Main Article Content
Abstract
Salinity stress is the major abiotic stress for crop production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of zeolite on improving soil properties, the growth, and yield of Chinese cabbage. This pot experiment was conducted from September to November 2020 at the Research and Teaching Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, consisted of 6 treatment levels, i.e. (1) control, (2) soil + 6.9 g NaCl /10 kg soil, (3) soil + 6.9 g Na2SO4 /10 kg soil, (4) soil + 3.2 g zeolite /10 kg soil, (5) soil + 6.9 g NaCl /10 kg soil + 3.2 g zeolite /10 kg soil, and (6) soil + 6.9 g Na2SO4 /10 kg soil + 3.2 g zeolite /10 kg of soil, and arranged in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The application of zeolite decreased the EC of salinized soil and increased the soil CEC. NaCl salinity stress reduced plant height (23%), number of leaves (22%), fresh weight of roots (165%), dry weight of roots (170%), stalk length (32%), and plant dry weight (131%), while Na2SO4 salinity stress only reduced the number of leaves (23%). The addition of zeolite to salinized NaCl soil increased stalk length (39%), plant fresh weight (172%), leaf fresh weight (174%), plant dry weight (133%), and leaf dry weight (23%), while to salinized Na2SO4 soil only increased plant dry weight (90%) and leaf dry weight (177%). The overall results show that the addition of zeolite can effectively ameliorate salinity stress due to NaCl.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2022 Tantrie D Romadhan, Marwanto Marwanto, Bambang G Murcitro, Merakati Handajaningsih

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Aainaa, H. N., O. H. Ahmed, S. Kasim, and N.M.A. Majid. 2015. Reducing Egypt rock phosphate use in Zea mays cultivation on an acid soil using clinoptilolite zeolite. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 4 (1) : 56–66. http://doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n1p56
- Arif, M.R, M.T. Islam, and A.H.K. Robin. 2019. Salinity stress alters root morphology and root hair traits in Brassica napus. Plants. 8(7):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8070192
- Ashraf, M. and T. McNeilly. 2004. Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci 23 (2) : 157–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17352680490433286
- Atikah, W. S. 2017. Characteristics of activated Gunung Kidul natural zeolite as a textile dye adsorbent media. Arena Textile 32: 17-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31266/at.v32i1.2650 (in Indonesia).
- Cardon, G.E, J.G. Davis, T.A. Bauder, and R.M. Waskom. 2003. Managing Saline Soils. http://www.ext. colostate. edu/pubs/crops. html.
- Costa S.F., D. Martins, M. Agacka-Mo?doch, A. Czubacka, and S. de Sousa Araújo. 2018. Strategies to Alleviate Salinity Stress in Plants. In: Kumar V., Wani S., Suprasanna P., Tran LS. (eds) Salinity Responses and Tolerance in Plants, Volume 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75671-4_12
- Curtin, D., H. Steppuhn, and F. Selles. 1993. Plant responses to sulfate and chloride salinity: growth and ionic relations. Soil Sci. Soc.America J. 57(5): 1304-1310.
- Damodaran, T., V. Mishra, S. Jha, U. Pankaj, G. Gupta, and R. Gopal. 2019. Identification of rhizosphere bacterial diversity with promising salt tolerance, PGP traits and their exploitation for seed germination enhancement in sodic soil. Agric. Res 8: 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-018-0343-5
- Egamberdieva, D., S. Wirth, S.D. Bellingrath-Kimura, J. Mishra, and N.K. Arora. 2019. Salt-tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for enhancing crop productivity of saline soils. Front. Microbiol. https://doi.org/10:2791. 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02791
- Farooq, M., M. Hussain, A. Wakeel, and K.H.M. Siddique. 2015. Salt stress in maize: effects, resistance mechanisms, and management. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 35: 461-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0287-0
- Gangwar, P., R. Singh, M. Trivedi, and R.K. Tiwari. 2020. Sodic Soil: Management and Reclamation Strategies. In: Shukla V., Kumar N. (eds) Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6358-0_8
- GhassemiSahebi, F., O. Mohammadrezapour, M. Delbari, A. KhasheiSiuki, H. Ritzema, and A. Cherati. 2020. Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite-Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum. Agricultural Water Management 234: 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106117
- Gibb, N. P., .J.J. Dynes, and W. Chang. 2017. Synergistic desalination of potash brine-impacted groundwater using a dual adsorbent. Sciences of the Total Environment 593: 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.139
- Hanay, A, F. Büyüksonmez, F.M. Kiziloglu, and M.Y. Canbolat. 2013. Reclamation of saline-sodic soils with gypsum and MSW compost. Compost Science & Utilization. 12: 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2004.10702177
- Hanin, M., C. Ebel, M. Ngom, L. Laplaze , and K. Masmoudi. 2016. New insights on plant salt tolerance mechanisms and their potential use for breeding. Frontiers in Plant Science 7:1787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01787
- Indonesian Center for Research and Development of Agricultural Land Resources [ICRDALR] (2012) Land Resources Database on a Review Scale of 250,000. Center for Research and Development of Agricultural Land Resources, Bogor (in Indonesia).
