Main Article Content
Abstract
In arid environment, limitations of crop productivity could be improved by soil management practices like soil conservation measures, tillage and reducing slopes through terracing on different cropping patterns. These patterns include area as Wheat-Maize (WMCP) and Wheat-Fodder (WFCP) in Kahuta (high rainfall climatic area), Wheat-Millet-Fallow (WMFCP) and Wheat- Millet-Lentil (WMLCP) in Khairimurat (medium rainfall climatic area) and Wheat-Fallow (WFCP) and Fallow-Groundnut (FGCP) in Pindi Gheb (low rainfall climatic area). In areas that have more crop water requirements the yield of these crops has been affected when the drought prevails. Our results evidenced that more average soil water content (ASWC) was available in high to medium height terraces in WMCP and low to medium in WFCP of Kahuta area. ASWC remained more in high to medium height terraces under all cropping pattern of Khairimurat during September. ASWC remained more in low to medium height terraces under all cropping pattern of Pindi Gheb during September and December. Equidistantly, soil water release curve also indicated that medium rainfall sites had more plant water availability as compared to high and low rainfall sites. Yield relationship to plant water availability revealed significance for intrusion of modified cropping patterns rather than existing cropping patterns on sustained basis. Finally, our study suggests that cropping patterns of high and low rainfall areas should adjusted by growing low water requirement crops in summer seasons to cope the drought period for the sustainability of agriculture under rainfed climatic conditions.
Keywords : cropping patterns, Pothowar Plateau, soil water contents, soil water release curve, sloppy lands
Article Details
An author who publishes in the Jurnal AGRITROPICA agrees to the following terms:
Author retains the copyright and grants the Journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Submission of a manuscript implies that the submitted work has not been published before (except as part of a thesis or report, or abstract); that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors. If and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the author(s) still hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions. For the new invention, authors are suggested to manage its patent before published. The license type is CC-BY-SA 4.0.
AGRITROPICA is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
for any purpose, even commercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
References
- Black, C. A. 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy Inc. Publishers, Madison, Wilsconsin, USA.
- Buresh, R. J., E. R. Austin, and E. T. Craswell. 1982. Analytical method in N-15 research. Fertilizer Research. 3: 37-62. California Fertilizer Association. Soil Improvement Committee, 1980. Western Fertilizer Handbook. 6th (ed) Interstate Printers and Publishers.
- Danville, Ill, USA. DOI: 10.1007/BF01063408
- Cassel, D. K., and D. R. Nielsen. 1986. Field capacity and available water capacity. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1-Physical and Mineralogical Methods, (methods of soil anl), pp. 901-926.
- Chang, A. C., L. J. Lund, A. L. Page, and J. E. Warneke. 1977. Physical properties of fly ash-amended soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 6(3): 267-270.DOI: 10.2134/jeq1977.00472425000600030007x.
- Crawford, J. W., N. Matsui, and I. M. young. 1995. The relation between the moisture-release curve and the structure of soil. European Journal of Soil Science 46(3): 369-375. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1995.tb01333.x
- Dalvi, V. B., M. B. Nagdeve, and L. N. Sethi. 2010 Rain water harvesting to develop non-arable lands using Continuous Contour Trench (CCT). Assam University Journal of Science and Technology 4(2): 54-57.
- de Boodt, M. A. V. O., and O. Verdonck. 1971. The physical properties of the substrates in horticulture. In III Symposium on Peat in Horticulture 26 (pp. 37-44). DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1972.26.5
- Deb P, P. Debnath, and S. K. Pattanaaik. 2014. Physico-chemical properties and water holding capacity of cultivated soils along altitudinal gradient in South Sikkim, India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 48(2): 120-126.
- Debnath, P., P. Deb, D. Sen, S. K. Pattannaik, D. Sah, and S. K. Ghosh. 2012. Physico-chemical properties and its relationship with water holding capacity of cultivated soils along altitudinal gradient in Sikkim. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology 5(2): 161-166.
- Dörner, J., J. Huertas, J. G. Cuevas, C. Leiva, L. Paulino, and J. L. Arumí. 2015. Water content dynamics in a volcanic ash soil slope in southern Chile. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 178(4): 693-702.
- Epila, J., N. J. De Baerdemaeker, L. L. Vergeynst, W. H. Maes, H. Beeckman, and K. Steppe. 2017. Capacitive water release and internal leaf water relocation delay drought-induced cavitation in African Maesopsis eminii. Tree physiology 37(4): 481-490.
