Main Article Content
Abstract
The components of phenolic compounds contained in antioxidant function antidote to the free radicals that are inevitably generated by physical exertion.Exercise of a moderate level, on a regular basis will increase the sensitivity of endogenous antioxidants so that it can increase the immune system against influenza virus infection. This study aims to prove that regular exercise and antioxidant supplements can prevent oxidative stress which is characterized by increased levels of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD). This study uses an experimental pre and post-test design. Twenty men participated in the study, aged 20-22 years who had a good level of physical fitness, did not smoke, and did not consume supplements and other antioxidants within 2 weeks before and during the study. Participants in the study were randomly assigned to one of two groups, namely group A: regular exercise without antioxidants; group B: regular exercise and antioxidants. Regular exercise is done with a duration of half an hour,the duration of 4 weeks, and the frequency of 3x/week. Before and after treatment, SOD antioxidant levels were measured in both groups. Then the measurement data are tabulated and analyzed. The results showed that there was an increase in SOD levels in the regular exercise and antioxidant groups.
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Copyright (c) 2022 Marsal Rispandi, Zulfahri, Novita Sari Harahap

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References
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- Belviranli, M, Gokbel, H. (2006). Acute exercise induced oxidative stress and antioxidant changes. European Journal of General Medicine, 3(3):126-131.
- DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82392
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- Campbell, JP and Turner, JE. (2018). Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan. Frontiers in Immunology; vol. 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648
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- Cooper, C. E., Vollaard, N. B., Choueiri, T., & Wilson, M. T. (2002). Exercise, free radicals and oxidative stress. Biochemical Society transactions, 30(2), 280–285.
- Cuzzocrea, S., Riley, D. P., Caputi, A. P., & Salvemini, D. (2001). Antioxidant therapy: a new pharmacological approach in shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacological reviews, 53(1), 135–159.
- David E. (2011). Intense and Exhaustive exercise induce oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease; 1(1):63-66.
- Dekany M, Nemeskeri V, Gyore I, Ekes E, Golg A, Szots,G, Petrekanits M., Taylor, A.w., Berkes, J., & Pucsok, J. (2008). Physical performance and antioxidants effects in triathletes. Biology of Sport, 25(2), 101-114. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47508243
- El Abed, K., Masmoudi, L., Koubaa, A., Hakim, A. (2014). Antioxidant in response to anaerobik or aerobik exercise alone or in combination in male judokas. Advances in Life Sciences And Health, 1(1.).
- Escribano, BM, Tunez, I, Requena, F, Rubio, MD, De Miguel, R, Montilla, P et al. (2010). Effects of an aerobic training program on oxidative stress biomarkers in bulls. Veterinarni Medicina, 55(9): 422–428
- Finaud, J., Lac, G., & Filaire, E. (2006). Oxidative stress : relationship with exercise and training. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 36(4), 327–358. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636040-00004.
- Fisher-Wellman, K., & Bloomer, R. J. (2009). Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. Dynamic medicine : DM, 8, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-5918-8-1
- Foss, ML, Keteyian, SJ. (2006). Physiological basis for exercise and sport, Mc.Graw- Hill Companies, New York, pp. 59-64
- Gomes, E. C., Silva, A. N., & de Oliveira, M. R. (2012). Oxidants, antioxidants, and the beneficial roles of exercise-induced production of reactive species. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 756132. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/756132.
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- Johnston, C.S., & Cox, S.K. (2001). Plasma-Saturating Intakes of Vitamin C Confer Maximal Antioxidant Protection to Plasma. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 20, 623 - 627. DOI:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719159
- Kawamura, T., & Muraoka, I. (2018). Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Effects of Antioxidant Intake from a Physiological Viewpoint. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 7(9), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7090119
- -2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Ecology of food and nutrition, 52(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2012.706000
- Marciniak, A, Brzeszczyńska, J, Gwoździński, K, Jegier, A. (2009). Antioxidant capacity and physical exercise. Journal Biology of Sport, 26(3):197-213. DOI: 10.5604/20831862.894649
- Mooren. FC and Klaus, V. (2005). Molecular and cellular exercise physiology. Human kinetics, USA, pp. 55
- Nakhostin‑Roohi B, Babaei P, Rahmani‑Nia F, Bohlooli S. (2008). Effect of vitamin C supplementation on lipid peroxidation, muscle damage and inflammation after 30‑min exercise at 75% VO2max. J Sports Med Phys Fitness;48:217-24.
