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Abstract
Food security is one of the crucial issues in developing countries. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) identifies four food security components: availability, affordability, utilization, and stability. Bengkulu Province, until 2023, is the second poorest province on the island of Sumatra. This has an impact on food affordability, which is a component of food security. There needs to be mapping or grouping in each region in Bengkulu Province so that the policies formed and implemented can be more optimal. This study aims to group and map areas or districts in Bengkulu Province that have similar characteristics based on aspects of food availability, food affordability or physical access to food, and aspects of food utilization. Biplot analysis describes regional characteristics and variable correlations in a two-dimensional graph. The results of grouping food security areas based on the characteristics of the three aspects are three clusters. The first cluster consists of Kaur, South Bengkulu, and Lebong. The second cluster consists of Central Bengkulu, Mukomuko, and North Bengkulu. The third cluster consists of Rejang Lebong, Seluma, and Kepahiang. The first cluster tends to have good food security because its characteristics are relatively close to the food availability and utilisation indicators. The second cluster has strong attributes as an indicator of food affordability. The third cluster has characteristics that describe indicators of lack of electricity, clean water, poverty rate, and life expectancy.
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Copyright (c) 2024 hariz eko wibowo, Ridha Rizki Novanda, Rihan Ifebri, Ariffatchur Fauzi
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References
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Ariani, M., Ariningsih, E., Kariyasa, I. K., & Maulana, M. (2007). Kinerja dan Prospek Pemberdayaan Rumah Tangga Rawan Pangan Dalam Era Desentralisasi. Kerjasama Penelitian Biro Perencanaan, Departemen Pertanian, dan UNESCAP-CAPSA.
Asriani, P. S., Wibowo, H.E., & Sukiyono, K. (2024). Dynamics of household food security pre and post the COVID-19 pandemic in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, 7(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v7i2.5138
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2006). Food Security. [Policy Brief] Rome (IT): Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/policy-brief-food-security-issue-2-june-2006
Franklin, B., Jones, A., Love, D., Puckett, S., Macklin, J., & White-Means, S. (2011). Exploring Mediators of Food Insecurity and Obesity: A Review of Recent Literature. J Community Health, 37(1), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182768
Gowda, C., Hadley, C., & Aiello, A.E. (2012). The Association Between Food Insecurity and Inflammation in the US Adult Population. Am J Public Health, 102(8), 1579-1586. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300551
Greenville, J., Mcgilvray, H., Cao, L.Y., & Fell, J. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on Australian agriculture, forestry and fisheries trade. Canberra, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/trade/impacts-of-COVID-19-on-Australian-trade
Hackett, M., Melgar-Quiñonez, H., & Álvarez, M.C. (2009). Household food insecurity associated with stunting and underweight among preschool children in Antioquia, Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Públ, 25, 506-510. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892009000600006
Ivers, L. C., & Cullen, K. A. (2011). Food insecurity: special considerations for women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(6), 1740S-1744S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.012617
Kharisma, V., & Abe, N. (2020). Food insecurity and associated socioeconomic factors: Application of Rasch and Binary Logistic Models with household survey data in three megacities in Indonesia. Soc. Indic. Res., 148(2), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02210-z
Motbainor, A., Worku, A., & Kumie, A. (2015). Stunting is associated with food diversity while wasting with food insecurity among under five children in East and West Gojjam Zones of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PLoS One, 10(8), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133542
Pan, L., Sherry, B., Njai, R., & Blanck, H.M. (2012). Food Insecurity Is Associated with Obesity among US Adults in 12 States. J Acad Nutr Diet, 112(9), 1403-1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.011
Pujoharso, Cahyo. (2013). Aplikasi Teori Konsumsi Keynes Terhadap Pola Konsumsi Makan Masyarakat Indonesia. Artikel Ilmiah. Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Brawijaya. Malang. Retrieved from: http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/106863/
Rose-Jacobs, R., Black, M.M., Casey, P.H., Cook, J.T., Cutts, D.B., Chilton, M., & Frank, D.A. (2008). Household food insecurity: associations with at-risk infant and toddler development. Pediatrics, 121(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-3717
Rozaki, Z. (2020). COVID-19, agriculture, and food security in Indonesia. Reviews in Agricultural Science. Gifu University - United Graduate School of Agricultural Science. https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.8.0_243
Rozaki, Z. (2021). Food security challenges and opportunities in indonesia post COVID-19. In Advances in Food Security and Sustainability (Vol. 6, pp. 119–168). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.af2s.2021.07.002
Seligman, H.K., Laraia, B.A., & Kushel, M.B. (2010). Food Insecurity Is Associated with Chronic Disease among Low-Income NHANES Participants. J Nutr, 140(2), 304-310. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.112573
Slopen, N., Fitzmaurice, G., Williams, D.R., & Gilman, S.E. (2010). Poverty, Food Insecurity, and the Behavior for Childhood Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders. J Am Acad Child Psy, 49(5), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.01.018
Sukiyono, K., Widiono, S., Cahyadinata, I., & Sriyoto. (2015). Study on Local Concept of Household Food Security: Case of Fishery and Paddy Farming Community in Mukomuko District, Bengkulu Province. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315692881_Study_on_Local_Concept_of_Household_Food_Security_The_Case_of_Fishery_and_Paddy_Farming_Community_in_Mukomuko_District_Bengkulu_Province
Vogenthaler, N.S., Kushel, M.B., Hadley, C., Frongillo, E.A., Riley, E.D., Bangsberg, D.R., & Weiser, S.D. (2013). Food Insecurity and Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Homeless and Marginally Housed HIV-Infected Individuals in San Francisco. AIDS Behav, 17(5), 1688-1693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0355
Wibowo, H. E., R. R. Novanda, R. Ifebri, and A. Fauzi. (2023). Overview of the Literature on the impact of Food Price Volatility. Agritropica: Journal of Agricultural Science. 6 (1): 22-32. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31186/J.agritropica.6.1.22-32.
