Main Article Content
Abstract
The Indonesia National Adolescent Mental Health Survey (I-NAMHS), over a third of all adolescents (34.9%) reported a mental health problem, with depression in third position in mental health problems (5.3%). High levels of physical activity and low sedentary behavior of athlete students have been associated with improved self-concept and reduced mental health problems, such as depression. As a result, depression has received little attention in this population. To describe the prevalence of symptoms of depression among athlete students at a single university. This cross-sectional study was administered to undergraduate students enrolled in physical education, faculty of teacher training, and education at the University of Bengkulu. Participants (n=70) completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and a demographic questionnaire. Differences in symptoms of depression were calculated by gender. The prevalence of symptoms of depression, as measured on BDI-II, was 36%, and there is no significant gender difference in the prevalence of symptoms of depression (p>0.05, distributed between male and female participants (52% women and 24.4% men). The BDI-II identified the prevalence of symptoms of depression among athlete students. The symptoms of depression in female students were higher than in male students.
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References
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- Altemus, M. (2006). Sex differences in depression and anxiety disorders: potential biological determinants. Horm Behav, 50(4), 534-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.031
- Armstrong, S., & Oomen-Early, J. (2009). Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 521-526.
- Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American psychologist, 55(5), 469. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
- Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W. G., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., Kessler, R. C., Liu, H., & Mortier, P. (2016). Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys. Psychological medicine, 46(14), 2955-2970. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171600166
- Auerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., & Hasking, P. (2018). WHO world mental health surveys international college student project: prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of abnormal psychology, 127(7), 623.
- Bahhawi, T. A., Albasheer, O. B., Makeen, A. M., Arishi, A. M., Hakami, O. M., Maashi, S. M., Al-Khairat, H. K., Alganmy, O. M., Sahal, Y. A., & Sharif, A. A. (2018). Depression, anxiety, and stress and their association with khat use: a cross-sectional study among Jazan University students, Saudi Arabia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2755-2761. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S182744
- Balanza Galindo, S., Morales Moreno, I., Guerrero Muñoz, J., & Conesa Conesa, A. (2008). Academic and psycho-socio-familiar factors associated to anxiety and depression in university students. Reliability and validity of a questionnaire. Rev Esp Salud Publica, 82(2), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1135-57272008000200005
- Beck, A. T., Guth, D., Steer, R. A., & Ball, R. (1997). Screening for major depression disorders in medical inpatients with the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care. Behaviour research and therapy, 35(8), 785-791.
- Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., & Sammut, S. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of affective disorders, 173, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054
- Biddle, S. J., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. British journal of sports medicine, 45(11), 886-895. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185
- Bruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., Nock, M. K., & Kessler, R. C. (2018). Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic functioning. Journal of affective disorders, 225, 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.044
- Clemente, F. M., Nikolaidis, P. T., Martins, F. M. L., & Mendes, R. S. (2016). Weekly physical activity patterns of university students: Are athletes more active than non-athletes? SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1808. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3508-3
- Cranford, J. A., Eisenberg, D., & Serras, A. M. (2009). Substance use behaviors, mental health problems, and use of mental health services in a probability sample of college students. Addictive behaviors, 34(2), 134-145.
- Culbertson, F. M. (1997). Depression and gender. An international review. Am Psychol, 52(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.52.1.25
- Divin, A. L. (2009). Perceived stress levels and health promoting behaviors among NAIA and NCAA Division I student athletes. Oklahoma State University.
- Farabaugh, A., Bitran, S., Nyer, M., Holt, D. J., Pedrelli, P., Shyu, I., Hollon, S. D., Zisook, S., Baer, L., & Busse, W. (2012). Depression and suicidal ideation in college students. Psychopathology, 45(4), 228-234.
- Fernández-Rodríguez, C., Soto-López, T., & Cuesta, M. (2019). Needs and demands for psychological care in university students. Psicothema, 31(4), 414-421. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.78
- Floyd, P. A., Mimms, S. E., & Yelding, C. (2007). Personal Health: Perspectives and Lifestyles (with ThomsonNOW? Printed Access Card). Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
- Gao, L., Li, F., & Gao, X. (2020). Relationship between sleep quality with depression and anxiety symptoms in college students at Tibet Plateau areas. CHINESE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, 42(4), 593. https://doi.org/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.04.026
- Hysenbegasi, A., Hass, S. L., & Rowland, C. R. (2005). The impact of depression on the academic productivity of university students. Journal of mental health policy and economics, 8(3), 145.
- Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., Adams, C. E., & Glazebrook, C. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. J Psychiatr Res, 47(3), 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.015
- Jackson-Koku, G. (2016). Beck depression inventory. Occupational Medicine, 66(2), 174-175.
- Kelly, W. E., Kelly, K. E., Brown, F. C., & Kelly, H. B. (1999). Gender differences in depression among college students: A multicultural perspective. College Student Journal, 33(1), 72-72.
- Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D., Beck, A. T., Hammen, C. L., & Ingram, R. E. (1987). Issues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory. Cognitive therapy and research, 11, 289-299.
- Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Jama, 289(23), 3095-3105. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095
- Lindsey, B. J., Fabiano, P., & Stark, C. (2009). The prevalence and correlates of depression among college students. College Student Journal, 43(4).
- Liu, F., Zhou, N., Cao, H., Fang, X., Deng, L., Chen, W., Lin, X., Liu, L., & Zhao, H. (2017). Chinese college freshmen’s mental health problems and their subsequent help-seeking behaviors: a cohort design (2005-2011). PloS one, 12(10), e0185531. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185531
- Mahroon, Z. A., Borgan, S. M., Kamel, C., Maddison, W., Royston, M., & Donnellan, C. (2018). Factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among medical students in Bahrain. Academic Psychiatry, 42, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-017-0733-1.
- Proctor, S. L., & Boan-Lenzo, C. (2010). Prevalence of depressive symptoms in male intercollegiate student-athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(3), 204-220. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.3.204
- Pustivšek, S., Hadžić, V., Dervišević, E., & Carruthers, J. (2019). Risk for eating disorders and body composition among adolescent female and male athletes and non-athlete controls. International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 32(4), 20170190. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2017-0190
- Sorayah, S. (2015). Uji validitas konstruk Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II). Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi Dan Pendidikan Indonesia, 4(1).
- Storch, E. A., Storch, J. B., Killiany, E. M., & Roberti, J. W. (2005). Self-reported psychopathology in athletes: a comparison of intercollegiate student-athletes and non-athletes. Journal of sport behavior, 28(1).
- Wahdi, A. E., Wilopo, S. A., & Erskine, H. E. (2023). The Prevalence of Adolescent Mental Disorders in Indonesia: An Analysis of Indonesia–National Mental Health Survey (I-NAMHS). Journal of Adolescent Health, 72(3), S70.
- Wolanin, A., Hong, E., Marks, D., Panchoo, K., & Gross, M. (2016). Prevalence of clinically elevated depressive symptoms in college athletes and differences by gender and sport. British journal of sports medicine, 50(3), 167-171. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095756
- Wong, J. G., Cheung, E. P., Chan, K. K., Ma, K. K., & Wa Tang, S. (2006). Web-based survey of depression, anxiety and stress in first-year tertiary education students in Hong Kong. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(9), 777-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01883.x.
- Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Corlette, J. D., Cheng, G., Foster, D. T., & Albright, J. (2007). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with symptoms of depression in competitive collegiate student athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(6), 481-487. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31815aed6b
- Yusko, D. A., Buckman, J. F., White, H. R., & Pandina, R. J. (2008). Alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, and performance enhancers: A comparison of use by college student athletes and nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57(3), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.3.281-290
- Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Han, X., Dai, X., Lou, L., Hou, X., Zhou, C., Liu, Z., & Zhang, W. (2022). Athlete students lead a healthier life than their non-athlete peers: A cross-sectional study of health behaviors, depression, and perceived health status among university students. Front Psychol, 13, 923667. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923667
References
Alamdarloo, G. H., Cheric, M. C., Doostzadeh, M., & Nazari, Z. (2019). The comparison of general health in athlete and non-athlete women. Health psychology research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2019.8047
Altemus, M. (2006). Sex differences in depression and anxiety disorders: potential biological determinants. Horm Behav, 50(4), 534-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.031
Armstrong, S., & Oomen-Early, J. (2009). Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 521-526.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American psychologist, 55(5), 469. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W. G., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., Kessler, R. C., Liu, H., & Mortier, P. (2016). Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys. Psychological medicine, 46(14), 2955-2970. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171600166
Auerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., & Hasking, P. (2018). WHO world mental health surveys international college student project: prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of abnormal psychology, 127(7), 623.
Bahhawi, T. A., Albasheer, O. B., Makeen, A. M., Arishi, A. M., Hakami, O. M., Maashi, S. M., Al-Khairat, H. K., Alganmy, O. M., Sahal, Y. A., & Sharif, A. A. (2018). Depression, anxiety, and stress and their association with khat use: a cross-sectional study among Jazan University students, Saudi Arabia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2755-2761. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S182744
Balanza Galindo, S., Morales Moreno, I., Guerrero Muñoz, J., & Conesa Conesa, A. (2008). Academic and psycho-socio-familiar factors associated to anxiety and depression in university students. Reliability and validity of a questionnaire. Rev Esp Salud Publica, 82(2), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1135-57272008000200005
Beck, A. T., Guth, D., Steer, R. A., & Ball, R. (1997). Screening for major depression disorders in medical inpatients with the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care. Behaviour research and therapy, 35(8), 785-791.
Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., & Sammut, S. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of affective disorders, 173, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054
Biddle, S. J., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. British journal of sports medicine, 45(11), 886-895. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185
Bruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., Nock, M. K., & Kessler, R. C. (2018). Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic functioning. Journal of affective disorders, 225, 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.044
Clemente, F. M., Nikolaidis, P. T., Martins, F. M. L., & Mendes, R. S. (2016). Weekly physical activity patterns of university students: Are athletes more active than non-athletes? SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1808. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3508-3
Cranford, J. A., Eisenberg, D., & Serras, A. M. (2009). Substance use behaviors, mental health problems, and use of mental health services in a probability sample of college students. Addictive behaviors, 34(2), 134-145.