- Powers, SK And Sollanek, KJ. (2014). Endurance Exercise And Antioxidant Supplementation: Sense Or Nonsense?-Part 1. Sports Science Exchange, 27:137, 1-4
- Sahlin K, Shabalina IG, Mattsson CM, Linda B, Fernstrom M, Rozhdestvenskaya, Z, et al. 2010 Ultraendurance exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species in isolated mitochondria from human skeletal muscle. Journal Appl Physiol, 08:780-787. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00966.2009
- Samadi, M., Shirvani, H., & Rahmati-Ahmadabad, S. (2020). A study of possible role of exercise and some antioxidant supplements against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A cytokines related perspective. Apunts Sports Medicine, 55(207), 115–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.06.003.
- Simioni, C., Zauli, G., Martelli, A. M., Vitale, M., Sacchetti, G., Gonelli, A., & Neri, L. M. (2018). Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget, 9(24), 17181–17198. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24729.
- Thirumalai T, Viviyan TS, Elumalai EK, de Sousa, C. V., Sales, M. M., Rosa, T. S., Lewis, J. E., de Andrade, R. V., & Simões, H. G. (2017). The Antioxidant Effect of Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(2), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0566-1.
- Ugusman, A., Zakaria, Z., Hui, C. K., Nordin, N. A., & Mahdy, Z. A. (2012). Flavonoids of Piper sarmentosum and its cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress. EXCLI journal, 11, 705–714.
- Urso, M. L., & Clarkson, P. M. (2003). Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Toxicology, 189(1-2), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00151-3.
- Willmore, JH and Costill, DL. (2008). Physiology of sport and exercise, USA, Human Kinetics, pp.216-236
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References
Azizbeigi, K., Azarbayjani, M. A., Peeri, M., Agha-alinejad, H., & Stannard, S. (2013). The effect of progressive resistance training on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in erythrocytes in untrained men. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 23(3),230–238. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.3.230
Belviranli, M, Gokbel, H. (2006). Acute exercise induced oxidative stress and antioxidant changes. European Journal of General Medicine, 3(3):126-131.
DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82392
Brubacher, D., Moser, U., & Jordan, P. (2000). Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 70(5), 226–237. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.70.5.226
Camini, F. C., da Silva Caetano, C. C., Almeida, L. T., & de Brito Magalhães, C. L. (2017). Implications of oxidative stress on viral pathogenesis. Archives of virology, 162(4), 907–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-3187-y
Campbell, JP and Turner, JE. (2018). Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan. Frontiers in Immunology; vol. 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648
Castrogiovanni, P, Imbesi, R 2012. ‘Oxidative stress and skeletal muscle in exercise’, Review in Histology and Cell Biology, Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, vol.117, no. 2, pp.107-116.
Cooper, C. E., Vollaard, N. B., Choueiri, T., & Wilson, M. T. (2002). Exercise, free radicals and oxidative stress. Biochemical Society transactions, 30(2), 280–285.
Cuzzocrea, S., Riley, D. P., Caputi, A. P., & Salvemini, D. (2001). Antioxidant therapy: a new pharmacological approach in shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacological reviews, 53(1), 135–159.
David E. (2011). Intense and Exhaustive exercise induce oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease; 1(1):63-66.
Dekany M, Nemeskeri V, Gyore I, Ekes E, Golg A, Szots,G, Petrekanits M., Taylor, A.w., Berkes, J., & Pucsok, J. (2008). Physical performance and antioxidants effects in triathletes. Biology of Sport, 25(2), 101-114. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47508243
El Abed, K., Masmoudi, L., Koubaa, A., Hakim, A. (2014). Antioxidant in response to anaerobik or aerobik exercise alone or in combination in male judokas. Advances in Life Sciences And Health, 1(1.).
