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Rafflesia arnoldii is one of the rare endemic plants in Indonesia. This endemic plant has unique characteristics and has various kinds of modifications that differentiate it from other plants. However, this largest-flower plant is classified as an endangered plant. It is due to its limited life cycle and distribution area. Many kinds of habitat destruction caused by human activities also threaten the existence of this endemic plant. Besides, it is highly dependent on the presence of its host plant, Tetrastigma sp. Therefore, conservation actions are needed. Conservation is implemented through in-situ or ex-situ conservation. It can be optimized by utilizing ecotourism activities that involve local communities.
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Referensi
- Alviana, E. D., Pujiana, T., Arianti, D., and Yanfika, H. 2019. Communication in the Implementation of Jejar Legowo System in Murni Jaya, Tumijajar Subdistrict, Tulang Bawang Barat District. Mimbar Agribisnis. 5(2), 156-164. doi: 10.25157/ma.v5i2.1906
- Atmansyah., Yoza, D., and Arlita, T. 2017. The Identification of Ecotourism Potential in Pulau Jemur Conservation Area Pasir Limau Kapas District Rokan Hilir Regency. Jurnal JOM FAPERTA. 4(1), 1-11.
- Desmiwati and Surati. 2017. Efforts to Resolve the Problem of Forest Area Conservation on the National Park in the Island of Sumatera. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea. 6(2), 135-146. doi:10.18330/jwallacea.2017.vol6iss2pp135-146
- Jonhston, M. P. 2014. Secondary Data Analysis: A Method of Which the Time Has Come. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries. 3, 619-626.
- Kusmana, C. A., and Hikmat, A. 2015. The Biodiversity of Flora in Indonesia. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan. 5(2), 187-198. doi: 10.19081/jpsl.5.2.187
- Latiff, A. 2018. Viability of Having the Gigantic Rafflesia Flowers in Our Park. Open Acces Journal of Science. 2(2), 106-107. doi:10.15406/oajs.2018.02.00053
- Mandiriati, H., Marsono, D., Poedjirahajoe, E., and Sadono, R. 2016. Conservation of Javanese Plant Species Diversity in Kebun Raya Baturaden in the Former Limited Production Forest Area. [Konservasi Keanekaragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Jawa di Kebun Raya Baturaden di Kawasan Bekas Hutan Produksi Terbatas]. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan. 14(1), 33-38. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.14.1.33-38
- Mestanza-Ramón, C., Henkanaththegedara, S. M., Duchicela, P. V., Tierras, Y. V., Capa, M. S., Mejía, D. C., Gutierrez, M. J., Guamán, M. C., and Ramón, P. M. 2020. In-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation in ecuador: A review of policies, actions and challenges. Diversity, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/D12080315
- Muhaimin, M., Hidayat, I. W., and Muslim. 2016. Plants Exploration and Vegetation Compotition Study in Hill Zone of Mouth Patah, Bengkulu. Jurnal Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia. 2(2), 132-137. doi:10.13057/psnmbi/m020202
- Mursidawati, S., Ngatari., Irawati., Cardinal, S., and Kusumawati, R. 2015. Ex Situ Conservation of Rafflesia patma Blume (Rafflesiaceae) - an Endangered Emblematic Parasitic Species from Indonesia. The Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture. 13, 99-110. doi: https://doi.org/10.24823/Sibbaldia.2015.77
- Nikolov, L. A., Endress, P. K., Sugumaran, M., Sasirat, S., Vessabutr, S., Kramer, E. M., and Davis, C. C. 2013. Depelopmental Origins of the World’s Largest Flowers, Rafflesiaceae. PNAS. 110(46), 18578-18583. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1310356110