- Jamil, M., S. Rehman, and E.S. Rha. 2007. Salinity effect on plant growth, PSII photochemistry and chlorophyll content in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata L.). Pak. J. Bot 39(3) : 753-760.
- Jbir, N., W. Chaibi, S. Ammar, A. Jemmali, and A. Ayadi. 2001. Root growth and lignification of two wheat species differing in their sensitivity to NaCl, in response to salt stress. C. R. Acad. Sci 324: 863–868 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0764-4469(01)01355-5
- Juan, M., R.M. Rivero, L. Romero, and J.M. Ruiz. 2005. Evaluation of some nutritional and biochemical indicators in selecting salt-resistant tomato cultivars. J. Experimental Botany. 54(3):193-201.
- Karolinoerita, V. and W. Annisa. 2020. Land salinization and its problems in indonesia. J. Sumberdaya Lahan14 (2): 91-99. https://doi.org/10.21082/jsdl.v14n2.2020.91-99 (in Indonesia).
- Kavoosi, M. 2007. Effects of zeolite application on rice yield, nitrogen recovery, and nitrogen use efficiency. Comm.Soil Sci.Plant Anal 38(2) : 69-76.
- Khan, A. Z., H. Khan, R. Khan, S. Nigar, B. Saeedi, H. Gul, Amanullah, S. Wahab, A. Muhhamad, M. Ayub, N. Matsue, and T. Henmi. 2011. Morphology and yield of soybean grown on allophanic soil as influenced by synthetic zeolite application. Pak. J. Bot 43(4): 2099-2107.
- Koswara, E. 2007. The technique of testing the yield of several shallot varieties in tidal lands of South Sumatra. Buletin Teknik Pertanian 12 (1) : 1-3 (in Indonesia).
- Leogrande, R. and C. Vitti. 2019. Use of organic amendments to reclaim saline and sodic soils: a review. Arid Land Research & Management 33 (1): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2018.1498038
- Li, X. G., F. M. Li, Q. Ma, and Z.J. Cui. 2006. Interactions of NaCl and Na2SO4 on soil organic C mineralization after addition of maize straws. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 2328-2335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.02.015
- Liu, G.M, X.C. Zhang, X.P. Wang, H.B. Shao, J.S. Yang, and X.P. Wang. 2017. Soil enzymes as indicators of saline soil fertility under various soil amendments. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 237: 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.004
- Mathur, N., J. Singh, S. Bohra, A. Bohra, and A. Vyas. 2006. Biomass production, productivity and physiological changes in moth bean genotypes at different salinity levels. Am. J. Plant Physiol. 1(2) : 210-213.
- Micu, D., C. Proca, C. Ioana, C. Podaru, and G. Burtica. 2005. Improvement possibilities of soil quality. Chem Bull ‘Politehnica 50 (64) : 108-111.
- Mitran, T., K.M. Pabitra, B. Nirmalendu, B. Sunanda, and M. Biswapati. 2016. Organic amendments influence on soil biological indices and yield in rice-based cropping system in coastal sundarbans of India. Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis 48: 170–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1254229
- Mor, R. P. and H.R. Manchanda. 1992. Influence of phosphorus on the tolerance of table pea to chloride and sulfate salinity in a sandy soil. Arid Land Research and Management 6(1) : 41-52.
