’s Handbook of International Law and Practice, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1965.
- Wogu, Bokwujiri Cynthia Owunwene, “Theoretical Basis for Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities: The Need for States to Exercise their Power of Waiver” International Journal of Innovative Legal & Political Studies, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2021.
- Law Theacer, Doctrine Diplomatic Immunity, diunduh pada 24 Januari 2023 dari https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/international-law/doctrine-of-diplomatic-immunity.php
- Arman B. Haji Asmad, Gary Lilienthal, and Nehalludin Ahmad, “Abuse of Diplomatic Immunities and Its Consequences Under the Vienna Convention: A Critical Study”, Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 30, No. 165.
- Ni’matul Huda, Ilmu Negara, PT RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2010.
- Daniel Philpott, Sovereignty, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), diunduh pada 24 Januari 2023 dari https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/sovereignty/
- Sjachrann Basah, Ilmu Negara Pengantar, Metode, dan Sejarah Perkembangan, PT Citra Abadi Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 2011.
- Yustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi, Kejahatan Perang dalam Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Nasional, PT Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2013.
- Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Daring, diunduh pada 24 Januari 2023 dari https://kbbi.web.id/daulat-2
- Vannesha Mae, Challenging The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations: Possibilities of New Obligations to Protect Domestic Workers, Tesis dari Universitas Amsterdam, diunduh pada tanggal 10 Februari 2022 dari file:///C:/Users/PC/Downloads/1431877.pdf
- Detlev Vagts, “Appendix A: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: The General Theory”, Antitrust Law Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2, 1985.
- Patrick Wintour, Anne Sacoolas did not have diplomatic immunity in Dunn case, says ex-minister, diunduh pada 28 Februari 2023 dari https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jun/22/anne-sacoolas-did-not-have-diplomatic-immunity-in-dunn-case-says-ex-minister
- Patrick Wintour, Harry Dunn: Anne Sacoolas's diplomatic immunity in question, US court is told, diunduh pada 28 Februari 2023 dari https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/feb/04/harry-dunn-anne-sacoolass-diplomatic-immunity-in-question-us-court-is-told
- Gov.UK, Sentencing of Anne Sacoolas: Foreign Secretary’s statement, diunduh pada 28 Februari 2023 dari https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretarys-statement-on-the-sentencing-of-anne-sacoolas
References
Sefriani, Hukum Internasional : Suatu Pengantar, PT. Rajagrafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2014.
Montevideo Convention on The Rights and Duties of States 1933.
Malcolm Shaw, International Law : Eigth Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2017.
Jahawir T, Pranoto I, Hukum Internasional Kontemporer, PT. Refika Aditama, Bandung, 2006.
Paul Sharp, Diplomatic Theory of International Relations, Cambridge University Press, New York
Jan B. Kawatak, “Tugas Kewenangan Perwakilan Diplomatik Indonesia di Luar Negeri” Lex Administratum, Vol . 3, No. 6, 2015.
Veronica L. Maginnis, “Lessons Learned from the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations”, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, Vol. 28, Issue 3, 2002.
Sumaryo Suryokusumo, Hukum Diplomatik : Teori dan Kasus, PT. Alumni, Bandung, 1995.
Jack Lefley, Katherine Barney, Kensington Rape: Son of Envoy Claims Immunity, diunduh pada 25 Oktober 2022 dari https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/kensington-rape-son-of-envoy-claims-immunity-6689745.html
Jonny Hallam, Case against Anne Sacoolas over death of Harry Dunn can go ahead in US, judge rules”, diunduh pada 2 Oktober 2022 dari https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/17/us/harry-dunn-anne-sacoolas-damages-intl/index.html.
Yuliya G. Zabyelina, “The Untouchables: Transnational Organized Crime Behind Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities” Trends Organ Crim, Vol. 16, 2013.
Nico Ngani, Metodologi Penelitian dan Penulisan Hukum, Pustaka Yustisia, Yogyakarta, 2012.
Muhaimin, Metode Penelitian Hukum, Mataran University Press, NTB, 2020.
Herodotos, Histories, Transl. Rawlinson, G. Wordsworth. Ware, Herefordshir, 1996.
Syahmin AK, Hukum Diplomatik Suatu Pengantar, Penerbit Armico Bandung, Bandung, 1994.
Rina Goldenberg, “Abuse of Diplomatic Immunity: Is the Government Doing Enough?”, ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 1, 1995.
B. Sen, A Diplomat’s Handbook of International Law and Practice, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1965.
Wogu, Bokwujiri Cynthia Owunwene, “Theoretical Basis for Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities: The Need for States to Exercise their Power of Waiver” International Journal of Innovative Legal & Political Studies, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2021.
Law Theacer, Doctrine Diplomatic Immunity, diunduh pada 24 Januari 2023 dari https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/international-law/doctrine-of-diplomatic-immunity.php
Arman B. Haji Asmad, Gary Lilienthal, and Nehalludin Ahmad, “Abuse of Diplomatic Immunities and Its Consequences Under the Vienna Convention: A Critical Study”, Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 30, No. 165.
Ni’matul Huda, Ilmu Negara, PT RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2010.
Daniel Philpott, Sovereignty, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), diunduh pada 24 Januari 2023 dari https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/sovereignty/
Sjachrann Basah, Ilmu Negara Pengantar, Metode, dan Sejarah Perkembangan, PT Citra Abadi Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 2011.
Yustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi, Kejahatan Perang dalam Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Nasional, PT Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2013.
Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Daring, diunduh pada 24 Januari 2023 dari https://kbbi.web.id/daulat-2
Vannesha Mae, Challenging The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations: Possibilities of New Obligations to Protect Domestic Workers, Tesis dari Universitas Amsterdam, diunduh pada tanggal 10 Februari 2022 dari file:///C:/Users/PC/Downloads/1431877.pdf
Detlev Vagts, “Appendix A: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: The General Theory”, Antitrust Law Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2, 1985.
Patrick Wintour, Anne Sacoolas did not have diplomatic immunity in Dunn case, says ex-minister, diunduh pada 28 Februari 2023 dari https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jun/22/anne-sacoolas-did-not-have-diplomatic-immunity-in-dunn-case-says-ex-minister
Patrick Wintour, Harry Dunn: Anne Sacoolas's diplomatic immunity in question, US court is told, diunduh pada 28 Februari 2023 dari https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/feb/04/harry-dunn-anne-sacoolass-diplomatic-immunity-in-question-us-court-is-told
Gov.UK, Sentencing of Anne Sacoolas: Foreign Secretary’s statement, diunduh pada 28 Februari 2023 dari https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretarys-statement-on-the-sentencing-of-anne-sacoolas