Culbertson, F. M. (1997). Depression and gender. An international review. Am Psychol, 52(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.52.1.25
Divin, A. L. (2009). Perceived stress levels and health promoting behaviors among NAIA and NCAA Division I student athletes. Oklahoma State University.
Farabaugh, A., Bitran, S., Nyer, M., Holt, D. J., Pedrelli, P., Shyu, I., Hollon, S. D., Zisook, S., Baer, L., & Busse, W. (2012). Depression and suicidal ideation in college students. Psychopathology, 45(4), 228-234.
Fernández-Rodríguez, C., Soto-López, T., & Cuesta, M. (2019). Needs and demands for psychological care in university students. Psicothema, 31(4), 414-421. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.78
Floyd, P. A., Mimms, S. E., & Yelding, C. (2007). Personal Health: Perspectives and Lifestyles (with ThomsonNOW? Printed Access Card). Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Gao, L., Li, F., & Gao, X. (2020). Relationship between sleep quality with depression and anxiety symptoms in college students at Tibet Plateau areas. CHINESE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, 42(4), 593. https://doi.org/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.04.026
Hysenbegasi, A., Hass, S. L., & Rowland, C. R. (2005). The impact of depression on the academic productivity of university students. Journal of mental health policy and economics, 8(3), 145.
Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., Adams, C. E., & Glazebrook, C. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. J Psychiatr Res, 47(3), 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.015
Jackson-Koku, G. (2016). Beck depression inventory. Occupational Medicine, 66(2), 174-175.
Kelly, W. E., Kelly, K. E., Brown, F. C., & Kelly, H. B. (1999). Gender differences in depression among college students: A multicultural perspective. College Student Journal, 33(1), 72-72.
Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D., Beck, A. T., Hammen, C. L., & Ingram, R. E. (1987). Issues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory. Cognitive therapy and research, 11, 289-299.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Jama, 289(23), 3095-3105. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095
Lindsey, B. J., Fabiano, P., & Stark, C. (2009). The prevalence and correlates of depression among college students. College Student Journal, 43(4).
Liu, F., Zhou, N., Cao, H., Fang, X., Deng, L., Chen, W., Lin, X., Liu, L., & Zhao, H. (2017). Chinese college freshmen’s mental health problems and their subsequent help-seeking behaviors: a cohort design (2005-2011). PloS one, 12(10), e0185531. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185531
Mahroon, Z. A., Borgan, S. M., Kamel, C., Maddison, W., Royston, M., & Donnellan, C. (2018). Factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among medical students in Bahrain. Academic Psychiatry, 42, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-017-0733-1.
Proctor, S. L., & Boan-Lenzo, C. (2010). Prevalence of depressive symptoms in male intercollegiate student-athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(3), 204-220. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.3.204
Pustivšek, S., Hadžić, V., Dervišević, E., & Carruthers, J. (2019). Risk for eating disorders and body composition among adolescent female and male athletes and non-athlete controls. International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 32(4), 20170190. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2017-0190
Sorayah, S. (2015). Uji validitas konstruk Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II). Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi Dan Pendidikan Indonesia, 4(1).
Storch, E. A., Storch, J. B., Killiany, E. M., & Roberti, J. W. (2005). Self-reported psychopathology in athletes: a comparison of intercollegiate student-athletes and non-athletes. Journal of sport behavior, 28(1).
Wahdi, A. E., Wilopo, S. A., & Erskine, H. E. (2023). The Prevalence of Adolescent Mental Disorders in Indonesia: An Analysis of Indonesia–National Mental Health Survey (I-NAMHS). Journal of Adolescent Health, 72(3), S70.
Wolanin, A., Hong, E., Marks, D., Panchoo, K., & Gross, M. (2016). Prevalence of clinically elevated depressive symptoms in college athletes and differences by gender and sport. British journal of sports medicine, 50(3), 167-171. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095756
Wong, J. G., Cheung, E. P., Chan, K. K., Ma, K. K., & Wa Tang, S. (2006). Web-based survey of depression, anxiety and stress in first-year tertiary education students in Hong Kong. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(9), 777-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01883.x.
Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Corlette, J. D., Cheng, G., Foster, D. T., & Albright, J. (2007). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with symptoms of depression in competitive collegiate student athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(6), 481-487. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31815aed6b
Yusko, D. A., Buckman, J. F., White, H. R., & Pandina, R. J. (2008). Alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, and performance enhancers: A comparison of use by college student athletes and nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57(3), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.3.281-290
Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Han, X., Dai, X., Lou, L., Hou, X., Zhou, C., Liu, Z., & Zhang, W. (2022). Athlete students lead a healthier life than their non-athlete peers: A cross-sectional study of health behaviors, depression, and perceived health status among university students. Front Psychol, 13, 923667. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923667