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Abstract
The Way Pagar Alam Bridge in Tanggamus Regency experienced failure at one of its widened abutments due to a combination of weak geotechnical conditions, rainfall infiltration, and riverbank erosion. This study aims to assess the structural and geotechnical conditions of the bridge and develop an effective reinforcement design. The methodology includes visual inspection, laboratory testing of soil, structural vibration monitoring, and slope stability analysis using limit equilibrium-based software. Vibration tests indicate that the bridge superstructure remains stiff, with vertical deflection well below the allowable limit. Subsurface investigations revealed the presence of expansive clay with low bearing capacity in shallow layers. Stability analysis shows that a combined reinforcement system—comprising a retaining wall, gabion protection, and mini piles—can enhance the slope safety factor to 1.99 (static) and 1.73 (dynamic), meeting applicable engineering standards. The proposed design is considered effective and applicable for bridge rehabilitation in tropical regions with soft subgrade conditions.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Aminudin Syah, Fikri Alami

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References
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- Alsubih, ., Ahmed, M., Alqadhi, S. et al. Gabion water barrier structures as a sustainable approach to water and land conservation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 126057–126071 (2023).
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- Li, J., Wen, F., Chen, J., Yang, C., Du, W., Xu, L., & Li, P. (2023). Experimental Study of Bridge Expansion Joint Damage Based on Natural Frequency. Sensors, 23(14), 6437. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146437
References
Ettema, R., Ng, K., Chakradhar, R., Fuller, J., & Kempema, E. W. (2015). Failure of spill-through bridge abutments during scour: Flume and field observations. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 141(5), 04014093. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000996
Nasr, A., Kjellström, E., Björnsson, I., Honfi, D., Ivanov, O. L., & Johansson, J. (2019). Bridges in a changing climate: a study of the potential impacts of climate change on bridges and their possible adaptations. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 16(4), 738–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2019.1670215
Chen, W.-F., & Duan, L. (Eds.). (2014). Bridge Engineering Handbook: Fundamentals (2nd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15616
Zhang, D., Xiong, W., Ma, X., Zhou, D., & Cai, C. S. (2024). Fragility evaluation of bridge shallow foundation piers under floods by coupling simulation in structural and hydraulic fields. Ocean Engineering, 311, 118952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118952
Joseph, A., Anil, A., Biju, S.S., Pomson, S.S. (2025). Case Study on Embankment Failure of Bridge at Mahe–Thalassery Bypass, Kerala, India. In: Rujikiatkamjorn, C., Xue, J., Indraratna, B. (eds) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics (ICTG) 2024, Volume 4. ICTG 2024. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 405. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8225-3_17
Abdi, Ari & Ou, Chang-Yu. (2023). Failure Investigation of Braced Excavation in Soft Clays: Case Study on the Collapse of Nicoll Highway. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1184. 012010.
Briaud, J.-L. (2023). Geotechnical engineering: Unsaturated and saturated soils (2nd ed.). Wiley.
Wang, H., Wang, Y., & Jin, F. (2024). Stability of Expansive Soil Slopes under Wetting–Drying Cycles Based on the Discrete Element Method. Water, 16(6), 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060861
Dai ZJ, Guo JH, Luo HM, Li J, Chen SX (2020b) Strength characteristics and slope stability analysis of expansive soil with filled fissures. Appl Sci 10(13):4616.
Dai ZJ, Chen SX, Li J (2020a) Physical model test of seepage and deformation characteristics of shallow expansive soil slope. Bull Eng Geol Env 79:4063–4078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01811-0
Dai, Z., Huang, K., Chi, Z. et al. Model test study on the deformation and stability of rainfall-induced expansive soil slope with weak interlayer. Bull Eng Geol Environ 83, 76 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03576-2
Jiao, W., Zhang, M., Li, P. et al. Evolution model and failure mechanisms of rainfall-induced cracked red clay slopes: insights from Xinshao County, China. J. Mt. Sci. 21, 867–881 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8443-5
Belew, A.Z., Belay, S.K., Wosenie, M.D. et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Seepage and Stability of Embankment Dams Using GeoStudio and Plaxis Models: the Case of Gomit Dam in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Water Conserv Sci Eng 7, 429–441 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-022-00152-1
Cheng, H., Wu, Z., Chen, H. et al. Stability analysis of unsaturated–saturated soil slopes under rainfall infiltration using the rigorous limit equilibrium method. Bull Eng Geol Environ 83, 147 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03623-y
Mikola, R.G., HYRCAN: A Comprehensive Limit Equilibrium Software Package for 2D Slope Stability Analysis, University of California Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, February 2023.
Qin, D., Xia, H. & Wu, C. Analysis of Retaining Wall Combined with Micropiles to Reinforce Slope near Overhead Bridge. Indian Geotech J 54, 683–689 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-023-00768-7
Turner, J. P., & Halvorson, M. (2013). Design method for slide-stabilizing micropile walls. In Geo-Congress 2013: Stability and Performance of Slopes and Embankments III (pp. 1971–1980). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
Alsubih, ., Ahmed, M., Alqadhi, S. et al. Gabion water barrier structures as a sustainable approach to water and land conservation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 126057–126071 (2023).
Oh, S.-H., Kim, H.-J., Park, K.-S., & Kim, J.-D. (2024). Evaluation of Static Displacement Based on Ambient Vibration for Bridge Safety Management. Sensors, 24(20), 6557. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24206557
Li, J., Wen, F., Chen, J., Yang, C., Du, W., Xu, L., & Li, P. (2023). Experimental Study of Bridge Expansion Joint Damage Based on Natural Frequency. Sensors, 23(14), 6437. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146437