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Abstract
Athletes often experience muscle pain called delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) after strenuous exercise that overloads the muscles, symptoms that arise in the form of muscle pain, muscle cramps, muscle weakness, and even can cause muscle tissue tears. This study aimed Their qualifications and experience intervention was better for reducing DOMS pain in athletes running as far as 3000 meters. The research was carried out in the athletics field, experimental in nature with a pretest and posttest two-group design. Male athletes were divided into two groups of nine each and underwent interventions to assess changes in pain tolerance after a 3000-meter run. Group I experienced a significant increase in pain tolerance after 48 hours following an intervention combining stretching and coldwater immersion. Similarly, Group II showed a significant increase in pain tolerance after the same timeframe with an intervention combining stretching and regular water immersion. However, statistical analysis revealed that the intervention involving cold water immersion (Group I) was more effective in reducing Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) compared to the regular water immersion (Group II).
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Copyright (c) 2024 Ainul Ghurri Ainul Ghurri, Danuditya Purna Atmaja
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How to Cite
Comparison Of Stretching And Cold Water Immersion With Stretching And Water Contracts In Reducing Athletic Pain. (2024). Kinestetik : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 8(4), 942–954. https://doi.org/10.33369/jk.v8i4.39365
References
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Ada, A., Peningkatan Luas Gerak Sendi Proximal Interphalangeal Pada Pasien Trigger Finger Di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang, D., Dwi Ayu Alma, A., Studi Diploma III Fisioterapi STIKes Muhammadiyah Palembang Jalan Jendral Ahmad Yani, P., & Plaju Palembang, U. (2020). Efektivitas Ultrasound The rapy Dan Auto Stretching Dengan Penambahan Neuromuscular Taping Terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Dan Peningkatan Luas Gerak Sendi Proximal Interphalangeal Pada Pasien Trigger Finger Di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang. FISIO MU: Physiotherapy Evidences, 2020(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.23917/FISIOMU.V1I2.4972
Al-Kofahi, M., Yun, J. W., Minagar, A., & Alexander, J. S. (2017). Anatomy and roles of lymphatics in inflammatory diseases. Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, 8(3), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/CEN3.12400
Allan, R., Malone, J., Alexander, J., Vorajee, S., Ihsan, M., Gregson, W., Kwiecien, S., & Mawhinney, C. (2022). Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(5), 1153–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-022-04915-5/FIGURES/2
Amalraj, A., Jacob, J., Varma, K., & Gopi, S. (2020). Preparation and Characterization of Liposomal β-Caryophyllene (Rephyll) by Nanofiber Weaving Technology and Its Effects on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) in Humans: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover-Designed, and Placebo-Controlled Study. ACS Omega, 5(37), 24045–24056. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSOMEGA.0C03456/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/AO0C03456_0010.JPEG
An, J., Lee, I., & Yi, Y. (2019). The Thermal Effects of Water Immersion on Health Outcomes: An Integrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, Vol. 16, Page 1280, 16(7), 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16071280
Argus, C. K., Broatch, J. R., Petersen, A. C., Polman, R., Bishop, D. J., & Halson, S. (2017). Cold-Water Immersion and Contrast Water Therapy: No Improvement of Short-Term Recovery After Resistance Training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(7), 886–892. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2016-0127
Babault, N., Rodot, G., Champelovier, M., & Cometti, C. (2021). A survey on stretching practices in women and men from various sports or physical activity programs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 3928. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18083928/S1
Cardoso, R., Lumini-Oliveira, J. A., Santos, M. J., Ramos, B., Matos, L. C., Machado, J., Greten, H. J., & Franconi, G. (2020). Acupuncture can be beneficial for exercise-induced muscle soreness: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 24(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBMT.2019.03.015
