Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water crude sample fractions of H. tiliaceus leaves. Various type of samples play an important role to determining which compound that will give the positive results in antioxidant test (inhibiting free radical scavenging activity) which they probably have potency for preventing the cancer disease. Furthermore, those types of samples were also tested to the antibacterial test as their possibilities to be created as new antibiotics in the future. This research also focused on what compound groups that actually present in H. tiliaceus leaves by using the phytochemistry test. Antioxidant potency of H. tiliaceus leaves extracts for the radical scavenging activity for quantitative assay was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The antibacterial potency was measured by the Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) by applied the sample chemical crude in the plate. The result showed that all chemical crude of H. tiliaceus leaves has high antioxidant property as methanol crude (MC) 308.416%; hexane crude (HC) 232.837%; dichloromethane crude (DC) 150.837%; ethyl acetate crude (EC) 73.623% and water crude (WC) 71.777% with respected to the readings of 100% from quercetin (Q) as a positive control. From antibacterial result, entire samples had shown the positive results towards both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli). The ranges of the inhibition zone were both at 7-10 mm and 10-15 mm. The phytochemistry test determine that the samples actually contained a lot of compounds which were proteins, carbohydrates, phenols/tannins, flavonoid, terpenoids, glycosides and also steroid. It is clearly indicated that H. tiliaceus leaves have potential to be used against the antioxidant and also as new antibacterial agents
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References
- Chan, E.W.C., S.K. Wong, H.T. Chan, A Review on the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of two Hibiscus Species with Spectacular Flower Colour Change: H. tiliaceus and H. Mutabilis, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research , 2016 : 8(7) : 1200-1208.
- Rosa R. M, Melecchi M.I, da Costa Halmenschlager . R, Abad F. C, Simoni C.R, Caramão E. B, et al, Antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. methanolic extract, J Agric Food Chem., 2006 : 20( 54): (19):7324-7330.
- Andriani, Y. Effendy, E.W.M. Tengku Muhammad, T.S. and Mohamad, H. Antibacterial, radical scavenging activities and cytotoxicity properties of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.)leaves in HepG2 cell lines. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2011: 2: 1700-1706.
- Musa ,N. S, Nadia Madiha Ramli, Jaznizat Saidin,Yosie Andriani, Antioxidant And Cytotoxicity Propertise Of Ethyl Acetate Fractions Of Pandanus tectorius Fruit Against HELA Cell Line, Alotrop , 2017: 1(2): 106-112.
- Pagare, S., Manila Bhatia, Niraj Tripathi, Sonal Pagare and Y.K. Bansal., Secondary Metabolites of Plants and their Role : Overview , Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 2015 : 9(3): 293-304
- Herbert Baxter, J.B. Harborne, Gerald P. Moss, Phytochemical Dictionary:
- A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants, Second Edition , 1998, CRC Press ISBN 9780748406203
- Andriani, Y, Habsah Mohamad, M.N.I, Kassim., N.D. Rosnan., D.F. Syamsumir., J.Saidin., et al , Evaluation on Hydnophytum formicarum Tuber from Setiu Wetland (Malaysia) and Muara Rupit ( Indonesia) for Antibacterial and Antioxidant activities and anti-cancer Potency against MCF-7 and HeLa Cell. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2017: 7(9):30-37.
- Ekor, M., The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adversere actions and challenges in monitoring safety, Front. Pharmacol. , 2014: 4 (177) : 1-10
- Salem, M.Z.M., J. Olivares-Pérez, A.Z.M. Salem, Studies on biological activities and phytochemicals composition of Hibiscus species-
- A review, Life Science Journal, 2014; 11 (5) : 1-8.
- S.K. Wong, Y.Y. Lim , E.W.C. Chan, Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and antibacterial activities of selected Hibiscus species, Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 2010 : 14: 781-96.
- Lim, T.K., Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers , 2014 Edition, Springer, ISBN-13: 978-9401787475 , and 10: 9401787476 .
- Sumardi , Mohammad Basyuni , Ridha Wati , Antimicrobial activity of polyisoprenoids of sixteen mangrove species from North Sumatra, Indonesia, BIODIVERSITAS , 2018: 19 (4): 1243-1248
- Chavez , P.R.,Jordy Perez–Gonzalez, Rafael Salgado–Garciglia, Enrique Ramirez- Chavez, Jorge Molina–Torres, Miguel Martinez-Trujillo, et al Antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities and phytochemical analysis of three ornamental plants grown in Mexico, Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências , 2019: 91(2): 1-13.
- Al-Snafi AE. Pharmacological and therapeutic importance of Hibiscus sabdariffa -Areview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2018 : 10(3): 451-475.
