Main Article Content
Abstract
Intrinsic motivation, which is the inner drive that motivates individuals to engage in various activities across different domains, plays a crucial role in shaping performance, especially in sports like softball. This study explores the complex interplay between gender, intrinsic motivation, and softball skills among university students. Using quantitative research methods and an ex-post facto design, this research provides valuable insights into the comparison of intrinsic motivation (interest, enjoyment, and personal challenge) and softball skills based on gender. The results reveal significant gender-based disparities in softball skills, highlighting the need for tailored interventions to promote gender equality in sports. Interestingly, despite differences in skills, the levels of intrinsic motivation encompassing interest, enjoyment, and personal challenge remain consistent across genders, emphasizing the universal appeal of intrinsic motivation in sports. Additionally, the study employed two distinct instruments: the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) to assess intrinsic motivation and the O'Donnell Softball Test to measure softball skills. This research underscores the potential of sports programs to leverage these shared motivational factors to improve performance and engagement. It offers valuable insights into the diverse world of sports participation, providing a promising path for more inclusive and effective sports programs in the university environment, with a focus on promoting equality and excellence in sports participation.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Charisma Azizah Ibrahim, Mudjihartono Mudjihartono, Asep Sumpena, Agus Gumilar, Jajat Drajat Kusumah Negara

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References
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- Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: a 40-year meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 980. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035661
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- Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Conceptualizations of intrinsic motivation and self-determination. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior, 11–40.
- D’Lima, G. M., Winsler, A., & Kitsantas, A. (2014). Ethnic and gender differences in first-year college students’ goal orientation, self-efficacy, and extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. The Journal of Educational Research, 107(5), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2013.823366
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- Larsen, S., Mozdoorzoy, T., Kristiansen, E., Nygaard Falch, H., Aune, T. K., & van den Tillaar, R. (2021). A comparison of motives by gender and age categories for training at norwegian fitness centres. Sports, 9(8), 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9080113
- Maher, N., & Hastings, R. (2023). Coaching for gender diversity: A thematic analysis of approaches, frameworks, and their efficacy. Consulting Psychology Journal, 75(2), 154. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000253
- Mercader-Rubio, I., Ángel, N. G., Silva, S., Furtado, G., & Brito-Costa, S. (2023). Intrinsic Motivation: Knowledge, Achievement, and Experimentation in Sports Science Students—Relations with Emotional Intelligence. Behavioral Sciences, 13(7), 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070589
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- Schanilec-Gowan, J. (2021). Student-Athlete Motivation And Gender. https://commons.und.edu/theses
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References
Almagro, B. J., Sáenz-López, P., Fierro-Suero, S., & Conde, C. (2020). Perceived performance, intrinsic motivation and adherence in athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249441
Appelbaum, L. G., Lu, Y., Khanna, R., & Detwiler, K. R. (2016). The effects of sports vision training on sensorimotor abilities in collegiate softball athletes. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care, 8(4), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.3928/19425864-20160314-01
Baena-Extremera, A., Granero-Gallegos, A., Sánchez-Fuentes, J. A., & Martínez-Molina, M. (2014). Predictive model of the importance and usefulness of physical education. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte, 14(2), 121–130. https://revistas.um.es/cpd/article/view/199581
Berki, T., & Tarjányi, Z. (2022). The role of physical activity, enjoyment of physical activity, and school performance in learning motivation among high school students in Hungary. Children, 9(3), 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030320
Box, A. G., Feito, Y., Brown, C., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2019). Individual differences influence exercise behavior: how personality, motivation, and behavioral regulation vary among exercise mode preferences. Heliyon, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019. e01459
Buning, M. M. (2016). The relationship between coach expectations and female softball athletes’ motivation and perceptions of coach behavior. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 24(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2014-0056
Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: a 40-year meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 980. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035661
Cooper, N., Schuett, P. A., & Phillips, H. M. (2012). Examining intrinsic motivations in campus intramural sports. Recreational Sports Journal, 36(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1123/rsj.36.1.25
Deaner, R. O., Balish, S. M., & Lombardo, M. P. (2016). Sex differences in sports interest and motivation: An evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000049
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer Science & Business Media.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2016). Optimizing students’ motivation in the era of testing and pressure: A self-determination theory perspective. In Building autonomous learners: Perspectives from research and practice using self-determination theory (pp. 9–29). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_2
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Conceptualizations of intrinsic motivation and self-determination. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior, 11–40.