- FAO, 1974. The Euphrates Pilot Irrigation Project. Methods of soil analysis, Gadel Soil Laboratory (A Laboratory manual). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
- Fu, B., J. Wang, L. Chen, and Y. Qiu. 2003. The effects of land use on soil moisture variation in the Danangou catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Catena. 54(1-2): 197-213. DOI: 10.1016/S0341-8162(03)00065-1.
- Gee, G. W., and J. W. Bauder. 1986. Particle size analysis. In. Klute. A. (ed). Methods of soil analysis. Part I. American Society of Agronomy. No. 9. Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 383-411.
- Groenevelt, P. H., and C. D. Grant. 2004. A new model for the soil-water retention curve that solves the problem of residual water contents. European Journal of Soil Science 55(3): 479-485. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00617.x
- Grossman, R. B., and T. G. Reinsch. 2002. Bulk density and linear extensibility. In: Warren, A.D. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. American Society of Agronomy, Monograph 9, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 201-240
- Hermassi, T., and J. M. Lamachère. 2013. Hydrological impact of traditional water harvesting techniques: Case study of Tunisian Contour benches. In Book of Proceedings pp. 5.
- Hess, P. R. 1971. A text book of Soil Chemicals Analysis. John Murray, London, UK.
- Hodnett, M. G., and J. Tomasella. 2002. Marked differences between van Genuchten soil water-retention parameters for temperate and tropical soils: a new water-retention pedo-transfer functions developed for tropical soils. Geoderma 108(3-4): 155-180.
- Huang, C. W., J. C. Domec, E. J. Ward, T. Duman, G. Manoli, A. J. Parolari, and G. G. Katul. 2017. The effect of plant water storage on water fluxes within the coupled soil–plant system." New Phytologist 213 (3): 1093-1106.
- Jones, H. G. 2007. Monitoring plant and soil water status: established and novel methods revisited and their relevance to studies of drought tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany 58(2): 119-130. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erl118
- Kaneko, Y., S. Nakamura, K. Sakai, T. Aoyagi, A. Kikuchi, Y. Sakurai, and T. Okano.1998. Rapid deswelling response of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels by the formation of water release channels using poly (ethylene oxide) graft chains. Macromolecules 31(18): 6099-6105. DOI: 10.1021/ma971899g.
- Kilmer, V. J., and L. T. Alexander. 1949. Methods of making mechanical analyses of soils. Soil Science 68: 15-24.
- Kizito, F., M. Sene, M. I. Dragila, A. Lufafa, I. Diedhiou, E. Dossa, R. Cuenca, J. Selker., and R. P. Dick. 2007. Soil water balance of annual crop–native shrub systems in Senegal's Peanut Basin: The missing link. Agriculture and Water Management 90(1-2): 137-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2007.02.015.
- Knudsen, D., G. A. Peterson, and P. F. Pratt. 1982. Lithium, sodium, and potassium. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, (methods of soil ana) pp. 225-246.
- Li, Y., and M. J. Lindstrom. 2001. Evaluating soil quality-soil redistribution relationship on terraces and steep hill slope. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65: 1500-1508. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2001.6551500x
- Livingston, N. J., and E. D. Jong. 1991. The use of unsaturated salt solutions to generate conifer needle water-release curves. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21(1): 53-57. DOI: 10. 1139/x91-008
- Malik, M. A., M. Ansar F. Zahoor, and I. Ahmad. 2006. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on fodder yield of Maize and its subsequent effect on soil. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Science 22(2): 5-15.
- Masto, R. E., P. K. Chhonkar, D. Singh and A. K. Patra. 2007. Soil quality response to long-term nutrient and crop management on a semi-arid Inceptisol. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 118(1): 130-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.008.
- Mc Lean, E. O. 1982 Soil pH and lime requirement. pp. 199-224. In Page AL (ed.), Methods of Soil analysis, part 2: Chemicals and Microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
- Michels, K., and C. L. Bielders. 2005. Pearl millet growth on an erosion-affected soil in the Sahel. Experimental Agriculture 42: 1-17.DOI: 10.1017/S0014479705002899.
- Moradi, A., C. T. B. Sung, K. J. Goh, A. H. M. Hanif, and C. F. Ishak. 2015. Effect of four soil and water conservation practices on soil physical processes in a non-terraced oil palm plantation. Soil and Tillage Research 145: 62-71.
- Morgan, K. T, L. R. Parsons, and T. A. Wheaton. 2001. Comparison of laboratory-and field-derived soil water retention curves for a fine sand soil using tensiometric, resistance and capacitance methods. Plant and Soil 234(2): 153-157. DOI: 10.1023/A:1017915114685
- Olsen, S. R., and L. E. Sommers. 1982. Phosphorus. pp. 403-430. In Page AL (ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Agronomy. No.9, Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
- Paramasivam, S., A. K. Alva and A. Fares. 2000. An evaluation of soil water status using tensiometers in a sandy soil under citrus production. Soil Science 165(4): 343-353.