- Abdel Ghaffar, F.R., El-Elaimy,I.A., In vitro, Antioxidant And A scavenging Activities Of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis Crude Extract. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science , 2012 : 2:51-58.
- Sunil Kumar, Dinesh Kumar and Om Prakash, Evaluation Of Antioxidant Potential , Phenolic And Flavonoid Contents Of Hibiscus Tiliaceus Flowers , EJEAFChe, 2008: 7 (4) : 2863-2871.
- Vijay, T , Rajendra, B. Phytochemical Screening And Anthelmintic Activity Of Wood And Leaves Of Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn. World Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Science, 2014: 3(10) : 880-889.
- Shamsuddin, A.A., M. Najiah, A. Suvik, M.N. Azariyah,B.Y, Kamaruzzaman, A. W. Effendy , et al , Antibacterial Properties of Selected Mangrove Plants Against Vibrio Species and its Cytotoxicity Against Artemiasalina, World Applied Sciences Journal, 2013: 25(2), 333-340
- Wong,S.K, Lim,Y.Y., Chan, E.W.C. Anti -oxidant Properties Of Hibiscus Species Variation, Altitudinal Change, Coastal Influence And Floral Colour Change. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 2009: 21(4), 307–315.
- Hu FL, Lu RL, Huang B, Ming L.Free Radical scavenging activity of extracts prepared from fresh leaves of selected Chinese medicinal plants. Fitoterapia. 2004: 75(1):14-23.
- Jorgensen J.H., Mary Jane Ferraro , Anti -microbial Susceptibility Testing: General Principles and Contemporary Practices , Clinical Infectious Diseases , 1998: 26(4): 973-980
- Andriani, Y., Mohamad, H., Kesaven, B., Abdullah, M.I., Amir, H., Phytochemical, antibacteria and antibiofilm activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa of various extracts and fractions of mangrove-associated, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Journal of Sustainability Science & Management (JSSM), 2017: 12(2): 45-51
- Ramproshad , S, T. Afroz, B. Mondal, A. Haque, S.Ara, R. Khan, S. Ahmed, Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities Of Leaves Of Medicinal Plant Hibiscus Tiliaceus L. Pharmacology online, 2012 : 3: 82 - 87
- Abdul Awal, S.M., Sonia Nazmir, Sonia Nasrin, Tauhidur Rahman Nurunnabi, Shaikh Jamal Uddin, Evaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscus tiliaceus, Springer Plus , 2016: 5:1209
- Elisha, I.L., Francien S. Botha, Lyndy Joy McGaw, Jacobus Nicolaas Eloff, The antibacterial activity of extracts of nine plant species with good activity against Escherichia coli against five other bacteria and cytotoxicity of extracts, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine , 2017: 17(133): 1-10.
- Abdul Awal, S.M., Sonia Nazmir, Sonia Nasrin, Tauhidur Rahman Nurunnabi , Shaikh Jamal Uddin, Evaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscus tiliaceus, SpringerPlus , 2016: 5 (1209): 1-6.
References
Chan, E.W.C., S.K. Wong, H.T. Chan, A Review on the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of two Hibiscus Species with Spectacular Flower Colour Change: H. tiliaceus and H. Mutabilis, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research , 2016 : 8(7) : 1200-1208.
Rosa R. M, Melecchi M.I, da Costa Halmenschlager . R, Abad F. C, Simoni C.R, Caramão E. B, et al, Antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. methanolic extract, J Agric Food Chem., 2006 : 20( 54): (19):7324-7330.
Andriani, Y. Effendy, E.W.M. Tengku Muhammad, T.S. and Mohamad, H. Antibacterial, radical scavenging activities and cytotoxicity properties of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.)leaves in HepG2 cell lines. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2011: 2: 1700-1706.
Musa ,N. S, Nadia Madiha Ramli, Jaznizat Saidin,Yosie Andriani, Antioxidant And Cytotoxicity Propertise Of Ethyl Acetate Fractions Of Pandanus tectorius Fruit Against HELA Cell Line, Alotrop , 2017: 1(2): 106-112.
Pagare, S., Manila Bhatia, Niraj Tripathi, Sonal Pagare and Y.K. Bansal., Secondary Metabolites of Plants and their Role : Overview , Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 2015 : 9(3): 293-304
Herbert Baxter, J.B. Harborne, Gerald P. Moss, Phytochemical Dictionary:
A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants, Second Edition , 1998, CRC Press ISBN 9780748406203
Andriani, Y, Habsah Mohamad, M.N.I, Kassim., N.D. Rosnan., D.F. Syamsumir., J.Saidin., et al , Evaluation on Hydnophytum formicarum Tuber from Setiu Wetland (Malaysia) and Muara Rupit ( Indonesia) for Antibacterial and Antioxidant activities and anti-cancer Potency against MCF-7 and HeLa Cell. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2017: 7(9):30-37.