Counsell, A., & Cribbie, R. A. (2017). Using the Errors-in-Variables Method in Two-Group Pretest-Posttest Designs. Https://Doi.Org/10.1027/1614-2241/A000122, 13(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/A000122
Crowther, F., Sealey, R., Crowe, M., Edwards, A., & Halson, S. (2017). Team sport athletes’ perceptions and use of recovery strategies: A mixed-methods survey study. BMC Research Notes, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13102-017-0071-3/TABLES/3
Douglas, J., Pearson, S., Ross, A., & McGuigan, M. (2017). Eccentric Exercise: Physiological Characteristics and Acute Responses. Sports Medicine, 47(4), 663–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-016-0624-8
Eisinger, F., Patzelt, J., & Langer, H. F. (2018). The platelet response to tissue injury. Frontiers in Medicine, 5(NOV), 370296. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMED.2018.00317/BIBTEX
Ellis, S., Lin, E. J., & Tartar, D. (2018). Immunology of Wound Healing. Current Dermatology Reports, 7(4), 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13671-018-0234-9/FIGURES/2
Glenn, A., & Armstrong, C. E. (2019). Physiology of red and white blood cells. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 20(3), 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MPAIC.2019.01.001
Heiss, R., Lutter, C., Freiwald, J., Hoppe, M. W., Grim, C., Poettgen, K., Forst, R., Bloch, W., Hüttel, M., & Hotfiel, T. (2019). Advances in Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) - Part II: Treatment and Prevention. Sportverletzung-Sportschaden, 33(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1055/A-0810-3516/ID/JR516-32/BIB
Higgins, T. R., Greene, D. A., & Baker, M. K. (2017). Effects of cold water immersion and contrast water therapy for recovery from team sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(5), 1443–1460. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001559
Jones, C. M., Griffiths, P. C., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2016). Training Load and Fatigue Marker Associations with Injury and Illness: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Sports Medicine 2016 47:5, 47(5), 943–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-016-0619-5
Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, A. J., Duffield, R., Erlacher, D., Halson, S. L., Hecksteden, A., Heidari, J., Wolfgang Kallus, K., Meeusen, R., Mujika, I., Robazza, C., Skorski, S., Venter, R., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus Statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2017-0759
Machado, A. F., Ferreira, P. H., Micheletti, J. K., de Almeida, A. C., Lemes, Í. R., Vanderlei, F. M., Netto Junior, J., & Pastre, C. M. (2016). Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(4), 503–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-015-0431-7/FIGURES/6
Mileva, K. N., & Zaidell, L. (2022). Sport and Exercise Science and Health. Health Studies: An Introduction, 85–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2149-9_4
Mizumura, K., & Taguchi, T. (2016). Delayed onset muscle soreness: Involvement of neurotrophic factors. Journal of Physiological Sciences, 66(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12576-015-0397-0/FIGURES/5
Moh Nanang Himawan, K., Nanang Himawan, M., Suhartoyo, T., Deri Listiandi, A., Nugroho, D., & Nugroho Putro, B. (2021). Effect of cold water and contrast immersion on physiological and psychological responses of elite athletes after high-intensity exercises. Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), 21, 3278–3287. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.s6446
Muanjai, P., Jones, D. A., Mickevicius, M., Satkunskiene, D., Snieckus, A., Skurvydas, A., & Kamandulis, S. (2017). The acute benefits and risks of passive stretching to the point of pain. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(6), 1217–1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-017-3608-Y/METRICS
P Pearcey, G. E., Bradbury-Squires, D. J., Kawamoto, J.-E., Drinkwater, E. J., Behm, D. G., & Button, D. C. (2015). Foam rolling for delayed-onset muscle soreness and recovery of dynamic performance measures. Meridian.Allenpress.ComGEP Pearcey, DJ Bradbury-Squires, JE Kawamoto, EJ Drinkwater, DG Behm, DC ButtonJournal of Athletic Training, 2015•meridian.Allenpress.Com, 50(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.01
Peake, J. M., Roberts, L. A., Figueiredo, V. C., Egner, I., Krog, S., Aas, S. N., Suzuki, K., Markworth, J. F., Coombes, J. S., Cameron-Smith, D., & Raastad, T. (2017). The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. Journal of Physiology, 595(3), 695–711. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP272881
