Sustainable Production of Drinking Water Company (Study at Pt. X, Cilegon, Banten Province)
Abstract
This study provides recommendations for the sustainability of drinking water production at PT X. The methods used include laboratory analysis, surveys, NVP, BCR, and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) analysis. The Results shows that the water quality of PT X complies with the quality standards set in SNI 3553 of 2015 concerning Mineral Water. With a raw water source discharge of 1.375 m³/second, PT X can meet its annual needs in just about 2 hours and 38 minutes. The production of drinking water by PT X is also economically viable, as the benefits generated exceed the costs incurred. This is supported by a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 2,23 and a Net Present Value (NPV) of Rp 63.704.481.792,19. Furthermore, based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis, the main priority for sustainable drinking water production is to enhance environmentally friendly production processes, with a weight of 0,34 among all alternatives. For sustainable drinking water production criteria, the first priority is water quality with a weight of 0,314, followed by social acceptance with a weight of 0,290, and economic value at 0,289. In conclusion, this research provides strategic recommendations for maintaining sustainable drinking water production that is environmentally friendly, economical, and socially accepted at PT X.
Full text article
References
Afifah, T., Nuryetty, M. T., Cahyorini, Musadad, D. A., Schlotheuber, A., Bergen, N., & Johnston, R. 2018. Subnational regional inequality in access to improved drinking water and sanitation in Indonesia: results from the 2015 Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS). Global health action, 11(sup1), 31-40.
Ahmad, A., & Azam, T. 2019. Water purification technologies. In Bottled and Packaged Water (pp. 83-120). Woodhead Publishing.
Aivazidou, E., Tsolakis, N., Vlachos, D., & Iakovou, E. 2018. A water footprint management framework for supply chains under green market behaviour. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 592-606.
Amit, R. K., & Sasidharan, S. 2019. Measuring affordability of access to clean water: A coping cost approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 141, 410-417.
Andres, L., Boateng, K., Borja-Vega, C., & Thomas, E. 2018. A review of in-situ and remote sensing technologies to monitor water and sanitation interventions. Water, 10(6), 756.
Andriyanto, N., Suheri, A., & Soesanta, P. E. 2023. Analysis of Factors Leveraging Sustainability of Community-Based Drinking Water Supply (Case Study of Drinking Water Supply for The Pamsimas Program, Kapongan Sub-District, Situbondo Regency). Journal of Development Research, 7(2), 349-358.
Asdak, C. 2023. A National Policy On Indonesia’s Integrated Water Resource Conservation Management. Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research, 10(2), 151-162.
Bain, R., Johnston, R., & Slaymaker, T. 2020. Drinking water quality and the SDGs. NPJ Clean Water, 3(1), 37.
Bithas, K. 2008. The sustainable residential water use: Sustainability, efficiency and social equity. The European experience. Ecological Economics, 68(1-2), 221-229.
Bolisetty, S., Peydayesh, M., & Mezzenga, R. 2019. Sustainable technologies for water purification from heavy metals: review and analysis. Chemical Society Reviews, 48(2), 463-487.
Charles, K. J., Nowicki, S., & Bartram, J. K. 2020. A framework for monitoring the safety of water services: from measurements to security. NPJ Clean Water, 3(1), 36.
Chayyani, N. R., Gravitiani, E., & Perwithosuci, W. 2021. Willingness to pay and sustainable water resources management preference of the community in Parerejo, Lampung Province, Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 824(1): 012112. IOP Publishing.
Cronin, A. A., Odagiri, M., Arsyad, B., Nuryetty, M. T., Amannullah, G., Santoso, H., & Darundiyah, K. 2017. Piloting water quality testing coupled with a national socioeconomic survey in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia, towards tracking of Sustainable Development Goal 6. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 220(7), 1141-1151.
Daniel, D., Qaimamunazzala, H., Siantoro, A., Sirait, M., Tanaboleng, Y. B., & Padmawati, R. S. 2023. Household drinking water treatment in rural Indonesia: actual practice, determinants, and drinking water quality. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 13(3), 208-217.
Dinar, A., & Letey, J. 1991. Agricultural water marketing, allocative efficiency, and drainage reduction. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 20(3), 210-223.