- Qiu, Y., B. J. Fu, J. Wang, and L. Chen. 2001. Soil moisture variation in relation to topography and land use in a hill slope catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Hydrology 240: 243-263. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00362-0
- Radulovich, R., E. Solorzano, and P. Sollins. 1989. Soil macropore size distribution from water breakthrough curves. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53(2): 556-559.
- Richards, L. A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Agriculture Handbook 60. Washington, D.C., USA.
- Robertson, G. W. 1985. Rainfall probabilities in Rawalpindi-Islamabad area. BARD, PARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. pp:1-29.
- Sang-Arun, J., Mihara, M., Horaguchi, Y. and Yamaji, E., 2006. Soil erosion and participatory remediation strategy for bench terraces in northern Thailand. Catena, 65(3), pp.258-264. Doi:10.1016/j.catena.2005.11.010.
- Saxton, K. E., W. J. Rawls, J. S. Romberger, and R. I. Papendick. 1985. Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50(4): 1031-1036. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000040039x.
- Singh, K. K., Ch. Srinivasarao, and M. Ali. 2008. Phosphorus and mung bean residue incorporation improve soil fertility and crop productivity in sorghum and mung bean-lentil cropping system. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31: 459-471. Steel, R. G. D., J. A. Torrie, and D. A. Dickey. 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, 3rd.McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York, USA, pp. 428-434.
- Strehmel, A., A. Jewett, R. Schuldt, B. Schmalz, and N. Fohrer. 2016. Field data-based implementation of land management and terraces on the catchment scale for an eco-hydrological modelling approach in the three gorges region, China. Agricultural Water Management 175: 43-60.
- Tarar, R. N. 1997. Pakistan water surface scenario in 21th Century and needed actions. International Symposium: Water for the 21th Century. June 17-19, 1997, Lahore.
- Tejada, M., M. T. Hernandez and C. Garcia. 2006. Application of two organic amendments on soil restoration: effects on the soil biological properties. Journal of Environmental Quality 35: 1010-1017. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0460.
- Tomasella, J., and M. G. Hodnett. 1998. Estimating soil water retention characteristics from limited data in Brazilian Amazonia. Soil Science 163(3): 190-222.
- Ullah R, M. I. Lone, K. S. Khan, S. M. Mehdi and M. A. Qazi. 2013. Effect of cropping systems and seasonal variations on soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in arid soils. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 23(2): 493-499.
- Ullah R, M. I. Lone, S. Ali, and S. Hussain. 2009. Soil water variation under different cropping patterns on sloppy lands in Punjab. Soil & Environment 28(2): 156-161.
- Wang, X., G. Sun, Y. Jia, F. M. Li, and J. Z. Xu. 2008. Crop yield and soil water restoration on 9-year –old alfalfa pasture in the semi arid loess plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management 95: 171-198. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2007.10.001.
- Zhang, Y., Gao, J., Wu, L.N., Li, H., Bai, X., Li, J. and Li, X., 2015. The study of terraced field erosion based on the scale model in the Loess Plateau under extreme rainstorm conditions. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 14(2): 267.
References
Black, C. A. 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy Inc. Publishers, Madison, Wilsconsin, USA.
Buresh, R. J., E. R. Austin, and E. T. Craswell. 1982. Analytical method in N-15 research. Fertilizer Research. 3: 37-62. California Fertilizer Association. Soil Improvement Committee, 1980. Western Fertilizer Handbook. 6th (ed) Interstate Printers and Publishers.
Danville, Ill, USA. DOI: 10.1007/BF01063408
Cassel, D. K., and D. R. Nielsen. 1986. Field capacity and available water capacity. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1-Physical and Mineralogical Methods, (methods of soil anl), pp. 901-926.
Chang, A. C., L. J. Lund, A. L. Page, and J. E. Warneke. 1977. Physical properties of fly ash-amended soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 6(3): 267-270.DOI: 10.2134/jeq1977.00472425000600030007x.