- Mukhtar, S., B.S. Mirza, S. Mehnaz, M.S. Mirza, J. Mclean, and K.A. Malik. 2018. Impact of soil salinity on the microbial structure of halophyte rhizosphere microbiome. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 34: 136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-018-2509-5
- Munns, R. 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell and Environt 25:239-250.
- Muscolo, A,. M. Sidari, M.R. Panuccio, C. Santonoceto, F. Orsini, and S.D. Pascale. 2010. Plant responses in saline and arid environments: an overview. The European J Plant Sciences and Biotechnology. 5(2): 1-11.
- Neumann, P. 1997. Salinity resistance and plant growth revisited. Plant. Cell & Environment 20(9) : 1193-1198.
- Niamat, B, M. Naveed, Z. Ahmad, M. Yaseen, A. Ditta, A. Mustafa, and M. Xu. 2019. Calcium-Enriched Animal Manure Alleviates the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiology and Nutrients Homeostasis of Zea mays L. Plants 8 (11): 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110480
- Noori, M., M. Zendehdel, and A. Ahmadi. 2006. Using natural zeolite for the improvement of soil salinity and crop yield. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 88 (1) : 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772240500457928.
- Provin, T. and J.L. Pitt. 2017. Managing Soil Salinity. Texas A & M Agrilife Extension Service. Page 1-5.
- Puvanitha, S and S. Mahendran. 2017. Effect of salinity on plant height, shoot and root dry weight of selected rice cultivars. Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 4(4) : 126-131. https://doi.org/10.21276/sjavs
- Ranjbar, F. and M. Jalali. 2015. The effect of chemical and organic amendments on sodium exchange equilibria in a calcareous sodic soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assesment. 187: 683–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4894-7
- Shahid, S.A, M. Zaman, and L. Heng. 2018. Introduction to soil salinity, sodicity and diagnostics techniques, Guideline for salinity assessment, mitigation and adaptation using nuclear and related techniques. Springer, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3
- Subiramani, S., S. Ramalingam, T. Muthu, S.H. Nile, and B. Venkidasamy. 2020. Development of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). In: Kumar M., Kumar V., Prasad R. (eds) Phyto-Microbiome in Stress Regulation. Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2576-6_8
- Suwardi. 1998. The Mineralogical and Chemical Properties of Natural Zeolite and Their Application Effect for Soil Amandement. A Thesis for the Degree of Master. Laboratory of Soil Science. Departemen Of Agriculture Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture.
- Taffouo, V. D., O.F. Wamba, E. Youmbi, G.V. Nono, and A. Akoa. 2010. Growth, yield, water status and ionic distribution response of three bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) landraces grown under saline conditions. International Journal of Botany 6(1) : 53-58.
- Trivedi, P. Y., K. Singh, U. Pankaj, S.K. Verma, R.K. Verma, and D.D. Patra. 2017. Effect of organic amendments and microbial application on sodic soilproperties and growth of an aromatic crop. Ecological Engineering 102: 127–136. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.01.046
- Wajima, T., T. Shimizu, T. Yamato, and Y. Ikegami. 2007. A study on ion exchange of natural zeolites with different origins in NaCl. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 13: 63–8.
- Wajima, T., T. Shimizu, T. Yamato, and Y. Ikegami. 2010. Removal of NaCl from seawater using natural zeolite. Toxicology & Environmant Chemistry 92 : 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772240902762958
- Wang, X., O. Ozdemir, M.A. Hampton, A.V. Nguyen, and D.D. Do. 2012. The Effect of Zeolite Treatment by Acids on Sodium Adsorption. Ratio of Coal Seam Gas Water. J Water Res 46 (16) : 5247- 5254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.006
- Warmada, W. and A.D. Titisari. 2004. Agromineralogy (Mineralogy for Agricultural Sciences. Department of Geological Engineering, UGM Faculty of Engineering, pp. 1-75.