Wibowo, H.E., R. Ifebri, A. Fauzi. (2023). Household Food Security Analysis Pre And Post The Covid-19 Pandemic In Bengkulu Province. Journal of Agri Socio Economics and Business. 5(2): 203-214. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31186/jaseb.05.2.203-214.
Wibowo, H. E., R. R. Novanda, R. Ifebri, and A. Fauzi. (2024). Analysis Food Security of Cities in Bengkulu Province Pre and Post Pandemic. Agritropica. J. Agr. Sci. 7 (1): 69-76. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31186/J.agritropica.7.1.69-76.
Wulandary, S. (2019). Implementation of PCA Biplot And K-Medoids Clustering On Country Segmentation Based on Global Food Security Index (GSFI) 2018 Data. Biastatistics: Jurnal Statistika Teori dan Aplikasi: Biomedics, Industry & Business and Social Statistics,13(2), 25-36.
Yudaningrum, A. (2011). Analisis Hubungan Proporsi Pengeluaran dan Konsumsi Pangan Dengan Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani di Kabupaten Kulon Progo. [Bachelor’s thesis, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sebelas Maret]. https://doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v7i2.48896
Yuliantini, E., Sukiyono, K., Yuliarso, M.Z., & Sulistyo, B. (2022). Food Security and Stunting Incidences in the Coastal Areas of Indonesia. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10, 454-461. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9335
References
Ariani, M., Ariningsih, E., Kariyasa, I. K., & Maulana, M. (2007). Kinerja dan Prospek Pemberdayaan Rumah Tangga Rawan Pangan Dalam Era Desentralisasi. Kerjasama Penelitian Biro Perencanaan, Departemen Pertanian, dan UNESCAP-CAPSA.
Asriani, P. S., Wibowo, H.E., & Sukiyono, K. (2024). Dynamics of household food security pre and post the COVID-19 pandemic in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, 7(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v7i2.5138
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2006). Food Security. [Policy Brief] Rome (IT): Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/policy-brief-food-security-issue-2-june-2006
Franklin, B., Jones, A., Love, D., Puckett, S., Macklin, J., & White-Means, S. (2011). Exploring Mediators of Food Insecurity and Obesity: A Review of Recent Literature. J Community Health, 37(1), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182768
Gowda, C., Hadley, C., & Aiello, A.E. (2012). The Association Between Food Insecurity and Inflammation in the US Adult Population. Am J Public Health, 102(8), 1579-1586. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300551
Greenville, J., Mcgilvray, H., Cao, L.Y., & Fell, J. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on Australian agriculture, forestry and fisheries trade. Canberra, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/trade/impacts-of-COVID-19-on-Australian-trade
Hackett, M., Melgar-Quiñonez, H., & Álvarez, M.C. (2009). Household food insecurity associated with stunting and underweight among preschool children in Antioquia, Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Públ, 25, 506-510. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892009000600006
Ivers, L. C., & Cullen, K. A. (2011). Food insecurity: special considerations for women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(6), 1740S-1744S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.012617
Kharisma, V., & Abe, N. (2020). Food insecurity and associated socioeconomic factors: Application of Rasch and Binary Logistic Models with household survey data in three megacities in Indonesia. Soc. Indic. Res., 148(2), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02210-z
