Main Article Content
Abstract
The paper examines food security in terms of its three basic indicators, viz., availability, accessibility and absorption, across IBSA countries and Bangladesh, which together account for nearly a quarter of the world’s population and more than one-third the undernourished. It also analyses the determinants of prevalence of food inadequacy in these countries. The study is based on data drawn from FAOSTAT, World Development Indicators (World Bank) and Global Food Security Index 2016 for the period 1990-2016. The objectives of the study have been analysed using ratios, percentages, simple average and multiple regressions. The results of the study indicate Brazil to be leading in achievement of the three indicators of food security indicators, whereas India and Bangladesh lag behind in most of the parameters. The determinants of prevalence of food inadequacy revealed that while increase in GDP per capita significantly reduced food inadequacy, growth in population significantly increased it in Brazil. Value of food production and targeted policies ensuring food security emerged as the most significant factors reducing prevalence of food inadequacy in most of the selected countries. The study recommends increasing food production and effective implementation of the food security policies by the four countries. Above all, these countries could also benefit from sharing each others’ best practices.
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References
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- Department of Agriculture. 2002. The integrated food security strategy for South Africa. Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved from http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/saf149624.pdf
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- Nirmala and Shaurav
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- Sidaner, E., D. Balaban, and L. Burlandy. 2013. The Brazilian school feeding programme: An example of an integrated programme in support of food and nutrition security. Public Health Nutrition, 16(6): 989-94.
- World Bank. 1986. Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. Washington DC.
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References
Chand, R. and J. Jumrani. 2013. Food security and undernourishment in India: Assessment of alternative norms and the income effect. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 68(1): 39-53.
Department of Agriculture. 2002. The integrated food security strategy for South Africa. Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved from http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/saf149624.pdf
Department of Basic Education. 2016. National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP): A Guide for Secondary Schools. Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved from http://www.education.gov.za/ Programmes/NationalSchoolNutritionProgramme.aspx
de Souza, S.C.M., N.A. Filho, and H.D.Neder. 2015. Food security in Brazil: An analysis of the effects of the Bolsa Família Programme. The Review of Agrarian Studies 5(2): 1-32. Retrieved from http://www.ras.org.in/food_security_in_brazil_an_analysis_of_the_effects_of_the_bolsa_familia_pro gramme#aff1
Dev, S.M. and A. N.Sharma. 2010. Food security in India: Performance, challenges and policies. Working Paper Series No.VII, Oxfam India, New Delhi. Retrieved from https:// www.oxfamindia.org/sites/default/files/VII.%20Food%20Security%20in%20India- Performance, % 20Challenges%20and%20Policies.pdf
Dube, M.E. 2013. Food security in South Africa: A comprehensive review of the past two decades. Master of Science in Nutrition and Rural Development Dissertation, Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat, Gent, Belgium. Retrieved from http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/ 063/ 674/RUG01-002063674_2013_0001_AC.pdf
FAO. 1983. World food security: A reappraisal of the concepts and approaches. Director General’s Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Retrieved from http/www.fao.org
FAO. 1996. The Sixth World Food Survey. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Retrieved from http/www.fao.org
FAO. 2013. New approaches to the measurement of the state of food insecurity. FAO Statistics Division, FAO-OEA/CIE-IICA Working Group on Agricultural and Livestock Statistics for Latin America and the Caribbean, Twenty-sixth Session, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 5-7 June 2013. Retrieved from http/www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/
FAO 2015. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Retrieved from http/www.fao.org
Global Food Security Index. 2016. The Economist Intelligence Unit, New York. Retrieved from http://www.foodsecurityindex.eiu.com
Government of India 2005. National Food Security Mission. Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi. Retrieved from http://nfsm.gov.in
Guanziroli, C.E. and C.A. Basco. 2010. Construction of agrarian policies in Brazil: the case of the National Program to Strengthen Family Farming (PRONAF). Comuniica 5: 44-63.
Kilpatrick, K. 2010. Fighting hunger in Brazil, Oxfam case study June 2010. Oxfam International, Oxfam House, Oxford, UK. Retrieved from http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/cs -fighting-hunger-brazil-090611-en_3.pdf
Krishnaraj, M. 2005. Food security: How and for whom? Economic and Political Weekly 40(25): 2508–2512.
Koch, J. 2011. The food security policy context in South Africa, Vol. No. 21, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, Brasilia, Brazil. Retrieved from http://www.ipc- undp.org/pub/ IPCCountryStudy21.pdf
Nirmala and Shaurav
Asian Journal For Poverty Studies 3(2): 105- 117
McLaren, D., B. Moyo, and J. Jeffery. 2015. The right to food in South Africa: An analysis of the content, policy effort, resource allocation and enjoyment of the constitutional right to food. Working Paper No. 11, Studies in Poverty and Inequality Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Meade, B., C.Valdes, and S.Rosen. 2004. Brazil’s food security and food assistance programs to reduce poverty. Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington DC. Retrieved from http:// www.ers.usda.gov/media/880587/gfa15h_002.pdf
Mittal, S. and D. Sethi. 2009. Food security in South Asia: Issues and opportunities. Working Paper No. 240, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi. Retrieved from http://icrier.org/pdf/WorkingPaper240.pdf
Muniruzzaman, A.N.M. 2013. Food security in Bangladesh: A comprehensive analysis. Peace and Security Review 5(10): 46-73.
O’Malley, P. 1994. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), hosted by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, Johannesburg, South Africa. Retrieved from https:// www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02039/04lv02103/05lv02120/06lv02126.htm
Rocha, C. 2008. Developments in national policies for food and nutrition security in Brazil. Development Policy Review 27(1): 51-66.
Saxena, N.C. 2011. Hunger, under-nutrition and food security in India. Working Paper No. 44, CPRC-IIPA, New Delhi. Retrieved from http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/ChronicPoverty_ RC/CPRC-IIPA44.pdf
Sharma, P. and A. Gulati. 2012. Approaches to food security in Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, Mexico, and Nigeria: Lessons for developing countries. Working Paper No. 14, ICRIER. New Delhi, India. Retrieved from http://icrier.org/pdf/Policy_Series_No_14.pdf
Sidaner, E., D. Balaban, and L. Burlandy. 2013. The Brazilian school feeding programme: An example of an integrated programme in support of food and nutrition security. Public Health Nutrition, 16(6): 989-94.
World Bank. 1986. Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. Washington DC.
World Bank. 2016. World Development Indicators. Washington DC, USA. Retrieved from http:// data.worldbank.org/products/wdi