Escribano, BM, Tunez, I, Requena, F, Rubio, MD, De Miguel, R, Montilla, P et al. (2010). Effects of an aerobic training program on oxidative stress biomarkers in bulls. Veterinarni Medicina, 55(9): 422–428
Finaud, J., Lac, G., & Filaire, E. (2006). Oxidative stress : relationship with exercise and training. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 36(4), 327–358. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636040-00004.
Fisher-Wellman, K., & Bloomer, R. J. (2009). Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. Dynamic medicine : DM, 8, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-5918-8-1
Foss, ML, Keteyian, SJ. (2006). Physiological basis for exercise and sport, Mc.Graw- Hill Companies, New York, pp. 59-64
Gomes, E. C., Silva, A. N., & de Oliveira, M. R. (2012). Oxidants, antioxidants, and the beneficial roles of exercise-induced production of reactive species. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 756132. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/756132.
Gómez-Cabrera, M.C., Ferrando, B., Brioche, T., Sanchis-Gomar, F., & Viña, J. (2013). Exercise and antioxidant supplements in the elderly. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2, 94-100.
Gomez-Cabrera, M. C., Viña, J., & Ji, L. L. (2009). Interplay of oxidants and antioxidants during exercise: implications for muscle health. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 37(4), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2009.12.1749
Johnston, C.S., & Cox, S.K. (2001). Plasma-Saturating Intakes of Vitamin C Confer Maximal Antioxidant Protection to Plasma. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 20, 623 - 627. DOI:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719159
Kawamura, T., & Muraoka, I. (2018). Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Effects of Antioxidant Intake from a Physiological Viewpoint. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 7(9), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7090119
-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Ecology of food and nutrition, 52(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2012.706000
Marciniak, A, Brzeszczyńska, J, Gwoździński, K, Jegier, A. (2009). Antioxidant capacity and physical exercise. Journal Biology of Sport, 26(3):197-213. DOI: 10.5604/20831862.894649
Mooren. FC and Klaus, V. (2005). Molecular and cellular exercise physiology. Human kinetics, USA, pp. 55
Nakhostin‑Roohi B, Babaei P, Rahmani‑Nia F, Bohlooli S. (2008). Effect of vitamin C supplementation on lipid peroxidation, muscle damage and inflammation after 30‑min exercise at 75% VO2max. J Sports Med Phys Fitness;48:217-24.
Powers, SK And Sollanek, KJ. (2014). Endurance Exercise And Antioxidant Supplementation: Sense Or Nonsense?-Part 1. Sports Science Exchange, 27:137, 1-4
Sahlin K, Shabalina IG, Mattsson CM, Linda B, Fernstrom M, Rozhdestvenskaya, Z, et al. 2010 Ultraendurance exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species in isolated mitochondria from human skeletal muscle. Journal Appl Physiol, 08:780-787. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00966.2009
Samadi, M., Shirvani, H., & Rahmati-Ahmadabad, S. (2020). A study of possible role of exercise and some antioxidant supplements against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A cytokines related perspective. Apunts Sports Medicine, 55(207), 115–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.06.003.
Simioni, C., Zauli, G., Martelli, A. M., Vitale, M., Sacchetti, G., Gonelli, A., & Neri, L. M. (2018). Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget, 9(24), 17181–17198. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24729.
Thirumalai T, Viviyan TS, Elumalai EK, de Sousa, C. V., Sales, M. M., Rosa, T. S., Lewis, J. E., de Andrade, R. V., & Simões, H. G. (2017). The Antioxidant Effect of Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(2), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0566-1.
Ugusman, A., Zakaria, Z., Hui, C. K., Nordin, N. A., & Mahdy, Z. A. (2012). Flavonoids of Piper sarmentosum and its cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress. EXCLI journal, 11, 705–714.
Urso, M. L., & Clarkson, P. M. (2003). Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Toxicology, 189(1-2), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00151-3.
Willmore, JH and Costill, DL. (2008). Physiology of sport and exercise, USA, Human Kinetics, pp.216-236
Zheng, W., & Wang, S. Y. (2001). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 49(11), 5165–5170. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010697n.