- West, G., D. Inzé, and G.T. Beemster. 2004. Cell cycle modulation in the response of the primary root of Arabidopsis to salt stress. Plant Physiol 135: 1050–1058. https://doi.org/ 10.1104/pp.104.040022
- Wibowo, E., M. Rokhmat, Sutisna, Khairurrijal, and M. Abdullah. 2017. Reduction of seawater salinity by natural zeolite (Clinoptilolite): Adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics. Desalination 409: 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.01.026
- Yang, L., X. Bian, R. Yang, C. Zhou, and B. Tang. 2018. Assessment of organic amendments for improving coastal saline soil. Land Degradation & Development 29(9): 3204-3211. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3027
- Zhou, Y., N.Y. Tang, L.J. Huang, Y.J. Zhao, X.Q. Tang, and K.C. Wang. 2018. Effects of salt stress on plant growth, antioxidant capacity, glandular trichome density, and volatile exudates of SchizonepetaTenuifolia Briq. Int. J. Mol. Sci 19: 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010252
- Zörb, C., C.M. Geilfus, and K.J. Dietz. 2019. Salinity and crop yield. Plant Biology 21: 31-38. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr38.c3
References
Aainaa, H. N., O. H. Ahmed, S. Kasim, and N.M.A. Majid. 2015. Reducing Egypt rock phosphate use in Zea mays cultivation on an acid soil using clinoptilolite zeolite. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 4 (1) : 56–66. http://doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n1p56
Arif, M.R, M.T. Islam, and A.H.K. Robin. 2019. Salinity stress alters root morphology and root hair traits in Brassica napus. Plants. 8(7):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8070192
Ashraf, M. and T. McNeilly. 2004. Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci 23 (2) : 157–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17352680490433286
Atikah, W. S. 2017. Characteristics of activated Gunung Kidul natural zeolite as a textile dye adsorbent media. Arena Textile 32: 17-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31266/at.v32i1.2650 (in Indonesia).
Cardon, G.E, J.G. Davis, T.A. Bauder, and R.M. Waskom. 2003. Managing Saline Soils. http://www.ext. colostate. edu/pubs/crops. html.
Costa S.F., D. Martins, M. Agacka-Mo?doch, A. Czubacka, and S. de Sousa Araújo. 2018. Strategies to Alleviate Salinity Stress in Plants. In: Kumar V., Wani S., Suprasanna P., Tran LS. (eds) Salinity Responses and Tolerance in Plants, Volume 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75671-4_12
Curtin, D., H. Steppuhn, and F. Selles. 1993. Plant responses to sulfate and chloride salinity: growth and ionic relations. Soil Sci. Soc.America J. 57(5): 1304-1310.
Damodaran, T., V. Mishra, S. Jha, U. Pankaj, G. Gupta, and R. Gopal. 2019. Identification of rhizosphere bacterial diversity with promising salt tolerance, PGP traits and their exploitation for seed germination enhancement in sodic soil. Agric. Res 8: 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-018-0343-5
Egamberdieva, D., S. Wirth, S.D. Bellingrath-Kimura, J. Mishra, and N.K. Arora. 2019. Salt-tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for enhancing crop productivity of saline soils. Front. Microbiol. https://doi.org/10:2791. 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02791
Farooq, M., M. Hussain, A. Wakeel, and K.H.M. Siddique. 2015. Salt stress in maize: effects, resistance mechanisms, and management. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 35: 461-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0287-0
Gangwar, P., R. Singh, M. Trivedi, and R.K. Tiwari. 2020. Sodic Soil: Management and Reclamation Strategies. In: Shukla V., Kumar N. (eds) Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6358-0_8
GhassemiSahebi, F., O. Mohammadrezapour, M. Delbari, A. KhasheiSiuki, H. Ritzema, and A. Cherati. 2020. Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite-Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum. Agricultural Water Management 234: 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106117
Gibb, N. P., .J.J. Dynes, and W. Chang. 2017. Synergistic desalination of potash brine-impacted groundwater using a dual adsorbent. Sciences of the Total Environment 593: 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.139
Hanay, A, F. Büyüksonmez, F.M. Kiziloglu, and M.Y. Canbolat. 2013. Reclamation of saline-sodic soils with gypsum and MSW compost. Compost Science & Utilization. 12: 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2004.10702177
Hanin, M., C. Ebel, M. Ngom, L. Laplaze , and K. Masmoudi. 2016. New insights on plant salt tolerance mechanisms and their potential use for breeding. Frontiers in Plant Science 7:1787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01787
Indonesian Center for Research and Development of Agricultural Land Resources [ICRDALR] (2012) Land Resources Database on a Review Scale of 250,000. Center for Research and Development of Agricultural Land Resources, Bogor (in Indonesia).