Ekor, M., The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adversere actions and challenges in monitoring safety, Front. Pharmacol. , 2014: 4 (177) : 1-10
Salem, M.Z.M., J. Olivares-Pérez, A.Z.M. Salem, Studies on biological activities and phytochemicals composition of Hibiscus species-
A review, Life Science Journal, 2014; 11 (5) : 1-8.
S.K. Wong, Y.Y. Lim , E.W.C. Chan, Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and antibacterial activities of selected Hibiscus species, Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 2010 : 14: 781-96.
Lim, T.K., Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers , 2014 Edition, Springer, ISBN-13: 978-9401787475 , and 10: 9401787476 .
Sumardi , Mohammad Basyuni , Ridha Wati , Antimicrobial activity of polyisoprenoids of sixteen mangrove species from North Sumatra, Indonesia, BIODIVERSITAS , 2018: 19 (4): 1243-1248
Chavez , P.R.,Jordy Perez–Gonzalez, Rafael Salgado–Garciglia, Enrique Ramirez- Chavez, Jorge Molina–Torres, Miguel Martinez-Trujillo, et al Antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities and phytochemical analysis of three ornamental plants grown in Mexico, Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências , 2019: 91(2): 1-13.
Al-Snafi AE. Pharmacological and therapeutic importance of Hibiscus sabdariffa -Areview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2018 : 10(3): 451-475.
Abdel Ghaffar, F.R., El-Elaimy,I.A., In vitro, Antioxidant And A scavenging Activities Of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis Crude Extract. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science , 2012 : 2:51-58.
Sunil Kumar, Dinesh Kumar and Om Prakash, Evaluation Of Antioxidant Potential , Phenolic And Flavonoid Contents Of Hibiscus Tiliaceus Flowers , EJEAFChe, 2008: 7 (4) : 2863-2871.
Vijay, T , Rajendra, B. Phytochemical Screening And Anthelmintic Activity Of Wood And Leaves Of Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn. World Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Science, 2014: 3(10) : 880-889.
Shamsuddin, A.A., M. Najiah, A. Suvik, M.N. Azariyah,B.Y, Kamaruzzaman, A. W. Effendy , et al , Antibacterial Properties of Selected Mangrove Plants Against Vibrio Species and its Cytotoxicity Against Artemiasalina, World Applied Sciences Journal, 2013: 25(2), 333-340
Wong,S.K, Lim,Y.Y., Chan, E.W.C. Anti -oxidant Properties Of Hibiscus Species Variation, Altitudinal Change, Coastal Influence And Floral Colour Change. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 2009: 21(4), 307–315.
Hu FL, Lu RL, Huang B, Ming L.Free Radical scavenging activity of extracts prepared from fresh leaves of selected Chinese medicinal plants. Fitoterapia. 2004: 75(1):14-23.
Jorgensen J.H., Mary Jane Ferraro , Anti -microbial Susceptibility Testing: General Principles and Contemporary Practices , Clinical Infectious Diseases , 1998: 26(4): 973-980
Andriani, Y., Mohamad, H., Kesaven, B., Abdullah, M.I., Amir, H., Phytochemical, antibacteria and antibiofilm activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa of various extracts and fractions of mangrove-associated, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Journal of Sustainability Science & Management (JSSM), 2017: 12(2): 45-51
Ramproshad , S, T. Afroz, B. Mondal, A. Haque, S.Ara, R. Khan, S. Ahmed, Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities Of Leaves Of Medicinal Plant Hibiscus Tiliaceus L. Pharmacology online, 2012 : 3: 82 - 87
Abdul Awal, S.M., Sonia Nazmir, Sonia Nasrin, Tauhidur Rahman Nurunnabi, Shaikh Jamal Uddin, Evaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscus tiliaceus, Springer Plus , 2016: 5:1209
Elisha, I.L., Francien S. Botha, Lyndy Joy McGaw, Jacobus Nicolaas Eloff, The antibacterial activity of extracts of nine plant species with good activity against Escherichia coli against five other bacteria and cytotoxicity of extracts, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine , 2017: 17(133): 1-10.
Abdul Awal, S.M., Sonia Nazmir, Sonia Nasrin, Tauhidur Rahman Nurunnabi , Shaikh Jamal Uddin, Evaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscus tiliaceus, SpringerPlus , 2016: 5 (1209): 1-6.