Rahi, S. (2017). Research Design and Methods: A Systematic Review of Research Paradigms, Sampling Issues and Instruments Development. https://doi.org/10.4172/2162-6359.1000403
Rawson, E. S., Miles, M. P., & Larson-Meyer, D. E. (2018). Dietary Supplements for Health, Adaptation, and Recovery in Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSNEM.2017-0340
Rieker, J. A., Gajewski, P. D., Reales, J. M., Ballesteros, S., Golka, K., Hengstler, J. G., Wascher, E., & Getzmann, S. (2023). The impact of physical fitness, social life, and cognitive functions on work ability in middle-aged and older adults. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 96(4), 507–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00420-022-01943-8/FIGURES/3
Shoeibi, S., Rahbar, N., Abedini Esfahlani, A., & Kargarsharifabad, H. (2020). Application of simultaneous thermoelectric cooling and heating to improve the performance of a solar still: An experimental study and exergy analysis. Applied Energy, 263, 114581. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2020.114581
Shoxrux, S. (2023). THE CONNECTION BETWEEN SPORTS AND LOGIC. American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research, 3(11), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.37547/AJSSHR/VOLUME03ISSUE11-13
Tipton, M. J., Collier, N., Massey, H., Corbett, J., & Harper, M. (2017). Cold water immersion: kill or cure? Experimental Physiology, 102(11), 1335–1355. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP086283
Tomalka, A. (2023). Eccentric muscle contractions: from single muscle fibre to whole muscle mechanics. Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 2023 475:4, 475(4), 421–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00424-023-02794-Z
Trinity, J. D., Broxterman, R. M., & Richardson, R. S. (2016). Regulation of exercise blood flow: Role of free radicals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 98, 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FREERADBIOMED.2016.01.017
Tüpü, G., Önce, Ç., Kas, Y. P., Egzersizi, G., Uygulama, S., Anestezinin, L., Ağrı, H., Düzeyleri, K., Bulguları, H., Etkileri, Ü., Özcan, N., & Karagözoğlu, Ş. (2020). Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Exercise, Cold Application and Local Anesthesia Performed Before Chest Tube Removal on Pain and Comfort Levels and Vital Sings of the Patient. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci, 40(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2019-72505
Vaher, I., Timpmann, S., Aedma, M., & Ööpik, V. (2015). Impact of acute sodium citrate ingestion on endurance running performance in a warm environment. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(4), 813–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-014-3068-6/METRICS
Volek, J. S., Noakes, T., & Phinney, S. D. (2015). Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.959564
Xiang, C., Dong, W., Kamalden, T. F. T., Ismail, N., & Luo, H. (2024). Structural analysis of environmental factors of sports talent development. Current Psychology, 43(7), 6516–6532. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12144-023-04803-X/METRICS
References
Ada, A., Peningkatan Luas Gerak Sendi Proximal Interphalangeal Pada Pasien Trigger Finger Di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang, D., Dwi Ayu Alma, A., Studi Diploma III Fisioterapi STIKes Muhammadiyah Palembang Jalan Jendral Ahmad Yani, P., & Plaju Palembang, U. (2020). Efektivitas Ultrasound The rapy Dan Auto Stretching Dengan Penambahan Neuromuscular Taping Terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Dan Peningkatan Luas Gerak Sendi Proximal Interphalangeal Pada Pasien Trigger Finger Di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang. FISIO MU: Physiotherapy Evidences, 2020(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.23917/FISIOMU.V1I2.4972
Al-Kofahi, M., Yun, J. W., Minagar, A., & Alexander, J. S. (2017). Anatomy and roles of lymphatics in inflammatory diseases. Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, 8(3), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/CEN3.12400
Allan, R., Malone, J., Alexander, J., Vorajee, S., Ihsan, M., Gregson, W., Kwiecien, S., & Mawhinney, C. (2022). Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(5), 1153–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-022-04915-5/FIGURES/2
