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Abstract
Thesis writing in higher education poses a significant challenge for many students. With the rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI), students have begun using AI tools, particularly to obtain feedback during the writing process. This study investigates how AI-generated feedback is utilized in thesis writing and explores students’ perceptions of its effectiveness. Six eighth-semester students from the English Education Study Program at the University of Bengkulu were selected using criterion sampling. A qualitative phenomenological design was adopted, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews and documentation. Thematic analysis revealed that students used Chat GPT as their primary tool and engaged in three main activities: requesting, receiving, and responding to feedback. Participants reported that the feedback was generally helpful in improving the quality of their thesis writing, especially in terms of clarity, coherence, and self-revision. However, concerns regarding the relevance and accuracy of the feedback prompted them to verify it through self-evaluation, discussions with peers, or consultations with their supervisors. Despite its limitations, AI-generated feedback was perceived as a valuable support tool that enhanced students' autonomy and writing development. This suggests that while AI cannot fully replace human feedback, it can significantly contribute to the academic writing process by fostering independent learning and revision.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Monica Fradesta, Eka Novita, Perti Rosanda

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References
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- Chan, S., Lo, N., & Wong, A. (2024). Leveraging generative AI for enhancing university-level English writing: Comparative insights on automated feedback and student engagement. Cogent Education, 12(1), 2440182. https://doi/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2440182
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among the five approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Davis, F. D. (1989). Technology acceptance model: TAM. Information Seeking Behavior and Technology Adoption, 205(219), 5.
- Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Dukes, S. (1984). Phenomenological methodology in the human sciences. Journal of Religion and Health, 23(3), 197–203.
- Ellis, R. (2009). Corrective feedback and teacher development. L2 Journal,1(1), 3–18. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2504d6w3
- Escalante, J., Pack, A., & Barrett, A. (2023). AI-generated feedback on writing: Insights into efficacy and ENL. Educational Technology Journal. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00425-2
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- Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487
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- Lillis, T. M., & Curry, M. J. (2010). Academic writing in global context . Routledge.
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- Sadler, D. R. (2010). Beyond feedback: Developing student capability in complex appraisal. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(5), 535–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930903541015
- Shute, V. J. (2008). Focus on formative feedback. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 153–189. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654307313795
- Suke, S. (1991). Evaluasi hasil belajar dan umpan balik (Cet. ke-1). PT Grasindo.
- Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2004). Academic writing for graduate students:
- Essential tasks and skills (Vol. 1). University of Michigan Press.
- Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. State University of New York Press.
- Van Manen, M. (2014). Phenomenology of practice: Meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing. Left Coast Press.
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
References
Astuti, E. R. P., & Baysha, M. H. (2024). Evaluasi efektivitas sistem umpan balik berbasis AI dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar mahasiswa. Edutech: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Berbantuan Teknologi, 4(3), 122–136. http://doi.org/10.51878/edutech.v4i3.3142
Benson, P. (2011). Teaching and researching autonomy (2nd ed.). Pearson Education.
Chan, S., Lo, N., & Wong, A. (2024). Leveraging generative AI for enhancing university-level English writing: Comparative insights on automated feedback and student engagement. Cogent Education, 12(1), 2440182. https://doi/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2440182
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among the five approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Technology acceptance model: TAM. Information Seeking Behavior and Technology Adoption, 205(219), 5.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Dukes, S. (1984). Phenomenological methodology in the human sciences. Journal of Religion and Health, 23(3), 197–203.
Ellis, R. (2009). Corrective feedback and teacher development. L2 Journal,1(1), 3–18. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2504d6w3
Escalante, J., Pack, A., & Barrett, A. (2023). AI-generated feedback on writing: Insights into efficacy and ENL. Educational Technology Journal. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00425-2
Evmenova, A. S., Regan, K., Mergen, R., & Hrisseh, R. (2024). Improving writing feedback for struggling writers: Generative AI to the rescue? TechTrends,1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-024-00965-y
Ferris, D. (2002). Treatment of error in second language student writing. University of Michigan Press.
Ferris, D. R. (2004). The "grammar correction" debate in L2 writing: Where are we, and where do we go from here? (And what do we do in the meantime?). Journal of Second Language Writing, 13(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2004.04.005
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487
Ingley, S. J., & Pack, A. (2023). Leveraging AI tools to develop the writer rather than the writing. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 38(9), 785–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2023.05.007
Jacobsen, L. J., & Weber, K. E. (2023). The promises and pitfalls of ChatGPT as a feedback provider in higher education: An exploratory study of prompt engineering and the quality of AI-driven feedback. OSF Preprints. http://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/cr257
Kulhavy, R. W., & Stock, W. A. (1989). In J. V. Dempsey & G. C. Sales (Eds.), Interactive instruction and feedback (pp. 3–20). Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510701415433
Lillis, T. M., & Curry, M. J. (2010). Academic writing in global context . Routledge.
Little, D. (1991). Learner autonomy 1: Definitions, issues, and problems. Authentik.
Prihartono, H. (2024). Pemanfaatan kecerdasan buatan untuk meningkatkan literasi umpan balik penulisan cerpen menggunakan Gemini. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Keguruan Dan Pendidikan (SNKP), 2(1), 140–144. https://ejournal.ummuba.ac.id/index.php/SNKP/article/view/2143
Sadler, D. R. (2010). Beyond feedback: Developing student capability in complex appraisal. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(5), 535–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930903541015
Shute, V. J. (2008). Focus on formative feedback. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 153–189. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654307313795
Suke, S. (1991). Evaluasi hasil belajar dan umpan balik (Cet. ke-1). PT Grasindo.
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2004). Academic writing for graduate students:
Essential tasks and skills (Vol. 1). University of Michigan Press.
Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. State University of New York Press.
Van Manen, M. (2014). Phenomenology of practice: Meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing. Left Coast Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.