- Nikolov, L. A., Staedler, Y. M., Manickam, S., Schonenberger, J., Endress, P. K., Kramer. E. M., and Davis, C. C. 2014. Floral Structure and Development in Rafflesiaceae with Emphasis on Their Exceptional Gynoecia. American Journal of Botany. 10(2), 225-243. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400009
- Rahman, W. 2015. Criteria for Determining the Priority Species of Threathened Rhododendron spp. For Ex Situ Conservation in Indonesia. Jurnal Buletin Kebun Raya. 18(1), 31-40. Doi:10.14203/bkr.v18i1.155
- Ramadhani, D. N., Setiawan, A., and Master, J. 2017. Population and Environmental Condition of Raflessia arnoldii in Rhino Camp Sukaraja Atas Resort Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP). Jurnal Sylva Lestari. 5(2), 128-141. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl25128-141
- Samedi. 2015. Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia: Recommendations for Improving Conservation Laws. [Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati di Indonesia: Rekomendasi Perbaikan Undang-undang Konservasi]. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan. 2(2), 10-28. doi: 10.38011/jhli.v2i2.23
- Sari, M., and Asmendri. 2020. Library Research in Science Education Research. [Penelitian Kepustakaan (Library Research) dalam Penelitian Pendidikan IPA]. Natural Science: Jurnal Penelitian Bidang IPA dan Pendidikan IPA. 6(1), 41-53. doi: 10.15548/nsc.v6i1.1555
- Snyder, H. 2019. Literature Review as a Research Methodology: An Overview and Guidelines. Journal of Business Research. 104, 333-339. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
- Tamin, R. P., Anggraini, R., and Ulfa, M. 2017. Counceling and Training of Forest Botanical Exploration as Forest Conservation Effort. [Penyuluhan dan Pelatihan Eksplorasi Botani Hutan dalam Upaya Konservasi Hutan]. Jurnal Karya Abdi Masyarakat. 1(2), 119-128. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22437/jkam.v1i2.4290
- Twyford, A. D. 2017. New Insight into the Population Biology of Endoparasitic Rafflesiaceae. American Journal of Botany. 104(10), 1433-1436. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1700317.
- Wiatrowska, B. 2017. Raflessia arnoldii – a Plant with the Largest Flowers in the World. [Bukietnica Arnolda (Rafflesia arnoldii)-Roslina o Najwiekszych Kwiatach Swiata]. Nauka Przyroda Technologie. 11(4), 365-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.NPT.00215
- Wuisang, C. 2015. Conservation of Biodiversity in Urban Areas: Evaluation of a Green Corridor Landscape in Manado City. [Konservasi Biodiversitas di Wilayah Perkotaan: Evaluasi Lansekap Koridor Hijau di Kota Manado]. Jurnal Media Matrasain. 12(2), 47-60.
- Zegeye, H. 2017. In situ and ex situ conservation: Complementary approaches for maintaining biodiversity. Ijres, 4, 1–12.
Referensi
Alviana, E. D., Pujiana, T., Arianti, D., and Yanfika, H. 2019. Communication in the Implementation of Jejar Legowo System in Murni Jaya, Tumijajar Subdistrict, Tulang Bawang Barat District. Mimbar Agribisnis. 5(2), 156-164. doi: 10.25157/ma.v5i2.1906
Atmansyah., Yoza, D., and Arlita, T. 2017. The Identification of Ecotourism Potential in Pulau Jemur Conservation Area Pasir Limau Kapas District Rokan Hilir Regency. Jurnal JOM FAPERTA. 4(1), 1-11.
Desmiwati and Surati. 2017. Efforts to Resolve the Problem of Forest Area Conservation on the National Park in the Island of Sumatera. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea. 6(2), 135-146. doi:10.18330/jwallacea.2017.vol6iss2pp135-146
Jonhston, M. P. 2014. Secondary Data Analysis: A Method of Which the Time Has Come. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries. 3, 619-626.
