Main Article Content
Abstract
Numerous studies in the last decade have predominantly examined reading motivation among English major students, leaving limited evidence from multidisciplinary non-English majors in social sciences and humanities. This present study aims to examine the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation levels and their relationship with academic reading performance among 150 undergraduate students from five non-English majors at two private universities in Bukittinggi, Indonesia. This quantitative correlational research design collected the data through a reading motivation questionnaire comprising intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions, and an academic English reading test. The data were analyzed descriptively (mean and standard deviation) and inferentially using Pearson correlation analysis. The results revealed that students’ academic reading ability was at a moderate-to-high level (M = 78.4, SD = 7.6). Students have better academic reading performance in literal comprehension than in inferential and evaluative comprehension. Additionally, the statistical analysis results show that there is a significant correlation between students’ intrinsic motivation and their reading performance (r = 0.47, p < 0.001). In contrast, the correlation between students’ intrinsic motivation and reading performance was lower (r = 0.21, p. < 0.005). These findings suggest that the most influential factor to foster students’ ability in academic reading was intrinsic motivation.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Afdaleni Afdaleni, Fitriadi Lubis, Dedi Jasrial, Yelfiza Yelfiza

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Ciptaan disebarluaskan di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional.
References
- Abiyyu, M. B., Muth’im, A., & Yamin, M. (2024). Difficult aspects of reading comprehension faced by non-English department of vocational students. Acitya: Journal of Teaching and Education, 6(2), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.30650/ajte.v6i2.3948
- Adlis, Y. (2022). Development of teaching material models of English courses based on local wisdom to improve skills of PGSD students of English texts. Budapest International Research and Critics in Institute Journal, 5(2), 8430–8440. https://doi.org//10.33258/birci.v5i2.4623 8430
- Anwar, I. W., Sailuddin, S. P., Lecturer, E., & Lecturer, E. (2022). Academic reading difficulties in higher education. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 10(2), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v%vi%i.4849
- Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to research in education. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
- Bismayanti, Sakkir, G., & Aeni, N. (2024). Exploring factors affecting students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in learning English at SMPIT Al-Fityan School Gowa. Journal of Excellence in English Language Education, 3(1), 90–102.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education. Routledge.
- Cubillos, M., & Troncoso, R. (2025). The evolving relationship between reading motivation and achievement: A longitudinal study. Education Sciences, 15(10), 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101274
- Dardjito, H., Rolls, N., Setiawan, A., & Sumekto, D. R. (2023). Challenges in reading English academic texts for non-English major students of an Indonesian university. Studies in English Language and Education, 10(3), 1290–1308. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v10i3.29067
- Dirgantari, A. S., & Susantiningdyah, H. (2020). Students’ reading comprehension skill: The roles of text readability and question difficulty. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2020.61.533544 This
- Gan, Z., Liu, F., & Nang, H. (2023). The role of self-efficacy, task value, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in students’ feedback engagement in English learning. Behavioral Sciences, 13(5), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13050428
- Gandari, M., & Jaya, S. (2024). E xploring students ’ reading material preferences : A comprehensive descriptive analysis. Journal of English Language Education, 9(4), 104–117. https://doi.org//10.31004/jele.v9i4.521
- Greenwald, D. G., Shan, L., Boldt, T. A., Truong, B. B., Gonzalez, G. S., Chen, C. H., & Corpus, J. H. (2023). Comparing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in bilingual children and their monolingual peers. Frontiers in Education, 7(January), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.1022729
- Gufron, G. P., & Azmin, A. (2022). The use of authentic materials in online English teaching: From the learners’ perspective. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 9(1), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v9i1.26504
- Hasanudin, H., Maghfiroh, N. U., Mahjanisuri Woretma, I., Wael, A., & Sorong, M. (2024). Intrinsic or extrinsic motivation: Which more dominant at excellent class in Indonesia middle school students? JULIET:Journal of English Language and Literature, 1(1), 1–9.