Crawford, J. W., N. Matsui, and I. M. young. 1995. The relation between the moisture-release curve and the structure of soil. European Journal of Soil Science 46(3): 369-375. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1995.tb01333.x
Dalvi, V. B., M. B. Nagdeve, and L. N. Sethi. 2010 Rain water harvesting to develop non-arable lands using Continuous Contour Trench (CCT). Assam University Journal of Science and Technology 4(2): 54-57.
de Boodt, M. A. V. O., and O. Verdonck. 1971. The physical properties of the substrates in horticulture. In III Symposium on Peat in Horticulture 26 (pp. 37-44). DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1972.26.5
Deb P, P. Debnath, and S. K. Pattanaaik. 2014. Physico-chemical properties and water holding capacity of cultivated soils along altitudinal gradient in South Sikkim, India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 48(2): 120-126.
Debnath, P., P. Deb, D. Sen, S. K. Pattannaik, D. Sah, and S. K. Ghosh. 2012. Physico-chemical properties and its relationship with water holding capacity of cultivated soils along altitudinal gradient in Sikkim. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology 5(2): 161-166.
Dörner, J., J. Huertas, J. G. Cuevas, C. Leiva, L. Paulino, and J. L. Arumí. 2015. Water content dynamics in a volcanic ash soil slope in southern Chile. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 178(4): 693-702.
Epila, J., N. J. De Baerdemaeker, L. L. Vergeynst, W. H. Maes, H. Beeckman, and K. Steppe. 2017. Capacitive water release and internal leaf water relocation delay drought-induced cavitation in African Maesopsis eminii. Tree physiology 37(4): 481-490.
FAO, 1974. The Euphrates Pilot Irrigation Project. Methods of soil analysis, Gadel Soil Laboratory (A Laboratory manual). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
Fu, B., J. Wang, L. Chen, and Y. Qiu. 2003. The effects of land use on soil moisture variation in the Danangou catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Catena. 54(1-2): 197-213. DOI: 10.1016/S0341-8162(03)00065-1.
Gee, G. W., and J. W. Bauder. 1986. Particle size analysis. In. Klute. A. (ed). Methods of soil analysis. Part I. American Society of Agronomy. No. 9. Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 383-411.
Groenevelt, P. H., and C. D. Grant. 2004. A new model for the soil-water retention curve that solves the problem of residual water contents. European Journal of Soil Science 55(3): 479-485. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00617.x
Grossman, R. B., and T. G. Reinsch. 2002. Bulk density and linear extensibility. In: Warren, A.D. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. American Society of Agronomy, Monograph 9, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 201-240
Hermassi, T., and J. M. Lamachère. 2013. Hydrological impact of traditional water harvesting techniques: Case study of Tunisian Contour benches. In Book of Proceedings pp. 5.
Hess, P. R. 1971. A text book of Soil Chemicals Analysis. John Murray, London, UK.
Hodnett, M. G., and J. Tomasella. 2002. Marked differences between van Genuchten soil water-retention parameters for temperate and tropical soils: a new water-retention pedo-transfer functions developed for tropical soils. Geoderma 108(3-4): 155-180.
Huang, C. W., J. C. Domec, E. J. Ward, T. Duman, G. Manoli, A. J. Parolari, and G. G. Katul. 2017. The effect of plant water storage on water fluxes within the coupled soil–plant system." New Phytologist 213 (3): 1093-1106.
Jones, H. G. 2007. Monitoring plant and soil water status: established and novel methods revisited and their relevance to studies of drought tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany 58(2): 119-130. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erl118
Kaneko, Y., S. Nakamura, K. Sakai, T. Aoyagi, A. Kikuchi, Y. Sakurai, and T. Okano.1998. Rapid deswelling response of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels by the formation of water release channels using poly (ethylene oxide) graft chains. Macromolecules 31(18): 6099-6105. DOI: 10.1021/ma971899g.
Kilmer, V. J., and L. T. Alexander. 1949. Methods of making mechanical analyses of soils. Soil Science 68: 15-24.
Kizito, F., M. Sene, M. I. Dragila, A. Lufafa, I. Diedhiou, E. Dossa, R. Cuenca, J. Selker., and R. P. Dick. 2007. Soil water balance of annual crop–native shrub systems in Senegal's Peanut Basin: The missing link. Agriculture and Water Management 90(1-2): 137-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2007.02.015.
Knudsen, D., G. A. Peterson, and P. F. Pratt. 1982. Lithium, sodium, and potassium. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, (methods of soil ana) pp. 225-246.
Li, Y., and M. J. Lindstrom. 2001. Evaluating soil quality-soil redistribution relationship on terraces and steep hill slope. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65: 1500-1508. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2001.6551500x
Livingston, N. J., and E. D. Jong. 1991. The use of unsaturated salt solutions to generate conifer needle water-release curves. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21(1): 53-57. DOI: 10. 1139/x91-008
Malik, M. A., M. Ansar F. Zahoor, and I. Ahmad. 2006. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on fodder yield of Maize and its subsequent effect on soil. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Science 22(2): 5-15.