Motbainor, A., Worku, A., & Kumie, A. (2015). Stunting is associated with food diversity while wasting with food insecurity among under five children in East and West Gojjam Zones of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PLoS One, 10(8), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133542
Pan, L., Sherry, B., Njai, R., & Blanck, H.M. (2012). Food Insecurity Is Associated with Obesity among US Adults in 12 States. J Acad Nutr Diet, 112(9), 1403-1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.011
Pujoharso, Cahyo. (2013). Aplikasi Teori Konsumsi Keynes Terhadap Pola Konsumsi Makan Masyarakat Indonesia. Artikel Ilmiah. Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Brawijaya. Malang. Retrieved from: http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/106863/
Rose-Jacobs, R., Black, M.M., Casey, P.H., Cook, J.T., Cutts, D.B., Chilton, M., & Frank, D.A. (2008). Household food insecurity: associations with at-risk infant and toddler development. Pediatrics, 121(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-3717
Rozaki, Z. (2020). COVID-19, agriculture, and food security in Indonesia. Reviews in Agricultural Science. Gifu University - United Graduate School of Agricultural Science. https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.8.0_243
Rozaki, Z. (2021). Food security challenges and opportunities in indonesia post COVID-19. In Advances in Food Security and Sustainability (Vol. 6, pp. 119–168). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.af2s.2021.07.002
Seligman, H.K., Laraia, B.A., & Kushel, M.B. (2010). Food Insecurity Is Associated with Chronic Disease among Low-Income NHANES Participants. J Nutr, 140(2), 304-310. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.112573
Slopen, N., Fitzmaurice, G., Williams, D.R., & Gilman, S.E. (2010). Poverty, Food Insecurity, and the Behavior for Childhood Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders. J Am Acad Child Psy, 49(5), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.01.018
Sukiyono, K., Widiono, S., Cahyadinata, I., & Sriyoto. (2015). Study on Local Concept of Household Food Security: Case of Fishery and Paddy Farming Community in Mukomuko District, Bengkulu Province. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315692881_Study_on_Local_Concept_of_Household_Food_Security_The_Case_of_Fishery_and_Paddy_Farming_Community_in_Mukomuko_District_Bengkulu_Province
Vogenthaler, N.S., Kushel, M.B., Hadley, C., Frongillo, E.A., Riley, E.D., Bangsberg, D.R., & Weiser, S.D. (2013). Food Insecurity and Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Homeless and Marginally Housed HIV-Infected Individuals in San Francisco. AIDS Behav, 17(5), 1688-1693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0355
Wibowo, H. E., R. R. Novanda, R. Ifebri, and A. Fauzi. (2023). Overview of the Literature on the impact of Food Price Volatility. Agritropica: Journal of Agricultural Science. 6 (1): 22-32. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31186/J.agritropica.6.1.22-32.
Wibowo, H.E., R. Ifebri, A. Fauzi. (2023). Household Food Security Analysis Pre And Post The Covid-19 Pandemic In Bengkulu Province. Journal of Agri Socio Economics and Business. 5(2): 203-214. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31186/jaseb.05.2.203-214.
Wibowo, H. E., R. R. Novanda, R. Ifebri, and A. Fauzi. (2024). Analysis Food Security of Cities in Bengkulu Province Pre and Post Pandemic. Agritropica. J. Agr. Sci. 7 (1): 69-76. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31186/J.agritropica.7.1.69-76.
Wulandary, S. (2019). Implementation of PCA Biplot And K-Medoids Clustering On Country Segmentation Based on Global Food Security Index (GSFI) 2018 Data. Biastatistics: Jurnal Statistika Teori dan Aplikasi: Biomedics, Industry & Business and Social Statistics,13(2), 25-36.