- Indrayadi, T. (2021). Indonesian EFL learners ’ reading motivation. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 5(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v5i2.745
- Jarsaa, A. B., Bushisso, E. W., & Olamo, G. (2025). Effects of integrated reading approach on EFL secondary school students: Enhancing reading self-efficacy and motivation. SAGE Open, 15(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251370451
- Johansen, M. O., & Jeno, L. M. (2023). “ Why is this relevant for me ?”: increasing content relevance enhances student motivation and vitality. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(September), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1184804
- Kamberi, M. (2025). The types of intrinsic motivation as predictors of academic achievement: the mediating role of deep learning strategy. Cogent Education, 12(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2482482
- Karimi, S., & Dastgoshadeh, A. (2018). The effect of strategy-based instruction on EAP students ’ reading performance and reading autonomy The effect of strategy-based instruction on EAP students ’ reading performance and reading autonomy. Cogent Education, 5(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1527981
- Khreisat, M. (2023). Investigating EFL Saudi University students’ reading and online habits and interests. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 5(3), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v5i3.1388
- Ma, L., & Zhao, Z. (2025). Reading motivation and reading comprehension achievement among English majors in China: A descriptive correlational study. Heliyon, 11(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42427
- Maab, S. H., Ramadhanti, S. F., & Payung, N. F. (2024). Critical thinking in academic reading : EFL students ’ perceptions and challenges. VELES Voice of English Language Education Society, 8(1), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v8i1.25096
- Mae, R., Untalan, R., Marie, V., & Cabutotan, E. (2020). The implications of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in English language learning of first year ABEL students. Sotheast ASIAN Journal of Science and Technology, 5(1), 1–12. www.sajst.orgwww.sajst.org
- Nemo, L., Rinantanti, Y., Wabiser, Y. D., Kobepa, N., Sobolim, A. D., & Daud, E. B. (2025). A needs analysis of basic reading instruction for university-level EFL students. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 13(4), 1615–1630. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v13i4.15702
- Prihandoko, L. A. (2024). Exploring the impact of academic reading and research competence on academic writing: A multi-regression analysis among EFL undergraduates. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 12(1), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v12i1.9738
- Printer, L. (2021). Student perceptions on the motivational pull of Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling ( TPRS ): a self-determination theory perspective. The Language Learning Journal, 49(3), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2019.1566397
- Rahmadina, Y., Sutiono, C., & Elyani, E. P. (2021). Students’ motivation factors in reading English texts at ELESP Batch 2021. Jurnal Basis: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra Inggris Universitas Putera Batam, 10(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2021.220039
- Rahmasari, B. S., Munir, A., & Nugroho, A. (2025). Fostering learner autonomy in EFL reading : a study of strategy-based instruction at two Indonesian universities. Cogent Education, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2477367
- Rolls, N., Northedge, A., & Chambers, E. (2017). Successful university teaching in times of diversity. In Successful University Teaching in Times of Diversity (Issue 2017, pp. 110–130). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53669-3_5
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61(101860), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
- Saadatnia, M., Ketabi, S., & Tavakoli, M. (2017). Levels of reading comprehension across text types: A comparison of literal and inferential comprehension of expository and Narrative texts in Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46(October), 1087–1099,. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-017-9481-3
- Schiefele, U., Schaffner, E., Möller, J., & Wigfield, A. (2012). Dimensions of reading motivation and their relation to reading behavior and competence. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(4), 427–463. https://doi.org/10.1002/RRQ.030
- Sodoy, K. M. M., & Apostol, J. M. (2024). The English language needs of public administration undergraduate students focusing on reading skills. IJMERI Journal, 2(3), 172–186. https://doi.org/10.17613/2ez5-x169
- Sugiyono. (2017). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R & D. Alfabeta, CV.
- Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Brière, N. M., Senecal, C., & Vallieres, E. F. (1992). The academic motivation scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(4), 1003–1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004025
- Vanguri, R., Murathoti, R. N. B., Farooq, M. A. A., & Kumari, R. (2025). Exploring reading difficulties, interest, and support systems in English text among Government secondary school students. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 12(August), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101910
- Wang, C., Cho, H. J., Wiles, B., Moss, J. D., Bonem, E. M., Li, Q., Lu, Y., & Bristol, C. L. (2022). Competence and autonomous motivation as motivational predictors of college students ’ mathematics achievement : from the perspective of self ‑ determination theory. International Journal of STEM Education, 9(41), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-022-00359-7
- Wang, J. H.-Y., & Guthrie, J. T. (2004). Modeling the effects of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amount of reading, and past reading achievement on text comprehension between U.S. and Chinese students. Reading Research Quarterly, 39(2), 162–186. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.39.2.2
- Wang, X., Jia, L., & Jin, Y. (2020). Reading amount and reading strategy as mediators of the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation on reading achievement. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(October), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586346
- Yasin, M. I., Jauhari, I., Dwiananto, G., & Wibowo, A. (2025). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in English language learning: A qualitative case study of English literature students at Universitas Kristen Cipta Wacana. International Journal of Sustainable English Language, Education, and Science, 2(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.71131
References
Abiyyu, M. B., Muth’im, A., & Yamin, M. (2024). Difficult aspects of reading comprehension faced by non-English department of vocational students. Acitya: Journal of Teaching and Education, 6(2), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.30650/ajte.v6i2.3948
Adlis, Y. (2022). Development of teaching material models of English courses based on local wisdom to improve skills of PGSD students of English texts. Budapest International Research and Critics in Institute Journal, 5(2), 8430–8440. https://doi.org//10.33258/birci.v5i2.4623 8430
Anwar, I. W., Sailuddin, S. P., Lecturer, E., & Lecturer, E. (2022). Academic reading difficulties in higher education. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 10(2), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v%vi%i.4849
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to research in education. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Bismayanti, Sakkir, G., & Aeni, N. (2024). Exploring factors affecting students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in learning English at SMPIT Al-Fityan School Gowa. Journal of Excellence in English Language Education, 3(1), 90–102.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education. Routledge.
Cubillos, M., & Troncoso, R. (2025). The evolving relationship between reading motivation and achievement: A longitudinal study. Education Sciences, 15(10), 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101274
Dardjito, H., Rolls, N., Setiawan, A., & Sumekto, D. R. (2023). Challenges in reading English academic texts for non-English major students of an Indonesian university. Studies in English Language and Education, 10(3), 1290–1308. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v10i3.29067
Dirgantari, A. S., & Susantiningdyah, H. (2020). Students’ reading comprehension skill: The roles of text readability and question difficulty. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2020.61.533544 This
Gan, Z., Liu, F., & Nang, H. (2023). The role of self-efficacy, task value, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in students’ feedback engagement in English learning. Behavioral Sciences, 13(5), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13050428
Gandari, M., & Jaya, S. (2024). E xploring students ’ reading material preferences : A comprehensive descriptive analysis. Journal of English Language Education, 9(4), 104–117. https://doi.org//10.31004/jele.v9i4.521
Greenwald, D. G., Shan, L., Boldt, T. A., Truong, B. B., Gonzalez, G. S., Chen, C. H., & Corpus, J. H. (2023). Comparing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in bilingual children and their monolingual peers. Frontiers in Education, 7(January), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.1022729
Gufron, G. P., & Azmin, A. (2022). The use of authentic materials in online English teaching: From the learners’ perspective. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 9(1), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v9i1.26504
Hasanudin, H., Maghfiroh, N. U., Mahjanisuri Woretma, I., Wael, A., & Sorong, M. (2024). Intrinsic or extrinsic motivation: Which more dominant at excellent class in Indonesia middle school students? JULIET:Journal of English Language and Literature, 1(1), 1–9.
