Main Article Content
Abstract
Genetik menjadi kunci konservasi karena berperan penting dalam mempertahankan dan memulihkan populasi dari kerusakan. Kerusakan pada ekosistem terumbu karang dapat menjadi pemicu kepunahan organisme laut. Salah satu organisme yang tidak terhindar dari kerusakan tersebut ialah Sarcophyton trocheliophorum. Kerusakan tersebut dapat menyebabkan menurunnya keragaman genetik S. trocheliophorum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis keanekaragaman genetik dari S. trocheliophorum yang terdapat pada tiga populasi di Perairan Jawa, Sulawesi dan Nusa Tenggara serta mendeskripsikan implikasinya terhadap kawasan konservasi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan penanda genetik ND2 untuk menganalisis struktur populasi, konektivitas, dan keragaman genetik. Keragaman genetik S. trocheliophorum pada Perairan Jawa, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara masing-masing 0.600, 0.815, dan 0.972. Keragaman genetik pada populasi Perairan Jawa lebih kecil dibandingkan pada Populasi Perairan Sulawesi dan Nusa Tenggara. Hal ini dimungkinkan karena banyaknya aktivitas manusia pada pesisir utara Laut Jawa, sehingga berdampak pada menurunnya ukuran populasi S. trocheliophorum. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya perlindungan yang ketat pada populasi Jawa untuk menjaga kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia.
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References
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- Sinularia sp. and Xenia sp. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
- Ecology, 320: 159–177.
- Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. 2011. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likehood,
- evolutionary distance and maximum parsimony method. Moleculer
- Biology Evolution, 28(10): 2731-2739.
- Valtuena, F.J, J. Lopez, A.O. Olivencia, T.R. Riano & M. Gonzales. 2014.
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References
Ambariyanto. 2010. Kebijakan pengelolaan organisme laut dilindungi: kasus Kerang Raksasa. Pidato pengukuhan Guru Besar Ilmu Kelautan pada
Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, UNDIP.
Bandelt, H.J, P. Forster & A. Röhl. 1999. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol, 16: 37-48.
Benayahu, Y & Y. Loya. 1986. Sexual reproduction of a soft coral: Synchronous and brief annual spawning of Sarcophyton glaucum (Quoy & Gairmard. 1833). Biol. Bull., 170: 32-42.
Benayahu, Y. 1985. Faunistic compotition and pattern in the distribution of
softcoral (Octocorallia Alcyonacea) along the coral reefs of Sinai Peninsula. Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Tahiti, 6:255-260.
Bengen, D.G. 2002. Sinopsis ekosistem sumberdaya alam pesisir dan laut serta prinsip pengelolaannya. Bogor. Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan
Lautan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. 66 hal
Botsford, L.W, J.W. White, M.A. Coffroth, C.B. Paris, S. Planes, T.L. Shearer, S.R. Thorrold, & G.P. Jones. 2009. Connectivity and resilience of coral reef metapopulations in marine protected areas: matching empirical efforts to predictive needs. Coral Reefs, 28: 327–337. EISSN: 2527-5186
Excoffier, L & H. Lischer. 2009. Arlequin ver 3.5 User Manual; An Integrated Software Package For Population Genetics Data Analysis. Swiss
Institute of Bioinformatics. Switzerland. 174 pp
Exoffier, L, P.E. Smouse & J.M. Quattro. 1992. Analysis of moleculer variance inferred from metric distance among DNA haplotypes; application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics, 131 : 479-491.
Fabricus, K & A. Philips. 2001. Softcoral and Sea fans. Australia. Australia
Institute Of Marine Science.
Gordon, A.L & R.A Fine. 1996. Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the Indonesian seas. Nature, 379 : 146-149.
Green, E.R & F. Shirley. 1999. The Global Trade in Coral. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.60 pp.
