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Abstract
The rapid expansion of the palm oil industry has led to an increased accumulation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFBs), creating significant environmental challenges due to their slow decomposition rate and high lignin content. This study investigates the decomposition of OPEFBs of varying sizes treated with Excelzyme, a commercial enzyme formulation designed to enhance lignocellulosic biomass degradation. The research was conducted using a 2 factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with Excelzyme dosages (250 mL, 375 mL, and 500 mL) and OPEFB sizes (unchopped, 2-5 cm, 1-2 cm, and <0.5 cm) as treatment factors. The decomposition process was evaluated based on temperature fluctuations, pH, total nitrogen, organic carbon, and lignocellulosic composition (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) over an 8-week period. Results indicated that Excelzyme significantly influenced organic carbon reduction, hemicellulose degradation, and lignin breakdown, with higher dosages accelerating the decomposition process. The size of OPEFBs also played a crucial role, as smaller particle sizes facilitated microbial and enzymatic activity, leading to more efficient decomposition. Statistical analysis revealed significant interactions between enzyme dosage and OPEFB size, with the combination of 500 mL Excelzyme and <0.5 cm OPEFBs showing the highest decomposition rate. Temperature monitoring indicated a peak around week 5, suggesting optimal microbial activity and enzymatic breakdown at this stage. These findings highlight the potential of Excelzyme treatment in optimizing OPEFB decomposition, offering a sustainable approach to managing palm oil industry waste. The study contributes to improved biotechnological strategies for waste management and resource utilization, paving the way for enhanced agricultural sustainability and environmental conservation.
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References
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- Chang, Y., Lee, J. W. & Kim, S. H. (2016). Particle size and its effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Journal of Biotechnology, 33(4), 127–137.
- Dirjenbun. (2022). Statistical of leading estate crops commodity 2020-2022. Directorate Jenderal Perkebunan , Indonesia.
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- Prawito, P., Handayani, M., Herman, W. & Puspaningsih, N. N. T. (2023). Sweet corn growth, yield, and lignocellulose decomposition on Excelzyme-treated Histosol. E3S Web of Conferences, 373, 0–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303019
- Sulaiman, F., Yusoff, M. Z. M., & Kumar, A. (2017). The effect of enzymatic treatment on the decomposition of oil palm biomass. Renewable Energy, 104, 43-50.
- Yusoff, M., & Tajuddin, A. (2018). Palm oil waste management and its recycling: The potential of oil palm empty fruit bunches. Journal of Cleaner Production, 179, 645–654.
- Yusoff, M. & Tajuddin, A. (2020). Decomposition of oil palm empty fruit bunches: The role of enzymes and microbial processes. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 10(3), 174–185.
- Yusuf, A. E. & Liew, L. L. (2019). Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunches treated with commercial enzyme preparations. Journal of Applied Sciences, 19(7), 85–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jap.2019.02.004
- Zainal, Z., Ahmad, M., Ibrahim, M. H. & Hassan, M. A. (2020). Optimization of enzyme dosage for efficient breakdown of lignocellulosic materials in OPEFB. Renewable Energy, 74, 123–130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene. 2020.01.027
- Zhu, J., Wang, G. & Li, J. (2021). Influence of particle size on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis in lignocellulosic biomass. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 44(6), 1075–1084.
References
Abdullah, N. & Sulaiman, F. (2013). The oil palm wastes in Malaysia. Biomass and Bioenergy, 55, 9-26
Ali, S., Tan, I. K. P. & Ismail, N. (2017). Biodegradation of oil palm empty fruit bunches using microbial and enzyme treatments: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(13), 11945–11956.
Azhar, A., Sulaiman, F. & Yusoff, M. Z. M. (2017). Effect of enzyme treatment on the decomposition of oil palm biomass: A sustainable approach for bioenergy production. Renewable Energy, 111, 234-242.
Chang, Y., Lee, J. W. & Kim, S. H. (2016). Particle size and its effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Journal of Biotechnology, 33(4), 127–137.
Dirjenbun. (2022). Statistical of leading estate crops commodity 2020-2022. Directorate Jenderal Perkebunan , Indonesia.
Ghazali, N. F. & Makhtar, N. A. (2018). Enzymatic hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch and its kinetics. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 22(4), 715–722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2018-2204-18
Haryanto, B. & Mahmud, A. (2012). Enzymatic treatment of oil palm empty fruit bunches for cellulose and hemicellulose extraction. Biomass and Bioenergy, 46, 57–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.05.001.
Lee, J., Park, J. H. & Kim, J. S. (2019). The potential of Excelzyme in industrial waste management and biorefining processes. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 185(5), 1423–1436.
Muda, K., Rahman, A. A. & Ali, M. (2014). Effect of enzyme treatments on the chemical properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers. Bioresource Technology, 159, 139–145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.047
Nasrin, A. B., Ma, A. N. & Choo, Y. M. (2020). Enzymatic hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches: A potential for bioethanol production. BioResources, 15(1), 220-235
Nor, S. A. M. & Bakar, E. A. (2016). Impact of enzyme dosages on the decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 87, 38–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. enzmictec.2016.01.002
Othman, Z., Hassan, M. A. & Shirai, Y. (2020). Environmental impacts of oil palm biomass residues: A review. Environmental Management, 47(2), 317–332.
Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. & Keeney, D.R. (Eds.). (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part AL, RHMiller, and DRKeeney (Ed)1982. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.
Pasue, I., Saleh, E. J. & Bahri, S. (2019). Analysis of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose of fermented corn stalk by Trochoderma viridae in different incubation. Jambura Jurnal of Animal Science, 1(2), 62-67.
Prawito, P., Handayani, M., Herman, W. & Puspaningsih, N. N. T. (2023). Sweet corn growth, yield, and lignocellulose decomposition on Excelzyme-treated Histosol. E3S Web of Conferences, 373, 0–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303019
Sulaiman, F., Yusoff, M. Z. M., & Kumar, A. (2017). The effect of enzymatic treatment on the decomposition of oil palm biomass. Renewable Energy, 104, 43-50.
Yusoff, M., & Tajuddin, A. (2018). Palm oil waste management and its recycling: The potential of oil palm empty fruit bunches. Journal of Cleaner Production, 179, 645–654.
Yusoff, M. & Tajuddin, A. (2020). Decomposition of oil palm empty fruit bunches: The role of enzymes and microbial processes. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 10(3), 174–185.
Yusuf, A. E. & Liew, L. L. (2019). Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunches treated with commercial enzyme preparations. Journal of Applied Sciences, 19(7), 85–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jap.2019.02.004
Zainal, Z., Ahmad, M., Ibrahim, M. H. & Hassan, M. A. (2020). Optimization of enzyme dosage for efficient breakdown of lignocellulosic materials in OPEFB. Renewable Energy, 74, 123–130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene. 2020.01.027
Zhu, J., Wang, G. & Li, J. (2021). Influence of particle size on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis in lignocellulosic biomass. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 44(6), 1075–1084.