Fakhru’l-Razi, A., Pendashteh, A., Abdullah, L. C., Biak, D. R. A., Madaeni, S. S., & Abidin, Z. Z. (2009). Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment. Journal of hazardous materials, 170(2-3), 530-551.
Fuller, M., Wells, E., Furatian, L., Douglas, I., & Lane, K. 2023. Drinking water quality management progress in Ontario, two decades after Walkerton. Journal of Water and Health, 21(8), 1073-1085.
Futra, F. D., Yuwana, Y., Johan, Y., Brata, B., & Bakhtiar, D. 2024. Efektivitas Keberlanjutan Pukat Cincin (Purse Seine) di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai Pulau Baai Bengkulu. Naturalis: Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 13(1).
García-Cáceres, R. G., Castañeda-Galvis, M. T., & Suárez-Fajardo, J. F. 2019. Towards an efficient and sustainable planning of the drinking water supply chain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 230, 394-401.
Hardati, P., Rijanta, R., & Ritohardoyo, S. 2019. Household Access to Drinking Water Sources in the Bergas District Industrial Center, Semarang Regency Central Java Province Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Environment and Sustainability Issues, ICESI 2019, 18-19 July 2019, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Haryani, G. S. (2021). Sustainable use and conservation of inland water ecosystem in Indonesia: Challenge for fisheries management in lake and river ecosystem. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 789, No. 1, p. 012023). IOP Publishing.
He, C., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Pan, X., Fang, Z., Li, J., & Bryan, B. A. 2021. Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions. Nature Communications, 12(1), 4667.
Hidayat, F., & Dewi, O. C. 2022. Strengthening Sustainable Context of Water Management in Educational Building Universitas Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1058, No. 1, p. 012009). IOP Publishing.
Jury, W. A., & Vaux Jr, H. J. 2007. The emerging global water crisis: managing scarcity and conflict between water users. Advances in agronomy, 95, 1-76.
Kamulyan, P., Wiguna, I. P. A., & Slamet, A. 2018. Penilaian Keberlanjutan Pengelolaan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Berbasis Masyarakat Di Kota Blitar. Journal of Civil Engineering, 32(2), 60-68.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2022. Pemerintah Targetkan 2020-2024 Masyarakat Indonesia Akses Air Minum Layak 100%. https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/rilis-media/20220322/5939554/pemerintah-targetkan-2020-2024-masyarakat-indonesia-akses-air-minum-layak-100/
Kline, P., & Moretti, E. 2014. People, places, and public policy: Some simple welfare economics of local economic development programs. Annu. Rev. Econ., 6(1), 629-662.
Kunz, N. C., Kastelle, T., & Moran, C. J. 2017. Social network analysis reveals that communication gaps may prevent effective water management in the mining sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 148, 915-922.
Lattemann, S., & Höpner, T. 2008. Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination. Desalination, 220(1-3), 1-15.
Luh, J., & Bartram, J. 2017. Challenges to achieving the sustainable development goals: water treatment. In Chemistry and water (pp. 597-621). Elsevier.
Makokove, R., Macherera, M., Kativhu, T., & Gudo, D. F. 2022. The effect of household practices on the deterioration of microbial quality of drinking water between source and point of use in Murewa district, Zimbabwe. Journal of Water and Health, 20(3), 518-530.
Maramis, F. S., Sepang, J. L., & Soegoto, A. S. 2018. Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, Harga Dan Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Pada Pt. Air Manado. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 6(3).
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. 2016. Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Science advances, 2(2), e1500323.
Nakamura, R., & Kondo, T. 2021. Assessing the Effects of Access to Safe Drinking Water on Children’s Nutritional Status in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 18(2), 55-71.
Narendra, B. H., Siregar, C. A., Dharmawan, I. W. S., Sukmana, A., Pratiwi, Pramono, I. B., .. & Yuwati, T. W. 2021. A review on sustainability of watershed management in Indonesia. Sustainability, 13(19), 11125.
Oelkers, E. H., Hering, J. G., & Zhu, C. 2011. Water: is there a global crisis?. Elements, 7(3), 157-162.