Hellberg, M.E, R.S. Burton, J.E. Neigel & S.R. Palumbi. 2002. Genetic
assessment of connectivity among marine population. Bulletin of Marine
Science, 70(1): 273–290.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Coral reef ecosystems and anthropogenic climate change. Reg Environ Change, 11: 215–227.
Jackson, J.B.C. 1986. Modes of dispersal of clonal benthic invertebrates:
consequences for species’ distribution sand genetic structure of local
populations. Bull Mar Sci., 32: 588?606.
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup. 2011. Laporan Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan
Hidup Indonesia. 1-70 pp
Lynch, M & T.J. Crease. 1990. The analysis of population survey data on DNA sequence variation. Moleculer Biology Evolution, 7: 337–394.
Manuputty, A.E.W. 2002. Karang lunak (soft coral) Perairan Indonesia dalam: Buku I, Laut Jawa & Selat Sunda. Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi. LIPI. Jakarta. 91 hlm
Manuputty, A.E.W. 1996. Pengenalan beberapa karang lunak (Octocorallia,
Alcyonacea) di lapangan. Oseana, 21(4): 1-11.
McFadden, C.S, P. Alderslade, L.P. van Ofwegen, H. Johnsen & A.
Rusmevichientong. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships within the tropical
soft coral genera Sarcophyton and Lobophytum (Anthozoa, Octocorallia). Invertebrate Biology, 125(4):288–305.
Munday, P.L, J.M. Leis, J.M. Lough, C.B. Paris, M.J. Kingsford, M.L. Berumen & J. Lambrechts. 2009. Climate change and coral reef connectivity. Coral
Reefs, 28: 379–395.
Nei, M. 1972. Genetic distance between population. American Nature, 106: 283- 292.
Nei, M. 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and geneti distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 89: 583-590.
Nei, M. 1987. Moleculer Evolutionary Genetics. New York. Columbia University. Press. New York. 512 pp
Nuryanto, A & M. Kochzius. 2009. Highly restricted gene flow and deep
evolutionary lineages in the giant clam Tridacna maxima. Coral Reefs,
: 607–619.
Perwati, L.K. 2009. Analisis derajat ploidi dan pengaruhnya terhadap variasi ukuran stomata dan spora pada Adiantum raddianum. Bioma, 11(2): 39-44.
Rozas, J, B.J.C. Sanchez-DeI, Messeguer & X.R. Rozas. 2003. DnaSP, DNA
polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics, 19: 2496–2497.
Sachoemar, S.I & H.D. Wahjono. 2007. Pencemaran lingkungan perairan di
Teluk Jakarta. JAI., 3(1): 1-14. EISSN: 2527-5186
Sa´nchez, J.A, C.S. McFadden, S.C. France & H.R. Lasker HR. 2003. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of shallow-water Caribbean octocorals. Mar. Biol. 142: 975–987.
Spalding, M.D, C. Ravilious, E.P Green. 2001. World atlas of coral reefs. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, University of California Press,
Berkeley. 424 pp
Strychar, K.B, T.M. Coates, P.W. Sammarco, T.J. Piva & P.T. Scott. 2005. Loss of Symbiodinium from bleached soft corals Sarcophyton ehrenbergi,
Sinularia sp. and Xenia sp. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology, 320: 159–177.
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. 2011. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likehood,
evolutionary distance and maximum parsimony method. Moleculer
Biology Evolution, 28(10): 2731-2739.
Valtuena, F.J, J. Lopez, A.O. Olivencia, T.R. Riano & M. Gonzales. 2014.
Contrasting inbreeding depression in early and late stages of the life
cycle of a Mediterranean shrub, Anagyris foetida (Leguminosae). Turkish Journal of Botany, 38: 334-346
Wijayanti, D.P, E. Indrayanti & C.A. Suryono. 2009. Kajian Konektivitas Genetik Antar Terumbu Sebagai Dasar Perencanaan Kawasan Restorasi
Karang Dalam Upaya Menghadapi Global Warming. Semarang:Universitas Diponegoro. 30 pp
Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. Australian Institute of Marine Science. 363 pp