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Abstract
ASEAN Para Games is the largest disability sports competition in Southeast Asia. It is routinely held every two years. This study aims to identify sports injuries and physiotherapy services for minimal impairment in Indonesian Paralympic athletes during the ASEAN Para Games Cambodia 2023. The method was a retrospective descriptive epidemiological study with a cross-sectional approach and secondary data from NPC Indonesia. The population came from Indonesian Paralympic athletes who participated in the 2023 ASEAN Para Games, a total of 268 people. At the same time, the sample used was 174 athletes who suffered injuries and received physiotherapy services. Qualitative frequency analysis showed that limb deficiency was the most common impairment receiving physiotherapy services (42.5%, n=74). Of the 12 sports, Para Athletic was the most common sport in which physiotherapy services were received (77%, n=57). The knee and shoulder regions were the most commonly injured (20.6%, n=36). The massage gun was the most common physiotherapy modality, used 70 times out of a total of 1,498 times for all modalities. Services at the medical center clinic had the most follow-up status with 42 people, and receiving services in the field had the most resolved status with 61 people. This study provides valuable insights into injury patterns, medical admissions, and physiotherapy services during the ASEAN Para Games Cambodia 2023, besides highlighting the importance of tailored physiotherapy interventions in supporting the recovery of athletes during major Para sports events.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Namira Mutia Khanza, Suryo Saputra Perdana

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References
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References
Bayer, M. L., Magnusson, S. P., & Kjær, M. (2017). Early versus Delayed Rehabilitation after Acute Muscle Injury. N Engl J Med, 377(13), 1300–1301. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1708134
Bethapudi, S., & Campbell, R. S. D. (2018). Challenges of imaging injured Paralympic Athletes. European Journal of Radiology, 108, 283–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.07.019
Deasyanti, Juriana, & Susetyo, S. A. (2021). Sport Motivation of Paralympic Athletes after Injury. JPJO, 6(2), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v6i2.31536
Dhillon, H., Dhillon, S., & Dhillon, M. S. (2017). Current Concepts in Sports Injury Rehabilitation. Indian J Orthop, 51(5), 529–536. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fortho.IJOrtho_226_17
Fagher, K., Badenhorst, M., & Vliet, P. Van de. (2021). Sports physiotherapy – Actions to optimize the health of Para athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 16(6), 1376–1378. https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.29910
Ferreira, R. M., Silva, R., Vigário, P., Martins, P. N., Casanova, F., Fernandes, R. J., & Sampaio, A. R. (2023). The Effects of Massage Guns on Performance and Recovery: A Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol, 8(3), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8030138
Ibrahim, Kardi, I. S., Hasan, B., Ita, S., & Lin, S.-C. (2023). Differences in Sports Injury Characteristics of Track and Field Athletes at the PASI Papua Athletics Invitational Towards PON XXI. JOSSAE, 8(2), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.26740.jossae.v8n2.p94-102
IPC. (2020). Explanatory Guide To Classification. June.
Joseph, C., & Finch, C. F. (2017). Sports Injuries. In International Encyclopedia of Public Health (2nd ed., pp. 79–86). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00432-X
Kemenpora, R. (2023). CdM ASEAN Para Games 2023 Kamboja Sebut Atlet Indonesia Siap Fisik dan Mental untuk Hattrick Juara Umum. Situs Resmi KEMENPORA RI. https://www.kemenpora.go.id/detail/3624/cdm-asean-para-games-2023-kamboja-sebut-atlet-indonesia-siap-fisik-dan-mental-untuk-hattrick-juara-umum
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 65 Tahun 2015 Tentang Standar Pelayanan Fisioterapi, Pub. L. No. 1662, 2015, 1 (2015). https://www.kemhan.go.id/itjen/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/bn1662-2015.pdf
Kim, M.-C., & Hong, S.-M. (2022). A Comparative Analysis Study on Para Athletics’ Track Discipline Change and Performance Trend in the Paralympic Games (2004–2020). Appl. Sci, 12(24), 12904. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412904
Kong, P. W., & Yam, J. W. (2022). Shoulder biomechanics of para-table tennis: a case study of a standing class para-athlete with severe leg impairment. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 14(143). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00536-9
Mardiyanto, D., & Okfitasari, A. (2023). Potensi Sport Tourism Terhadap Perekonomian di Kota Solo: ASEAN Para Games Event 2022. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Pajak, 24(1), 1–8. https://jurnal.stie-aas.ac.id/index.php/jap/article/view/9090/pdf
Park, H., Chang, J. Y., Hwang, J., Lee, Y. H., & You, J. (Sung) H. (2022). Sports Injury and Physiotherapy Services in the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Paralympic Games: Considerations and Potential Recommendations for Future Paralympics. Phys Ther Korea, 29(3), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.12674/ptk.2022.29.3.241
Pienheiro, J., Branquinho, L., Pinheiro, J., & Ramos, S. (2023). Understanding sports injury: A preliminary study. Journal of the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 6(3), 60–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/ph9.0000000000000010
Purcell, R., Gwyther, K., & Rice, S. M. (2019). Mental Health In Elite Athletes: Increased Awareness Requires An Early Intervention Framework to Respond to Athlete Needs. Sports Med Open, 5(46). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0220-1
Räisänen, A. M., Pasanen, K., Krosshaug, T., Vasankari, T., Kannus, P., Heinonen, A., Kujala, U. M., Avela, J., Perttunen, J., & Parkkari, J. (2018). Association between frontal plane knee control and lower extremity injuries: a prospective study on young team sport athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 4, e000311. https://doi.org/10.1136/ bmjsem-2017-000311
Sams, L., Langdown, B. L., Simons, J., & Vseteckova, J. (2023). The Effect Of Percussive Therapy On Musculoskeletal Performance And Experiences Of Pain: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 18(2), 309–327. https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.73795
Tinney, M. J., Caldwell, M. E., & Lamberg, E. M. (2024). Adaptive Sports and Recreation in Persons with Limb Loss/Limb Deficiency. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2024.06.004
Vitasari, L., Perdana, S. S., & Azizah, A. N. (2023). Incidence of Paralympic Sports Injuries in Para Athletes: Systematic Review. ICHWB, 392–409. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-184-5_35
Weiler, R., Blauwet, C., Clarke, D., Dalton, K., Derman, W., Fagher, K., Gouttebarge, V., Kissick, J., Lee, K., Lexell, J., Vliet, P. Van de, Verhagen, E., Webborn, N., & Ahmed, O. H. (2021). Concussion in para sport: the first position statement of the Concussion in Para Sport (CIPS) Group. Br J Sports Med, 55, 1187–1195. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103696
Willick, S. E. (2019). The Athlete with Limb Deficiency. Aspetar Sport Medicine Journal, 7, 132–137. https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-7-targeted-topic-paralympic-athletes/the-athlete-with-limb-deficiency