Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to determine the relationship between lower limb muscle endurance and functional mobility among elderly individuals at Puskesmas II Tabanan. This observational analytic study employed a cross-sectional design and included 63 elderly individuals aged 60–69 years with normal BMI based on Asian adult standards. Participants were selected through simple random sampling. Lower limb muscle endurance was assessed using the 30-Second Chair Stand Test (30s-CST), while functional mobility was measured using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT). Data were analyzed using the Spearman’s Rho correlation test due to non-normal distribution. The Spearman’s correlation test showed a strong and statistically significant negative correlation between lower limb muscle endurance and functional mobility (r = -0.535, p = 0.000). Participants with higher repetition counts in the 30s-CST completed the TUGT in shorter times, indicating better mobility performance. There is a significant inverse relationship between lower limb muscle endurance and functional mobility in older adults. Routine assessment and targeted interventions focusing on muscle endurance should be integrated into geriatric healthcare programs to enhance mobility and reduce fall risk.
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Copyright (c) 2025 I Putu Wahyu Mahendra, Luh Putu Ratna Sundari, Nur Basuki

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References
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- Peoples, B. M., Harrison, K. D., Santamaria-Guzman, K. G., Campos-Vargas, S. E., Monaghan, P. G., & Roper, J. A. (2024). Functional Lower Extremity Strength Influences Stepping Strategy In Community-Dwelling Older Adults During Single And Dual-Task Walking. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 13379. Https://Doi.Org/10.1038/S41598-024-64293-0
- Roongbenjawan, N., & Siriphorn, A. (2020). Accuracy Of Modified 30-S Chair-Stand Test For Predicting Falls In Older Adults. Annals Of Physical And Rehabilitation Medicine, 63(4), 309–315. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Rehab.2019.08.003
- Roshanravan, B., Patel, K. V., Fried, L. F., Robinson-Cohen, C., De Boer, I. H., Harris, T., Murphy, R. A., Satterfield, S., Goodpaster, B. H., Shlipak, M., Newman, A. B., & Kestenbaum, B. (2017). Association Of Muscle Endurance, Fatigability, And Strength With Functional Limitation And Mortality In The Health Aging And Body Composition Study. The Journals Of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences And Medical Sciences, 72(2), 284–291. Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/Gerona/Glw210
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- Wang, B., Davies, T. B., Way, K. L., Tran, D. L., Davis, G. M., Singh, M. F., & Hackett, D. A. (2023). Effect Of Resistance Training On Local Muscle Endurance In Middle-Aged And Older Adults: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis And Meta-Regression. Archives Of Gerontology And Geriatrics, 109, 104954. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Archger.2023.104954
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- Zhou, H., Ding, X., & Luo, M. (2024). The Association Between Sarcopenia And Functional Disability In Older Adults. The Journal Of Nutrition, Health And Aging, 28(1), 100016. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jnha.2023.100016
References
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik-Penduduk-Lanjut-Usia-2023. 20, 16–21.
Beaudart, C., Zaaria, M., Pasleau, F., Reginster, J.-Y., & Bruyère, O. (2017). Health Outcomes Of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Plos One, 12(1), E0169548. Https://Doi.Org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0169548
Chang, L., Zheng, Y., Ding, Y., Long, Z., & Zhang, H. (2025). Nonleisure-Time Physical Activity As A Protective Factor Against Sarcopenia In Hemodialysis Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. Frontiers In Nutrition, 12. Https://Doi.Org/10.3389/Fnut.2025.1517429
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., Cooper, C., Landi, F., Rolland, Y., Sayer, A. A., Schneider, S. M., Sieber, C. C., Topinkova, E., Vandewoude, M., Visser, M., Zamboni, M., Bautmans, I., Baeyens, J.-P., Cesari, M., … Schols, J. (2019). Sarcopenia: Revised European Consensus On Definition And Diagnosis. Age And Ageing, 48(1), 16–31. Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/Ageing/Afy169
Eagles, D., Yadav, K., Perry, J. J., Sirois, M. J., & Emond, M. (2018). Mobility Assessments Of Geriatric Emergency Department Patients: A Systematic Review. Cjem, 20(3), 353–361. Https://Doi.Org/10.1017/Cem.2017.46
Ensink, I., Rothbauer, M. J. A., Röhlinger, S., Merry, A. H. H., & Sipers, W. M. W. H. (2025). The Modified-30-Seconds-Chair-Stand-Test: A Practical And Reproducible Tool To Assess Muscle Strength In Acutely Ill Hospitalized Geriatric Patients. Journal Of Frailty, Sarcopenia And Falls, 10(1), 8–17. Https://Doi.Org/10.22540/Jfsf-10-008
Fragala, M. S., Cadore, E. L., Dorgo, S., Izquierdo, M., Kraemer, W. J., Peterson, M. D., & Ryan, E. D. (2019). Resistance Training For Older Adults: Position Statement From The National Strength And Conditioning Association. Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research, 33(8), 2019–2052. Https://Doi.Org/10.1519/Jsc.0000000000003230
Futrell, E. E., Roberts, D., & Toole, E. (2022). The Effects Of Intrinsic Foot Muscle Strengthening On Functional Mobility In Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 70(2), 531–540. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Jgs.17541