Yudaningrum, A. (2011). Analisis Hubungan Proporsi Pengeluaran dan Konsumsi Pangan Dengan Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani di Kabupaten Kulon Progo. [Bachelor’s thesis, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sebelas Maret]. https://doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v7i2.48896
Yuliantini, E., Sukiyono, K., Yuliarso, M.Z., & Sulistyo, B. (2022). Food Security and Stunting Incidences in the Coastal Areas of Indonesia. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10, 454-461. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9335
Asriani, P. S., Wibowo, H.E., & Sukiyono, K. (2024). Dynamics of household food security pre and post the COVID-19 pandemic in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, 7(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v7i2.5138
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2006). Food Security. [Policy Brief] Rome (IT): Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/policy-brief-food-security-issue-2-june-2006
Franklin, B., Jones, A., Love, D., Puckett, S., Macklin, J., & White-Means, S. (2011). Exploring Mediators of Food Insecurity and Obesity: A Review of Recent Literature. J Community Health, 37(1), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182768
Gowda, C., Hadley, C., & Aiello, A.E. (2012). The Association Between Food Insecurity and Inflammation in the US Adult Population. Am J Public Health, 102(8), 1579-1586. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300551
Greenville, J., Mcgilvray, H., Cao, L.Y., & Fell, J. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on Australian agriculture, forestry and fisheries trade. Canberra, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/trade/impacts-of-COVID-19-on-Australian-trade
Hackett, M., Melgar-Quiñonez, H., & Álvarez, M.C. (2009). Household food insecurity associated with stunting and underweight among preschool children in Antioquia, Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Públ, 25, 506-510. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892009000600006
Ivers, L. C., & Cullen, K. A. (2011). Food insecurity: special considerations for women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(6), 1740S-1744S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.012617
Kharisma, V., & Abe, N. (2020). Food insecurity and associated socioeconomic factors: Application of Rasch and Binary Logistic Models with household survey data in three megacities in Indonesia. Soc. Indic. Res., 148(2), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02210-z
Motbainor, A., Worku, A., & Kumie, A. (2015). Stunting is associated with food diversity while wasting with food insecurity among under five children in East and West Gojjam Zones of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PLoS One, 10(8), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133542
Pan, L., Sherry, B., Njai, R., & Blanck, H.M. (2012). Food Insecurity Is Associated with Obesity among US Adults in 12 States. J Acad Nutr Diet, 112(9), 1403-1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.011
Pujoharso, Cahyo. (2013). Aplikasi Teori Konsumsi Keynes Terhadap Pola Konsumsi Makan Masyarakat Indonesia. Artikel Ilmiah. Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Brawijaya. Malang. Retrieved from: http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/106863/
Rose-Jacobs, R., Black, M.M., Casey, P.H., Cook, J.T., Cutts, D.B., Chilton, M., & Frank, D.A. (2008). Household food insecurity: associations with at-risk infant and toddler development. Pediatrics, 121(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-3717
Rozaki, Z. (2020). COVID-19, agriculture, and food security in Indonesia. Reviews in Agricultural Science. Gifu University - United Graduate School of Agricultural Science. https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.8.0_243
Rozaki, Z. (2021). Food security challenges and opportunities in indonesia post COVID-19. In Advances in Food Security and Sustainability (Vol. 6, pp. 119–168). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.af2s.2021.07.002
Seligman, H.K., Laraia, B.A., & Kushel, M.B. (2010). Food Insecurity Is Associated with Chronic Disease among Low-Income NHANES Participants. J Nutr, 140(2), 304-310. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.112573
Slopen, N., Fitzmaurice, G., Williams, D.R., & Gilman, S.E. (2010). Poverty, Food Insecurity, and the Behavior for Childhood Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders. J Am Acad Child Psy, 49(5), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.01.018
Sukiyono, K., Widiono, S., Cahyadinata, I., & Sriyoto. (2015). Study on Local Concept of Household Food Security: Case of Fishery and Paddy Farming Community in Mukomuko District, Bengkulu Province. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315692881_Study_on_Local_Concept_of_Household_Food_Security_The_Case_of_Fishery_and_Paddy_Farming_Community_in_Mukomuko_District_Bengkulu_Province
Vogenthaler, N.S., Kushel, M.B., Hadley, C., Frongillo, E.A., Riley, E.D., Bangsberg, D.R., & Weiser, S.D. (2013). Food Insecurity and Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Homeless and Marginally Housed HIV-Infected Individuals in San Francisco. AIDS Behav, 17(5), 1688-1693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0355
Wibowo, H. E., R. R. Novanda, R. Ifebri, and A. Fauzi. (2023). Overview of the Literature on the impact of Food Price Volatility. Agritropica: Journal of Agricultural Science. 6 (1): 22-32. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31186/J.agritropica.6.1.22-32.
Wibowo, H.E., R. Ifebri, A. Fauzi. (2023). Household Food Security Analysis Pre And Post The Covid-19 Pandemic In Bengkulu Province. Journal of Agri Socio Economics and Business. 5(2): 203-214. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31186/jaseb.05.2.203-214.
Wibowo, H. E., R. R. Novanda, R. Ifebri, and A. Fauzi. (2024). Analysis Food Security of Cities in Bengkulu Province Pre and Post Pandemic. Agritropica. J. Agr. Sci. 7 (1): 69-76. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31186/J.agritropica.7.1.69-76.
Wulandary, S. (2019). Implementation of PCA Biplot And K-Medoids Clustering On Country Segmentation Based on Global Food Security Index (GSFI) 2018 Data. Biastatistics: Jurnal Statistika Teori dan Aplikasi: Biomedics, Industry & Business and Social Statistics,13(2), 25-36.
Yudaningrum, A. (2011). Analisis Hubungan Proporsi Pengeluaran dan Konsumsi Pangan Dengan Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani di Kabupaten Kulon Progo. [Bachelor’s thesis, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sebelas Maret]. https://doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v7i2.48896
Yuliantini, E., Sukiyono, K., Yuliarso, M.Z., & Sulistyo, B. (2022). Food Security and Stunting Incidences in the Coastal Areas of Indonesia. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10, 454-461. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9335