Jamil, M., S. Rehman, and E.S. Rha. 2007. Salinity effect on plant growth, PSII photochemistry and chlorophyll content in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata L.). Pak. J. Bot 39(3) : 753-760.
Jbir, N., W. Chaibi, S. Ammar, A. Jemmali, and A. Ayadi. 2001. Root growth and lignification of two wheat species differing in their sensitivity to NaCl, in response to salt stress. C. R. Acad. Sci 324: 863–868 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0764-4469(01)01355-5
Juan, M., R.M. Rivero, L. Romero, and J.M. Ruiz. 2005. Evaluation of some nutritional and biochemical indicators in selecting salt-resistant tomato cultivars. J. Experimental Botany. 54(3):193-201.
Karolinoerita, V. and W. Annisa. 2020. Land salinization and its problems in indonesia. J. Sumberdaya Lahan14 (2): 91-99. https://doi.org/10.21082/jsdl.v14n2.2020.91-99 (in Indonesia).
Kavoosi, M. 2007. Effects of zeolite application on rice yield, nitrogen recovery, and nitrogen use efficiency. Comm.Soil Sci.Plant Anal 38(2) : 69-76.
Khan, A. Z., H. Khan, R. Khan, S. Nigar, B. Saeedi, H. Gul, Amanullah, S. Wahab, A. Muhhamad, M. Ayub, N. Matsue, and T. Henmi. 2011. Morphology and yield of soybean grown on allophanic soil as influenced by synthetic zeolite application. Pak. J. Bot 43(4): 2099-2107.
Koswara, E. 2007. The technique of testing the yield of several shallot varieties in tidal lands of South Sumatra. Buletin Teknik Pertanian 12 (1) : 1-3 (in Indonesia).
Leogrande, R. and C. Vitti. 2019. Use of organic amendments to reclaim saline and sodic soils: a review. Arid Land Research & Management 33 (1): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2018.1498038
Li, X. G., F. M. Li, Q. Ma, and Z.J. Cui. 2006. Interactions of NaCl and Na2SO4 on soil organic C mineralization after addition of maize straws. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 2328-2335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.02.015
Liu, G.M, X.C. Zhang, X.P. Wang, H.B. Shao, J.S. Yang, and X.P. Wang. 2017. Soil enzymes as indicators of saline soil fertility under various soil amendments. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 237: 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.004
Mathur, N., J. Singh, S. Bohra, A. Bohra, and A. Vyas. 2006. Biomass production, productivity and physiological changes in moth bean genotypes at different salinity levels. Am. J. Plant Physiol. 1(2) : 210-213.
Micu, D., C. Proca, C. Ioana, C. Podaru, and G. Burtica. 2005. Improvement possibilities of soil quality. Chem Bull ‘Politehnica 50 (64) : 108-111.
Mitran, T., K.M. Pabitra, B. Nirmalendu, B. Sunanda, and M. Biswapati. 2016. Organic amendments influence on soil biological indices and yield in rice-based cropping system in coastal sundarbans of India. Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis 48: 170–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1254229
Mor, R. P. and H.R. Manchanda. 1992. Influence of phosphorus on the tolerance of table pea to chloride and sulfate salinity in a sandy soil. Arid Land Research and Management 6(1) : 41-52.
Mukhtar, S., B.S. Mirza, S. Mehnaz, M.S. Mirza, J. Mclean, and K.A. Malik. 2018. Impact of soil salinity on the microbial structure of halophyte rhizosphere microbiome. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 34: 136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-018-2509-5
Munns, R. 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell and Environt 25:239-250.
Muscolo, A,. M. Sidari, M.R. Panuccio, C. Santonoceto, F. Orsini, and S.D. Pascale. 2010. Plant responses in saline and arid environments: an overview. The European J Plant Sciences and Biotechnology. 5(2): 1-11.
Neumann, P. 1997. Salinity resistance and plant growth revisited. Plant. Cell & Environment 20(9) : 1193-1198.