Indrayadi, T. (2021). Indonesian EFL learners ’ reading motivation. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 5(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v5i2.745
Jarsaa, A. B., Bushisso, E. W., & Olamo, G. (2025). Effects of integrated reading approach on EFL secondary school students: Enhancing reading self-efficacy and motivation. SAGE Open, 15(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251370451
Johansen, M. O., & Jeno, L. M. (2023). “ Why is this relevant for me ?”: increasing content relevance enhances student motivation and vitality. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(September), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1184804
Kamberi, M. (2025). The types of intrinsic motivation as predictors of academic achievement: the mediating role of deep learning strategy. Cogent Education, 12(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2482482
Karimi, S., & Dastgoshadeh, A. (2018). The effect of strategy-based instruction on EAP students ’ reading performance and reading autonomy The effect of strategy-based instruction on EAP students ’ reading performance and reading autonomy. Cogent Education, 5(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1527981
Khreisat, M. (2023). Investigating EFL Saudi University students’ reading and online habits and interests. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 5(3), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v5i3.1388
Ma, L., & Zhao, Z. (2025). Reading motivation and reading comprehension achievement among English majors in China: A descriptive correlational study. Heliyon, 11(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42427
Maab, S. H., Ramadhanti, S. F., & Payung, N. F. (2024). Critical thinking in academic reading : EFL students ’ perceptions and challenges. VELES Voice of English Language Education Society, 8(1), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v8i1.25096
Mae, R., Untalan, R., Marie, V., & Cabutotan, E. (2020). The implications of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in English language learning of first year ABEL students. Sotheast ASIAN Journal of Science and Technology, 5(1), 1–12. www.sajst.orgwww.sajst.org
Nemo, L., Rinantanti, Y., Wabiser, Y. D., Kobepa, N., Sobolim, A. D., & Daud, E. B. (2025). A needs analysis of basic reading instruction for university-level EFL students. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 13(4), 1615–1630. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v13i4.15702
Prihandoko, L. A. (2024). Exploring the impact of academic reading and research competence on academic writing: A multi-regression analysis among EFL undergraduates. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 12(1), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v12i1.9738
Printer, L. (2021). Student perceptions on the motivational pull of Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling ( TPRS ): a self-determination theory perspective. The Language Learning Journal, 49(3), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2019.1566397
Rahmadina, Y., Sutiono, C., & Elyani, E. P. (2021). Students’ motivation factors in reading English texts at ELESP Batch 2021. Jurnal Basis: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra Inggris Universitas Putera Batam, 10(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2021.220039
Rahmasari, B. S., Munir, A., & Nugroho, A. (2025). Fostering learner autonomy in EFL reading : a study of strategy-based instruction at two Indonesian universities. Cogent Education, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2477367
Rolls, N., Northedge, A., & Chambers, E. (2017). Successful university teaching in times of diversity. In Successful University Teaching in Times of Diversity (Issue 2017, pp. 110–130). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53669-3_5
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61(101860), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
Saadatnia, M., Ketabi, S., & Tavakoli, M. (2017). Levels of reading comprehension across text types: A comparison of literal and inferential comprehension of expository and Narrative texts in Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46(October), 1087–1099,. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-017-9481-3
Schiefele, U., Schaffner, E., Möller, J., & Wigfield, A. (2012). Dimensions of reading motivation and their relation to reading behavior and competence. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(4), 427–463. https://doi.org/10.1002/RRQ.030
Sodoy, K. M. M., & Apostol, J. M. (2024). The English language needs of public administration undergraduate students focusing on reading skills. IJMERI Journal, 2(3), 172–186. https://doi.org/10.17613/2ez5-x169
Sugiyono. (2017). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R & D. Alfabeta, CV.
Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Brière, N. M., Senecal, C., & Vallieres, E. F. (1992). The academic motivation scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(4), 1003–1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004025
Vanguri, R., Murathoti, R. N. B., Farooq, M. A. A., & Kumari, R. (2025). Exploring reading difficulties, interest, and support systems in English text among Government secondary school students. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 12(August), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101910
Wang, C., Cho, H. J., Wiles, B., Moss, J. D., Bonem, E. M., Li, Q., Lu, Y., & Bristol, C. L. (2022). Competence and autonomous motivation as motivational predictors of college students ’ mathematics achievement : from the perspective of self ‑ determination theory. International Journal of STEM Education, 9(41), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-022-00359-7
Wang, J. H.-Y., & Guthrie, J. T. (2004). Modeling the effects of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amount of reading, and past reading achievement on text comprehension between U.S. and Chinese students. Reading Research Quarterly, 39(2), 162–186. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.39.2.2
Wang, X., Jia, L., & Jin, Y. (2020). Reading amount and reading strategy as mediators of the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation on reading achievement. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(October), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586346
Yasin, M. I., Jauhari, I., Dwiananto, G., & Wibowo, A. (2025). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in English language learning: A qualitative case study of English literature students at Universitas Kristen Cipta Wacana. International Journal of Sustainable English Language, Education, and Science, 2(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.71131