Gatenio-Hefling, O., Tzemah-Shahar, R., Asraf, K., Dilian, O., Gil, E., & Agmon, M. (2024). Revisiting The “Timed Up And Go” Test: A 12-S Cut-Off Can Predict Hospitalization Associated Functional Decline In Older Adults. Geroscience, 47(1), 1039–1048. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S11357-024-01280-3
Govindasamy, K., Rao, C. R., Chandrasekaran, B., Parpa, K., & Granacher, U. (2025). Effects Of Resistance Training On Sarcopenia Risk Among Healthy Older Adults: A Scoping Review Of Physiological Mechanisms. Life, 15(5), 688. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Life15050688
Hu, C., Xia, Y., Zeng, D., Ye, M., & Mei, T. (2024). Effect Of Resistance Circuit Training On Comprehensive Health Indicators In Older Adults: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 8823. Https://Doi.Org/10.1038/S41598-024-59386-9
Hunter, S. K., Pereira, H. M., & Keenan, K. G. (2016). The Aging Neuromuscular System And Motor Performance. Journal Of Applied Physiology, 121(4), 982–995. Https://Doi.Org/10.1152/Japplphysiol.00475.2016
Kim, M.-K., Kim, C.-Y., Baek, C.-Y., Kim, S.-W., Je, H. D., Jeong, J. H., & Kim, H.-D. (2024). The Effects Of Various Stair-Climbing Exercises On Functional Mobility And Trunk Muscle Activation In Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Medicine, 103(23), E38446. Https://Doi.Org/10.1097/Md.0000000000038446
Kuo, F.-L., Liao, Z.-Y., Liao, P.-C., & Wang, H.-H. (2024). Impact Of Community-Based Precision Functional Training On Older Adults’ Walking And Cognitive Abilities In Rural Taiwan: A Pre–Posttest Study. Bmc Geriatrics, 24(1), 819. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S12877-024-05422-2
Li, Y., Gao, Y., Hu, S., Chen, H., Zhang, M., Yang, Y., & Liu, Y. (2023). Effects Of Multicomponent Exercise On The Muscle Strength, Muscle Endurance And Balance Of Frail Older Adults: A Meta‐Analysis Of Randomised Controlled Trials. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 32(9–10), 1795–1805. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Jocn.16196
Lina, R. K., Yani, S., & Trioclarise, R. (2023). Pengaruh Elastic Band Exercise Terhadap Lansia Dengan Gangguan Keseimbangan (Studi Kuasi Eksperimen : Pada Lansia Di Pstw Budi Mulya I Tahun 2022). Jurnal Fisioterapi Dan Kesehatan Indonesia, 3(1), 57–68. Https://Doi.Org/10.59946/Jfki.2023.165
Ortega-Bastidas, P., Gómez, B., Aqueveque, P., Luarte-Martínez, S., & Cano-De-La-Cuerda, R. (2023). Instrumented Timed Up And Go Test (Itug)—More Than Assessing Time To Predict Falls: A Systematic Review. Sensors, 23(7), 3426. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/S23073426
Peoples, B. M., Harrison, K. D., Santamaria-Guzman, K. G., Campos-Vargas, S. E., Monaghan, P. G., & Roper, J. A. (2024). Functional Lower Extremity Strength Influences Stepping Strategy In Community-Dwelling Older Adults During Single And Dual-Task Walking. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 13379. Https://Doi.Org/10.1038/S41598-024-64293-0
Roongbenjawan, N., & Siriphorn, A. (2020). Accuracy Of Modified 30-S Chair-Stand Test For Predicting Falls In Older Adults. Annals Of Physical And Rehabilitation Medicine, 63(4), 309–315. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Rehab.2019.08.003
Roshanravan, B., Patel, K. V., Fried, L. F., Robinson-Cohen, C., De Boer, I. H., Harris, T., Murphy, R. A., Satterfield, S., Goodpaster, B. H., Shlipak, M., Newman, A. B., & Kestenbaum, B. (2017). Association Of Muscle Endurance, Fatigability, And Strength With Functional Limitation And Mortality In The Health Aging And Body Composition Study. The Journals Of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences And Medical Sciences, 72(2), 284–291. Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/Gerona/Glw210
Smith, R. E., Shelton, A. D., Sawicki, G. S., & Franz, J. R. (2024). The Effects Of Plantarflexor Weakness And Reduced Tendon Stiffness With Aging On Gait Stability. Plos One, 19(4), E0302021. Https://Doi.Org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0302021
Sun, M., Min, L., Xu, N., Huang, L., & Li, X. (2021). The Effect Of Exercise Intervention On Reducing The Fall Risk In Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Controlled Trials. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 18(23), 12562. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Ijerph182312562
Takimoto, K., Takebayashi, H., Kondo, H., & Ikeda, K. (2025). Association Between Muscle Quality Assessed By The 5-Repetition Sit-To-Stand Test And Falls In Community-Dwelling Older Adults In Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Geriatrics, 10(3), 78. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Geriatrics10030078
Wang, B., Davies, T. B., Way, K. L., Tran, D. L., Davis, G. M., Singh, M. F., & Hackett, D. A. (2023). Effect Of Resistance Training On Local Muscle Endurance In Middle-Aged And Older Adults: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis And Meta-Regression. Archives Of Gerontology And Geriatrics, 109, 104954. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Archger.2023.104954
Wang, H., Huang, W. Y., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Efficacy Of Exercise On Muscle Function And Physical Performance In Older Adults With Sarcopenia: An Updated Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 19(13), 8212. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Ijerph19138212
Wang, P., Liu, Y., & Chen, C. (2024). Effects Of Neuromuscular Training On Dynamic Balance Ability In Athletes: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Heliyon, 10(16), E35823. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Heliyon.2024.E35823
Zhou, H., Ding, X., & Luo, M. (2024). The Association Between Sarcopenia And Functional Disability In Older Adults. The Journal Of Nutrition, Health And Aging, 28(1), 100016. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jnha.2023.100016