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Abstract
Running is a sport prone to causing injuries, particularly in recreational runners. One common injury is shin splints, characterized by pain in the lower leg often caused by running activities. This study aims to analyze the relationship between ankle angle during initial contact and shin splint severity in recreational runners. A cross-sectional design with an analytical observational approach was used. The sample included 27 recreational runners meeting specific inclusion criteria. Measurements were conducted using the Shin Pain Scoring System to evaluate shin splint severity and the Apecs application to measure ankle angle at initial contact. The data analysis used is Shapiro-Wilk for normality test and Pearson for correlation. The results indicate a significant relationship between ankle angle during initial contact and shin splint severity (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that improper ankle angles during initial ground contact may increase the risk of shin splints in recreational runners. This study highlights the importance of proper running techniques to prevent injuries, especially shin splints.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Gerarda Sepfiana, Isnaini Herawati

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References
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- Deshmukh, N. S., & Phansopkar, P. (2022). Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome: A Review Article. Cureus, 14(7), e26641. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26641
- Gallo, R. A., Plakke, M., & Silvis, M. L. (2012). Common leg injuries of long-distance runners: anatomical and biomechanical approach. Sports health, 4(6), 485-495.
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- Goss, D. L., & Gross, M. T. (2012). A review of mechanics and injury trends among various running styles. US Army Medical Department Journal.
- Guimarães, E. S. D. D. S., Silva, T. R. M., Araujo, W. N. D., Alves, R. D. C., Takada, J. A. P., Pereira, A. M., ... & Sales, M. S. C. (2024). Analysis of the Functional Kinetic Performance of Mmii of a Group of Amateur Runners from the Municipality of Gurupi, Brazil. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 36(6), 109-117.
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- Lun, V., Meeuwisse, W. H., Stergiou, P., & Stefanyshyn, D. (2004). Relation between running injury and static lower limb alignment in recreational runners. British journal of sports medicine, 38(5), 576-580.
- Menéndez, C., Batalla, L., Prieto, A., Rodríguez, M. Á., Crespo, I., & Olmedillas, H. (2020). Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Novice and Recreational Runners: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(20), 7457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207457.
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- Vincent, H. K., Herman, D. C., Lear-Barnes, L., Barnes, R., Chen, C., Greenberg, S., & Vincent, K. R. (2014). Setting standards for medically-based running analysis. Curr Sports Med Rep, 13(4), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000071
- Winkelmann, Z. K., Anderson, D., Games, K. E., & Eberman, L. E. (2016). Risk Factors for Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Active Individuals: An Evidence-Based Review. J Athl Train, 51(12), 1049–1052. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.13
- Willwacher, S., Kurz, M., Robbin, J., Thelen, M., Hamill, J., Kelly, L., & Mai, P. (2022). Running-Related Biomechanical Risk Factors for Overuse Injuries in Distance Runners: A Systematic Review Considering Injury Specificity and the Potentials for Future Research. Sports Medicine, 52(8), 1863–1877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01666-3
- Xu, Y., Yuan, P., Wang, R., Wang, D., Liu, J., & Zhou, H. (2021). Effects of Foot Strike Techniques on Running Biomechanics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Health, 13(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120934715
References
Almansoof, H. S., Nuhmani, S., & Muaidi, Q. (2023). Correlation of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion with lower-limb kinetic chain function and hop test performance in healthy male recreational athletes. PeerJ, 11, e14877. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1487
Azinge, V. (2024). Role of neuromuscular training on MTSS-inducing running biomechanics in female runners.
Bungin, B. (2023). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif (3rd ed.)
Burke, A., Dillon, S., O’Connor, S., Whyte, E. F., Gore, S., & Moran, K. A. (2021). Risk factors for injuries in runners: a systematic review of foot strike technique and its classification at impact. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 9(9), 23259671211020283.
DeJong Lempke, A. F., Whitney, K. E., Collins, S. E., Dhemecourt, P. A., & Meehan, W. P. (2022). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to running-related lower limb injuries among adolescent runners. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(22), 2468-2474.
Deshmukh, N. S., & Phansopkar, P. (2022). Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome: A Review Article. Cureus, 14(7), e26641. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26641
Gallo, R. A., Plakke, M., & Silvis, M. L. (2012). Common leg injuries of long-distance runners: anatomical and biomechanical approach. Sports health, 4(6), 485-495.