Masto, R. E., P. K. Chhonkar, D. Singh and A. K. Patra. 2007. Soil quality response to long-term nutrient and crop management on a semi-arid Inceptisol. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 118(1): 130-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.008.
Mc Lean, E. O. 1982 Soil pH and lime requirement. pp. 199-224. In Page AL (ed.), Methods of Soil analysis, part 2: Chemicals and Microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
Michels, K., and C. L. Bielders. 2005. Pearl millet growth on an erosion-affected soil in the Sahel. Experimental Agriculture 42: 1-17.DOI: 10.1017/S0014479705002899.
Moradi, A., C. T. B. Sung, K. J. Goh, A. H. M. Hanif, and C. F. Ishak. 2015. Effect of four soil and water conservation practices on soil physical processes in a non-terraced oil palm plantation. Soil and Tillage Research 145: 62-71.
Morgan, K. T, L. R. Parsons, and T. A. Wheaton. 2001. Comparison of laboratory-and field-derived soil water retention curves for a fine sand soil using tensiometric, resistance and capacitance methods. Plant and Soil 234(2): 153-157. DOI: 10.1023/A:1017915114685
Olsen, S. R., and L. E. Sommers. 1982. Phosphorus. pp. 403-430. In Page AL (ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Agronomy. No.9, Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
Paramasivam, S., A. K. Alva and A. Fares. 2000. An evaluation of soil water status using tensiometers in a sandy soil under citrus production. Soil Science 165(4): 343-353.
Qiu, Y., B. J. Fu, J. Wang, and L. Chen. 2001. Soil moisture variation in relation to topography and land use in a hill slope catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Hydrology 240: 243-263. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00362-0
Radulovich, R., E. Solorzano, and P. Sollins. 1989. Soil macropore size distribution from water breakthrough curves. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53(2): 556-559.
Richards, L. A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Agriculture Handbook 60. Washington, D.C., USA.
Robertson, G. W. 1985. Rainfall probabilities in Rawalpindi-Islamabad area. BARD, PARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. pp:1-29.
Sang-Arun, J., Mihara, M., Horaguchi, Y. and Yamaji, E., 2006. Soil erosion and participatory remediation strategy for bench terraces in northern Thailand. Catena, 65(3), pp.258-264. Doi:10.1016/j.catena.2005.11.010.
Saxton, K. E., W. J. Rawls, J. S. Romberger, and R. I. Papendick. 1985. Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50(4): 1031-1036. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000040039x.
Singh, K. K., Ch. Srinivasarao, and M. Ali. 2008. Phosphorus and mung bean residue incorporation improve soil fertility and crop productivity in sorghum and mung bean-lentil cropping system. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31: 459-471. Steel, R. G. D., J. A. Torrie, and D. A. Dickey. 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, 3rd.McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York, USA, pp. 428-434.
Strehmel, A., A. Jewett, R. Schuldt, B. Schmalz, and N. Fohrer. 2016. Field data-based implementation of land management and terraces on the catchment scale for an eco-hydrological modelling approach in the three gorges region, China. Agricultural Water Management 175: 43-60.
Tarar, R. N. 1997. Pakistan water surface scenario in 21th Century and needed actions. International Symposium: Water for the 21th Century. June 17-19, 1997, Lahore.
Tejada, M., M. T. Hernandez and C. Garcia. 2006. Application of two organic amendments on soil restoration: effects on the soil biological properties. Journal of Environmental Quality 35: 1010-1017. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0460.
Tomasella, J., and M. G. Hodnett. 1998. Estimating soil water retention characteristics from limited data in Brazilian Amazonia. Soil Science 163(3): 190-222.
Ullah R, M. I. Lone, K. S. Khan, S. M. Mehdi and M. A. Qazi. 2013. Effect of cropping systems and seasonal variations on soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in arid soils. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 23(2): 493-499.
Ullah R, M. I. Lone, S. Ali, and S. Hussain. 2009. Soil water variation under different cropping patterns on sloppy lands in Punjab. Soil & Environment 28(2): 156-161.
Wang, X., G. Sun, Y. Jia, F. M. Li, and J. Z. Xu. 2008. Crop yield and soil water restoration on 9-year –old alfalfa pasture in the semi arid loess plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management 95: 171-198. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2007.10.001.
Zhang, Y., Gao, J., Wu, L.N., Li, H., Bai, X., Li, J. and Li, X., 2015. The study of terraced field erosion based on the scale model in the Loess Plateau under extreme rainstorm conditions. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 14(2): 267.