Pal, M., Ayele, Y., Hadush, M., Panigrahi, S., & Jadhav, V. J. 2018. Public health hazards due to unsafe drinking water. Air Water Borne Dis, 7(1000138), 2.
Pastor, M. M., Schatz, T., Traverso, M., Wagner, V., & Hinrichsen, O. 2018. Social aspects of water consumption: risk of access to unimproved drinking water and to unimproved sanitation facilities—an example from the automobile industry. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 23, 940-956.
Patunru, A. A. (2015). Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation in I ndonesia. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 2(2), 234-244.
Rebelo, M. F., Santos, G., & Silva, R. 2016. Integration of management systems: towards a sustained success and development of organizations. Journal of cleaner production, 127, 96-111.
Rejekiningrum, P., & Kartiwa, B. 2018. Institutional development of irrigation management based on the local wisdom in Indonesia.
Sakisaka, K., Chadeka, E. A., Nagi, S., Mwandembo, D. S., & Jimba, M. 2015. Introduction of a community water supply in rural western Kenya: impact on community wellbeing and child health. International Health, 7(3), 204-211.
Sampulawa, I., & Tumanan, D. 2016. Analisis kualitas air minum isi ulang yang dijual di Kecamatan Teluk Ambon. Arika, 10(1), 41-56.
Sapiddin, A. S. A., Saleng, A., Bachri, S., & Ilmar, A. 2018. The Portrait of Water Resources Sustainable Management in Indonesia: Pragmatic Approaches. JL Pol'y & Globalization, 78, 75.
Satur, P., & Lindsay, J. 2020. Social inequality and water use in Australian cities: The social gradient in domestic water use. Local Environment, 25(5), 351-364.
Scanlon, B. R., Reedy, R. C., Fakhreddine, S., Yang, Q., & Pierce, G. 2023. Drinking water quality and social vulnerability linkages at the system level in the United States. Environmental Research Letters, 18(9), 094039.
Shannon, M. A., Bohn, P. W., Elimelech, M., Georgiadis, J. G., Mariñas, B. J., & Mayes, A. M. 2008. Science and technology for
Shields, K. F., Bain, R. E., Cronk, R., Wright, J. A., & Bartram, J. 2015. Association of supply type with fecal contamination of source water and household stored drinking water in developing countries: a bivariate meta-analysis. Environmental health perspectives, 123(12), 1222-1231.
Sjöstrand, K., Lindhe, A., Söderqvist, T., & Rosén, L. 2018. Sustainability assessments of regional water supply interventions–Combining cost-benefit and multi-criteria decision analyses. Journal of Environmental Management, 225, 313-324.
Sutapa, I. D., Fakhrudin, M., & Yogaswara, H. 2021. Implementation of ecohydrology to support sustainable water resources management in tropical region, Indonesia. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 21(3), 501-515.
Sutomo, S., Sagala, S., Sutomo, B., Winarti, S., & Sanjaya, G. 2021. Accelerating the provision of safe water supply in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal), 16(3).
Toriz, E., García, A., Aparicio, M., & Díaz, J. M. 2023. Laboratory of Social Innovation in Water Engineering and its effect on the provision of drinking water service in rural areas and marginalized urban areas. In 2023 World Engineering Education Forum-Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF-GEDC) (pp. 1-9). IEEE.
Wang, F., Xu, J., Liu, L., Yin, G., Wang, J., & Yan, J. 2021. Optimal design and operation of hybrid renewable energy system for drinking water treatment. Energy, 219, 119673.
World Health Organization. 2023. Drinking-Water. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water
Winter, J. C., Darmstadt, G. L., & Davis, J. 2021. The role of piped water supplies in advancing health, economic development, and gender equality in rural communities. Social Science & Medicine, 270, 113599.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2026 Whasf Velasufah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
An author who publishes in Naturalis agrees to the following terms:
Author retains the copyright and grants the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
The author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book) with the acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. The author is permitted and encouraged to post his/her work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Submission of a manuscript implies that the submitted work has not been published before (except as part of a thesis or report, or abstract); that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors. If and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the author(s) still hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions. Authors or others are allowed to multiply an article as long as not for commercial purposes. For the new invention, authors are suggested to manage its patent before published. The license type is CC-BY-SA 4.0.
Naturalis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.