Amalraj, A., Jacob, J., Varma, K., & Gopi, S. (2020). Preparation and Characterization of Liposomal β-Caryophyllene (Rephyll) by Nanofiber Weaving Technology and Its Effects on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) in Humans: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover-Designed, and Placebo-Controlled Study. ACS Omega, 5(37), 24045–24056. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSOMEGA.0C03456/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/AO0C03456_0010.JPEG
An, J., Lee, I., & Yi, Y. (2019). The Thermal Effects of Water Immersion on Health Outcomes: An Integrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, Vol. 16, Page 1280, 16(7), 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16071280
Argus, C. K., Broatch, J. R., Petersen, A. C., Polman, R., Bishop, D. J., & Halson, S. (2017). Cold-Water Immersion and Contrast Water Therapy: No Improvement of Short-Term Recovery After Resistance Training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(7), 886–892. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2016-0127
Babault, N., Rodot, G., Champelovier, M., & Cometti, C. (2021). A survey on stretching practices in women and men from various sports or physical activity programs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 3928. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18083928/S1
Cardoso, R., Lumini-Oliveira, J. A., Santos, M. J., Ramos, B., Matos, L. C., Machado, J., Greten, H. J., & Franconi, G. (2020). Acupuncture can be beneficial for exercise-induced muscle soreness: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 24(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBMT.2019.03.015
Counsell, A., & Cribbie, R. A. (2017). Using the Errors-in-Variables Method in Two-Group Pretest-Posttest Designs. Https://Doi.Org/10.1027/1614-2241/A000122, 13(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/A000122
Crowther, F., Sealey, R., Crowe, M., Edwards, A., & Halson, S. (2017). Team sport athletes’ perceptions and use of recovery strategies: A mixed-methods survey study. BMC Research Notes, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13102-017-0071-3/TABLES/3
Douglas, J., Pearson, S., Ross, A., & McGuigan, M. (2017). Eccentric Exercise: Physiological Characteristics and Acute Responses. Sports Medicine, 47(4), 663–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-016-0624-8
Eisinger, F., Patzelt, J., & Langer, H. F. (2018). The platelet response to tissue injury. Frontiers in Medicine, 5(NOV), 370296. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMED.2018.00317/BIBTEX
Ellis, S., Lin, E. J., & Tartar, D. (2018). Immunology of Wound Healing. Current Dermatology Reports, 7(4), 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13671-018-0234-9/FIGURES/2
Glenn, A., & Armstrong, C. E. (2019). Physiology of red and white blood cells. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 20(3), 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MPAIC.2019.01.001
Heiss, R., Lutter, C., Freiwald, J., Hoppe, M. W., Grim, C., Poettgen, K., Forst, R., Bloch, W., Hüttel, M., & Hotfiel, T. (2019). Advances in Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) - Part II: Treatment and Prevention. Sportverletzung-Sportschaden, 33(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1055/A-0810-3516/ID/JR516-32/BIB
Higgins, T. R., Greene, D. A., & Baker, M. K. (2017). Effects of cold water immersion and contrast water therapy for recovery from team sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(5), 1443–1460. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001559
Jones, C. M., Griffiths, P. C., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2016). Training Load and Fatigue Marker Associations with Injury and Illness: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Sports Medicine 2016 47:5, 47(5), 943–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-016-0619-5
Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, A. J., Duffield, R., Erlacher, D., Halson, S. L., Hecksteden, A., Heidari, J., Wolfgang Kallus, K., Meeusen, R., Mujika, I., Robazza, C., Skorski, S., Venter, R., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus Statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2017-0759
Machado, A. F., Ferreira, P. H., Micheletti, J. K., de Almeida, A. C., Lemes, Í. R., Vanderlei, F. M., Netto Junior, J., & Pastre, C. M. (2016). Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(4), 503–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-015-0431-7/FIGURES/6
Mileva, K. N., & Zaidell, L. (2022). Sport and Exercise Science and Health. Health Studies: An Introduction, 85–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2149-9_4
