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Abstract
Physical condition is a major factor in supporting the performance of handball athletes. This study aims to determine the level of physical condition of female athletes of the Handball UKM of the Islamic University of Riau. The study used a quantitative approach with a descriptive method. The sample consisted of 20 athletes with a total sampling technique. The research instruments included arm and shoulder muscle strength tests (hand dynamometer), arm and shoulder muscle endurance tests (push-ups), speed tests (50-meter run), agility tests (shuttle run), and general endurance tests (15-minute run). Data analysis used descriptive statistics in the form of percentages and norm categorization. The results showed that the average level of physical condition of athletes was 5.2 which was in the sufficient category (80%). The dominant component was arm and shoulder muscle endurance (65% in the very good category), while the lowest component was general endurance (75% in the poor category). It was concluded that the physical condition of female athletes of the Handball UKM of the Islamic University of Riau still needs improvement, especially in the aspect of cardiovascular endurance.
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References
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References
Belka, J., et al. (2022). Physical profile of elite female handball players. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 6789. https://doi.org/10.3390/app120306789
Beltran-Valls, M., et al. (2022). Aerobic fitness and match performance. Biology of Sport, 39(3), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.00001
Buchheit, M., et al. (2021). Monitoring training load in team sports. Sports Medicine, 51(7), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-00002-1
Dos’Santos, T., et al. (2021). Change of direction biomechanics in sport athletes. Sports Medicine, 51(2), 289–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01342-6
Falch, H. N., et al. (2022). Strength training effects in female handball players. Biology of Sport, 39(2), 537–545. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.106162
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., et al. (2020). Injury prevention strategies. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 15(5), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20200001
Granados, C., et al. (2021). Fitness profile of elite female handball players. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 21(4), 580–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1870425
Hammami, M., et al. (2022). Contrast strength training in female handball players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 17(6), 1147–1157. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221108927
Haugen, T., et al. (2020). Sprint conditioning in female athletes. Sports Medicine, 50(2), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-00001-1
Hermassi, S., et al. (2020). Physical characteristics of female handball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(6), 1701–1709. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000001
Hermassi, S., et al. (2021). Upper limb strength and throwing velocity. Biology of Sport, 38(3), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2020.95432
Luteberget, L., & Spencer, M. (2021). High-intensity actions in female handball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(4), 514–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1864958
Mancha-Triguero, D., et al. (2021). HIIT effects in handball players. Sustainability, 13(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13040001
Michalsik, L., & Aagaard, P. (2020). Match demands in team handball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(20), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.0000001
Makorohim, M. F. (2025). Physical fitness level of female handball athletes. Kinestetik, 9(4), 897–906. https://doi.org/10.33369/jk.v9i4.45668
Nikolaidis, P. T., & Knechtle, B. (2021). Body composition and physical fitness. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(6), 678–686. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1868470
Papaevangelou, E., et al. (2023). Cardiorespiratory fitness changes. Applied Sciences, 13(17), 9593. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179593
Poulsen, M. S., et al. (2020). Training load and performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 20(10), 1356–1365. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1783521
Pratama, R., & Yuliawan, E. (2022). Profil kondisi fisik mahasiswa. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia, 18(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpji.v18i2.00001
Ramírez-Campillo, R., et al. (2020). Plyometric training effects. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00001
Rios, M., et al. (2023). Physical fitness profile of female handball players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(9), 5751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095751
Sabido, R., et al. (2020). Strength adaptations in female players. Sports Biomechanics, 19(5), 567–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2020.1714539
Skazalski, C., et al. (2020). Aerobic fitness in female handball players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 72(1), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0040
Turner, A., et al. (2022). Evidence-based strength training. Sports, 10(5), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10050001
Wagner, H., et al. (2022). Determinants of performance in handball. Sports Medicine-Open, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00001-1