Kusmana, C. A., and Hikmat, A. 2015. The Biodiversity of Flora in Indonesia. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan. 5(2), 187-198. doi: 10.19081/jpsl.5.2.187
Latiff, A. 2018. Viability of Having the Gigantic Rafflesia Flowers in Our Park. Open Acces Journal of Science. 2(2), 106-107. doi:10.15406/oajs.2018.02.00053
Mandiriati, H., Marsono, D., Poedjirahajoe, E., and Sadono, R. 2016. Conservation of Javanese Plant Species Diversity in Kebun Raya Baturaden in the Former Limited Production Forest Area. [Konservasi Keanekaragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Jawa di Kebun Raya Baturaden di Kawasan Bekas Hutan Produksi Terbatas]. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan. 14(1), 33-38. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.14.1.33-38
Mestanza-Ramón, C., Henkanaththegedara, S. M., Duchicela, P. V., Tierras, Y. V., Capa, M. S., Mejía, D. C., Gutierrez, M. J., Guamán, M. C., and Ramón, P. M. 2020. In-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation in ecuador: A review of policies, actions and challenges. Diversity, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/D12080315
Muhaimin, M., Hidayat, I. W., and Muslim. 2016. Plants Exploration and Vegetation Compotition Study in Hill Zone of Mouth Patah, Bengkulu. Jurnal Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia. 2(2), 132-137. doi:10.13057/psnmbi/m020202
Mursidawati, S., Ngatari., Irawati., Cardinal, S., and Kusumawati, R. 2015. Ex Situ Conservation of Rafflesia patma Blume (Rafflesiaceae) - an Endangered Emblematic Parasitic Species from Indonesia. The Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture. 13, 99-110. doi: https://doi.org/10.24823/Sibbaldia.2015.77
Nikolov, L. A., Endress, P. K., Sugumaran, M., Sasirat, S., Vessabutr, S., Kramer, E. M., and Davis, C. C. 2013. Depelopmental Origins of the World’s Largest Flowers, Rafflesiaceae. PNAS. 110(46), 18578-18583. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1310356110
Nikolov, L. A., Staedler, Y. M., Manickam, S., Schonenberger, J., Endress, P. K., Kramer. E. M., and Davis, C. C. 2014. Floral Structure and Development in Rafflesiaceae with Emphasis on Their Exceptional Gynoecia. American Journal of Botany. 10(2), 225-243. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400009
Rahman, W. 2015. Criteria for Determining the Priority Species of Threathened Rhododendron spp. For Ex Situ Conservation in Indonesia. Jurnal Buletin Kebun Raya. 18(1), 31-40. Doi:10.14203/bkr.v18i1.155
Ramadhani, D. N., Setiawan, A., and Master, J. 2017. Population and Environmental Condition of Raflessia arnoldii in Rhino Camp Sukaraja Atas Resort Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP). Jurnal Sylva Lestari. 5(2), 128-141. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl25128-141
Samedi. 2015. Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia: Recommendations for Improving Conservation Laws. [Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati di Indonesia: Rekomendasi Perbaikan Undang-undang Konservasi]. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan. 2(2), 10-28. doi: 10.38011/jhli.v2i2.23
Sari, M., and Asmendri. 2020. Library Research in Science Education Research. [Penelitian Kepustakaan (Library Research) dalam Penelitian Pendidikan IPA]. Natural Science: Jurnal Penelitian Bidang IPA dan Pendidikan IPA. 6(1), 41-53. doi: 10.15548/nsc.v6i1.1555
Snyder, H. 2019. Literature Review as a Research Methodology: An Overview and Guidelines. Journal of Business Research. 104, 333-339. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Tamin, R. P., Anggraini, R., and Ulfa, M. 2017. Counceling and Training of Forest Botanical Exploration as Forest Conservation Effort. [Penyuluhan dan Pelatihan Eksplorasi Botani Hutan dalam Upaya Konservasi Hutan]. Jurnal Karya Abdi Masyarakat. 1(2), 119-128. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22437/jkam.v1i2.4290
Twyford, A. D. 2017. New Insight into the Population Biology of Endoparasitic Rafflesiaceae. American Journal of Botany. 104(10), 1433-1436. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1700317.
Wiatrowska, B. 2017. Raflessia arnoldii – a Plant with the Largest Flowers in the World. [Bukietnica Arnolda (Rafflesia arnoldii)-Roslina o Najwiekszych Kwiatach Swiata]. Nauka Przyroda Technologie. 11(4), 365-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.NPT.00215
Wuisang, C. 2015. Conservation of Biodiversity in Urban Areas: Evaluation of a Green Corridor Landscape in Manado City. [Konservasi Biodiversitas di Wilayah Perkotaan: Evaluasi Lansekap Koridor Hijau di Kota Manado]. Jurnal Media Matrasain. 12(2), 47-60.
Zegeye, H. 2017. In situ and ex situ conservation: Complementary approaches for maintaining biodiversity. Ijres, 4, 1–12.