Mizumura, K., & Taguchi, T. (2016). Delayed onset muscle soreness: Involvement of neurotrophic factors. Journal of Physiological Sciences, 66(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12576-015-0397-0/FIGURES/5
Moh Nanang Himawan, K., Nanang Himawan, M., Suhartoyo, T., Deri Listiandi, A., Nugroho, D., & Nugroho Putro, B. (2021). Effect of cold water and contrast immersion on physiological and psychological responses of elite athletes after high-intensity exercises. Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), 21, 3278–3287. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.s6446
Muanjai, P., Jones, D. A., Mickevicius, M., Satkunskiene, D., Snieckus, A., Skurvydas, A., & Kamandulis, S. (2017). The acute benefits and risks of passive stretching to the point of pain. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(6), 1217–1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-017-3608-Y/METRICS
P Pearcey, G. E., Bradbury-Squires, D. J., Kawamoto, J.-E., Drinkwater, E. J., Behm, D. G., & Button, D. C. (2015). Foam rolling for delayed-onset muscle soreness and recovery of dynamic performance measures. Meridian.Allenpress.ComGEP Pearcey, DJ Bradbury-Squires, JE Kawamoto, EJ Drinkwater, DG Behm, DC ButtonJournal of Athletic Training, 2015•meridian.Allenpress.Com, 50(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.01
Peake, J. M., Roberts, L. A., Figueiredo, V. C., Egner, I., Krog, S., Aas, S. N., Suzuki, K., Markworth, J. F., Coombes, J. S., Cameron-Smith, D., & Raastad, T. (2017). The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. Journal of Physiology, 595(3), 695–711. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP272881
Rahi, S. (2017). Research Design and Methods: A Systematic Review of Research Paradigms, Sampling Issues and Instruments Development. https://doi.org/10.4172/2162-6359.1000403
Rawson, E. S., Miles, M. P., & Larson-Meyer, D. E. (2018). Dietary Supplements for Health, Adaptation, and Recovery in Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSNEM.2017-0340
Rieker, J. A., Gajewski, P. D., Reales, J. M., Ballesteros, S., Golka, K., Hengstler, J. G., Wascher, E., & Getzmann, S. (2023). The impact of physical fitness, social life, and cognitive functions on work ability in middle-aged and older adults. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 96(4), 507–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00420-022-01943-8/FIGURES/3
Shoeibi, S., Rahbar, N., Abedini Esfahlani, A., & Kargarsharifabad, H. (2020). Application of simultaneous thermoelectric cooling and heating to improve the performance of a solar still: An experimental study and exergy analysis. Applied Energy, 263, 114581. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2020.114581
Shoxrux, S. (2023). THE CONNECTION BETWEEN SPORTS AND LOGIC. American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research, 3(11), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.37547/AJSSHR/VOLUME03ISSUE11-13
Tipton, M. J., Collier, N., Massey, H., Corbett, J., & Harper, M. (2017). Cold water immersion: kill or cure? Experimental Physiology, 102(11), 1335–1355. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP086283
Tomalka, A. (2023). Eccentric muscle contractions: from single muscle fibre to whole muscle mechanics. Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 2023 475:4, 475(4), 421–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00424-023-02794-Z
Trinity, J. D., Broxterman, R. M., & Richardson, R. S. (2016). Regulation of exercise blood flow: Role of free radicals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 98, 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FREERADBIOMED.2016.01.017
Tüpü, G., Önce, Ç., Kas, Y. P., Egzersizi, G., Uygulama, S., Anestezinin, L., Ağrı, H., Düzeyleri, K., Bulguları, H., Etkileri, Ü., Özcan, N., & Karagözoğlu, Ş. (2020). Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Exercise, Cold Application and Local Anesthesia Performed Before Chest Tube Removal on Pain and Comfort Levels and Vital Sings of the Patient. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci, 40(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2019-72505
Vaher, I., Timpmann, S., Aedma, M., & Ööpik, V. (2015). Impact of acute sodium citrate ingestion on endurance running performance in a warm environment. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(4), 813–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-014-3068-6/METRICS
Volek, J. S., Noakes, T., & Phinney, S. D. (2015). Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.959564
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