Giandolini, M., Horvais, N., Farges, Y., Samozino, P., & Morin, J. B. (2013). Impact reduction through long-term intervention in recreational runners: midfoot strike pattern versus low-drop/low-heel height footwear. European journal of applied physiology, 113, 2077-2090.
Goss, D. L., & Gross, M. T. (2012). A review of mechanics and injury trends among various running styles. US Army Medical Department Journal.
Guimarães, E. S. D. D. S., Silva, T. R. M., Araujo, W. N. D., Alves, R. D. C., Takada, J. A. P., Pereira, A. M., ... & Sales, M. S. C. (2024). Analysis of the Functional Kinetic Performance of Mmii of a Group of Amateur Runners from the Municipality of Gurupi, Brazil. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 36(6), 109-117.
Jannah, R., Muawal, B. A. R., & Sativani, Z. (2022). Gait Retraining Program to Reduce The Risk Of Repeat Injury In Runners (Literature Study). Jurnal Fisioterapi Dan Kesehatan Indonesia, 2(2), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.59946/jfki.2022.138
Kusumastuti, A., Khoiron, A. M., & Achmadi, T. A. (2020). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Deepublish. Roflin, E., Liberty, I. A., & Pariyana. (2021). Populasi, Sampel, Variabel dalam Penelitian Kedokteran. NEM-Anggota IKAPI.
Loudon, J. K., & Reiman, M. P. (2012). Lower extremity kinematics in running athletes with and without a history of medial shin pain. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 7(4), 356–364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22893855%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3414067
Lun, V., Meeuwisse, W. H., Stergiou, P., & Stefanyshyn, D. (2004). Relation between running injury and static lower limb alignment in recreational runners. British journal of sports medicine, 38(5), 576-580.
Menéndez, C., Batalla, L., Prieto, A., Rodríguez, M. Á., Crespo, I., & Olmedillas, H. (2020). Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Novice and Recreational Runners: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(20), 7457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207457.
Nussbaum, E. D., Gatt, C. J., Epstein, R., Bechler, J. R., Swan, K. G., Tyler, D., & Bjornaraa, J. (2019). Validation of the Shin Pain Scoring System: A Novel Approach for Determining Tibial Bone Stress Injuries. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 7(10), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119877803
Sithravelayuthan, M., Nanayakkara, I., A.A.E, R., & Kotakadeniya, H. M. s. R. . (2019). Prevalence and Associated Factors of Injuries Related to Running: A Study among Runners in Sri Lanka. American Journal of Sports Science, 7(2), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajssm-7-2-1
Sugiyono, & Nuryanto, A. (2007). Statistika untuk penelitian. Alfabeta.
Szucs, K. A., & Brown, E. V. D. (2018). Rater reliability and construct validity of a mobile application for posture analysis. J Phys Ther Sci, 30(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.31
Trovato, B., Roggio, F., Sortino, M., Zanghì, M., Petrigna, L., Giuffrida, R., & Musumeci, G. (2022). Postural Evaluation in Young Healthy Adults through a Digital and Reproducible Method. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol, 7(4), 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040098
Vincent, H. K., Herman, D. C., Lear-Barnes, L., Barnes, R., Chen, C., Greenberg, S., & Vincent, K. R. (2014). Setting standards for medically-based running analysis. Curr Sports Med Rep, 13(4), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000071
Winkelmann, Z. K., Anderson, D., Games, K. E., & Eberman, L. E. (2016). Risk Factors for Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Active Individuals: An Evidence-Based Review. J Athl Train, 51(12), 1049–1052. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.13
Willwacher, S., Kurz, M., Robbin, J., Thelen, M., Hamill, J., Kelly, L., & Mai, P. (2022). Running-Related Biomechanical Risk Factors for Overuse Injuries in Distance Runners: A Systematic Review Considering Injury Specificity and the Potentials for Future Research. Sports Medicine, 52(8), 1863–1877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01666-3
Xu, Y., Yuan, P., Wang, R., Wang, D., Liu, J., & Zhou, H. (2021). Effects of Foot Strike Techniques on Running Biomechanics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Health, 13(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120934715