D’Lima, G. M., Winsler, A., & Kitsantas, A. (2014). Ethnic and gender differences in first-year college students’ goal orientation, self-efficacy, and extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. The Journal of Educational Research, 107(5), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2013.823366
Frank, J. M. (2008). The athletic, academic, and social experiences of female intercollegiate team sport student-athletes. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/9zu5-af19
Fufu, R. D. A., Hariyanto, A., & Wismanadi, H. (2021). the Effect of Throw and Catch Exercise and the Accuracy and Speed of Throw To Target in Sports Softball. Journal Of Physical Education Health And Sport Sciences, 2(2), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.35508/jpehss
Gil-Arias, A., Claver, F., Práxedes, A., Villar, F. Del, & Harvey, S. (2020). Autonomy support, motivational climate, enjoyment and perceived competence in physical education: Impact of a hybrid teaching games for understanding/sport education unit. European Physical Education Review, 26(1), 36–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X18816997
Gumilar, A., Darajat, J., Ma’mun, A., Nuryadi, N., Hambali, B., Mudjihartono, M., & Mulyana, D. (2021). Batting Performance Analisys of West Java Athletes. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v6i2.37215
Gumilar, A., Ma’mum, A., Nuryadi, Kusumah, J. D. N., & Hambali, B. (2022). Can a Healthy Lifestyle Reduce Feelings of Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Universal Journal of Public Health, 10(6), 620–626. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujph.2022.100609
Harackiewicz, J. M., Smith, J. L., & Priniski, S. J. (2016). Interest matters: The importance of promoting interest in education. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(2), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732216655542
Hollembeak, J., & Amorose, A. J. (2005). Perceived coaching behaviors and college athletes’ intrinsic motivation: A test of self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1), 20–36.
Huéscar Hernández, E., Moreno-Murcia, J. A., Cid, L., Monteiro, D., & Rodrigues, F. (2020). Passion or perseverance? The effect of perceived autonomy support and grit on academic performance in college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062143
Jaakkola, T., Ntoumanis, N., & Liukkonen, J. (2016). Motivational climate, goal orientation, perceived sport ability, and enjoyment within Finnish junior ice hockey players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 26(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12410
Khan, O. P. (2018). Introducing a gender-sensitive approach to pre-trial assessment and probation: Evaluation of an innovation in Kenya. Probation Journal, 65(2), 184–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550518771167
Khazaie, Z. M., & Mesbah, Z. (2014). The relationship between extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation and strategic use of language of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.1.1-7
Kim, Y., Kim, J., & Lee, S. (2022). Intrinsic motivation and cognitive function in college softball players. International Journal of Sports Science, 12(1), 1–7.
Larsen, S., Mozdoorzoy, T., Kristiansen, E., Nygaard Falch, H., Aune, T. K., & van den Tillaar, R. (2021). A comparison of motives by gender and age categories for training at norwegian fitness centres. Sports, 9(8), 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9080113
Maher, N., & Hastings, R. (2023). Coaching for gender diversity: A thematic analysis of approaches, frameworks, and their efficacy. Consulting Psychology Journal, 75(2), 154. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000253
Mercader-Rubio, I., Ángel, N. G., Silva, S., Furtado, G., & Brito-Costa, S. (2023). Intrinsic Motivation: Knowledge, Achievement, and Experimentation in Sports Science Students—Relations with Emotional Intelligence. Behavioral Sciences, 13(7), 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070589
Morris, L. S., Grehl, M. M., Rutter, S. B., Mehta, M., & Westwater, M. L. (2022). On what motivates us: a detailed review of intrinsic v. extrinsic motivation. Psychological Medicine, 1–16.
MPEd, D. K. N. E. (2012). Motivational gender differences in sport and exercise participation among university sport science students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 12(2), 180. http://efsupit.ro/images/stories/vol_12_2__Art_28.pdf
Murray, R. M., Koulanova, A., & Sabiston, C. M. (2022). Understanding Girls’ motivation to participate in sport: The effects of social identity and physical self-concept. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 787334. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.787334
Negara, J. D. K., Mudjianto, S., Budikayanti, A., & Nugraha, P. P. A. (2021). The effect of gamma wave optimization and attention on hitting skills in softball. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090114
Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Brikre, N. M., Blais, M. R., Pelletier, L., Tuson, K., Fortier, M., Vallerand, R., & Blais, M. (1995). Toward a New Measure of Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, and Amotivation in Sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY, 17, 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.1.35
Rassett, J. R. (2018). No Force Greater Than a Determined Woman: Athletic Motivational Factors for Female Student-Athletes at Two-Year Institutions. https://ir.stthomas.edu/caps_ed_lead_docdiss/109
Reiss, S. (2012). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Teaching of Psychology, 39(2), 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628312437704
Rheinberg, F., & Engeser, S. (2018). Intrinsic motivation and flow. Motivation and Action, 579–622.
Roberts, M. M. (2012). Leveling the Playing Field: Curriculum Studies and Fast Pitch Softball. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/575
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
Ryan, R. M., & Patrick, H. (2009). Self-determination theory and physical. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 6(2), 107–124.
Sáez, I., Solabarrieta, J., & Rubio, I. (2021). Motivation for physical activity in university students and its relation with gender, amount of activities, and sport satisfaction. Sustainability, 13(6), 3183. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063183
Schanilec-Gowan, J. (2021). Student-Athlete Motivation And Gender. https://commons.und.edu/theses
Senne, J. A. (2016). Examination of gender equity and female participation in sport. Sport J, 19, 1–9. http://thesportjournal.org/article/examination-of-gender-equity-and-female-participation-in-sport/
Sernek, J. M. (2016). The Relationship between Softball Student-Athletes’ Motivation, Self-Confidence, and Perception of Coach Leadership. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/2468
Sherry, M., & Zeller, K. (2014). Gender and motivation: A study of the athletic and academic motivations of division I female college basketball players. Women’s Studies, 43(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2014.852425
Shiraev, E. B., & Levy, D. A. (2020). Cross-cultural psychology: Critical thinking and contemporary applications. Routledge.
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