Niamat, B, M. Naveed, Z. Ahmad, M. Yaseen, A. Ditta, A. Mustafa, and M. Xu. 2019. Calcium-Enriched Animal Manure Alleviates the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiology and Nutrients Homeostasis of Zea mays L. Plants 8 (11): 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110480
Noori, M., M. Zendehdel, and A. Ahmadi. 2006. Using natural zeolite for the improvement of soil salinity and crop yield. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 88 (1) : 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772240500457928.
Provin, T. and J.L. Pitt. 2017. Managing Soil Salinity. Texas A & M Agrilife Extension Service. Page 1-5.
Puvanitha, S and S. Mahendran. 2017. Effect of salinity on plant height, shoot and root dry weight of selected rice cultivars. Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 4(4) : 126-131. https://doi.org/10.21276/sjavs
Ranjbar, F. and M. Jalali. 2015. The effect of chemical and organic amendments on sodium exchange equilibria in a calcareous sodic soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assesment. 187: 683–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4894-7
Shahid, S.A, M. Zaman, and L. Heng. 2018. Introduction to soil salinity, sodicity and diagnostics techniques, Guideline for salinity assessment, mitigation and adaptation using nuclear and related techniques. Springer, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3
Subiramani, S., S. Ramalingam, T. Muthu, S.H. Nile, and B. Venkidasamy. 2020. Development of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). In: Kumar M., Kumar V., Prasad R. (eds) Phyto-Microbiome in Stress Regulation. Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2576-6_8
Suwardi. 1998. The Mineralogical and Chemical Properties of Natural Zeolite and Their Application Effect for Soil Amandement. A Thesis for the Degree of Master. Laboratory of Soil Science. Departemen Of Agriculture Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture.
Taffouo, V. D., O.F. Wamba, E. Youmbi, G.V. Nono, and A. Akoa. 2010. Growth, yield, water status and ionic distribution response of three bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) landraces grown under saline conditions. International Journal of Botany 6(1) : 53-58.
Trivedi, P. Y., K. Singh, U. Pankaj, S.K. Verma, R.K. Verma, and D.D. Patra. 2017. Effect of organic amendments and microbial application on sodic soilproperties and growth of an aromatic crop. Ecological Engineering 102: 127–136. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.01.046
Wajima, T., T. Shimizu, T. Yamato, and Y. Ikegami. 2007. A study on ion exchange of natural zeolites with different origins in NaCl. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 13: 63–8.
Wajima, T., T. Shimizu, T. Yamato, and Y. Ikegami. 2010. Removal of NaCl from seawater using natural zeolite. Toxicology & Environmant Chemistry 92 : 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772240902762958
Wang, X., O. Ozdemir, M.A. Hampton, A.V. Nguyen, and D.D. Do. 2012. The Effect of Zeolite Treatment by Acids on Sodium Adsorption. Ratio of Coal Seam Gas Water. J Water Res 46 (16) : 5247- 5254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.006
Warmada, W. and A.D. Titisari. 2004. Agromineralogy (Mineralogy for Agricultural Sciences. Department of Geological Engineering, UGM Faculty of Engineering, pp. 1-75.
West, G., D. Inzé, and G.T. Beemster. 2004. Cell cycle modulation in the response of the primary root of Arabidopsis to salt stress. Plant Physiol 135: 1050–1058. https://doi.org/ 10.1104/pp.104.040022
Wibowo, E., M. Rokhmat, Sutisna, Khairurrijal, and M. Abdullah. 2017. Reduction of seawater salinity by natural zeolite (Clinoptilolite): Adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics. Desalination 409: 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.01.026
Yang, L., X. Bian, R. Yang, C. Zhou, and B. Tang. 2018. Assessment of organic amendments for improving coastal saline soil. Land Degradation & Development 29(9): 3204-3211. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3027
Zhou, Y., N.Y. Tang, L.J. Huang, Y.J. Zhao, X.Q. Tang, and K.C. Wang. 2018. Effects of salt stress on plant growth, antioxidant capacity, glandular trichome density, and volatile exudates of SchizonepetaTenuifolia Briq. Int. J. Mol. Sci 19: 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010252
Zörb, C., C.M. Geilfus, and K.J. Dietz. 2019. Salinity and crop yield. Plant Biology 21: 31-38. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr38.c3