Main Article Content
Abstract
Flooding is a serious threat to the livestock sector that can cause significant economic losses and threaten livestock welfare. This article examines comprehensive strategies for livestock evacuation and emergency preparedness during floods, aiming to minimize such negative impacts. Through a systematic literature review from reputable scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, this study identifies best practices for handling livestock evacuation during floods. The results showed five key components in effective livestock evacuation management: (1) pre-disaster stage that includes risk mapping and identification of flood-prone zones, (2) development of a structured evacuation plan that considers livestock characteristics and available infrastructure, (3) solid coordination between farmers, local government and relevant agencies, (4) implementation of regular evacuation training and simulation, and (5) post-evacuation recovery strategy. The main challenges identified include limited infrastructure, lack of coordination between institutions, and the lack of awareness of farmers on the importance of disaster preparedness. This study recommends the development of an integrated early warning system, capacity building of farmers through continuous training, and strengthening coordination between stakeholders. Implementation of these recommendations is expected to improve the effectiveness of livestock evacuation during floods and reduce potential economic losses and negative impacts on livestock welfare.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurmeiliasari Nurmeiliasari, Yosi Fenita, Woki Bilyaro, Arif Rahman Azis, K. Hermansyah

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Buletin Peternakan Tropis (Bulletin of Animal Tropical Science). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA) where Authors and Readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
References
- Akbar, A.A., Dwiningtias, H. and ... (2024) ‘Urgensi Koordinasi dalam Organisasi Tanggap Darurat Bencana di Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan Pustaka’, Journal of Current …, 1(1), pp. 15–20. Available at: https://ejournal.hakhara-institute.com/ index.php/DREM /article/view/22%0Ahttps://ejournal.hakhara-institute.com/index.php/DREM/article/download/22/19.
- Anwar, Y., M. V. R. Ningrum, dan I. Setyasih. 2022. Dampak bencana banjir terhadap ekonomi masyarakat di Kecamatan Samarinda Utara, Kota Samarinda. Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi, 9(1): 40-48.
- Balgah, R.A. and Kimengsi, J.N. (2022) ‘Prelims’, in Disaster Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Policies, Institutions and Processes, pp. i–xx. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-817-320221011.
- Baş, I., Zoicaş, C. and Ioniţǎ, A. (2010) ‘The management in large emergency situations - A best practise case study based on GIS for management of evacuation’, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 66, pp. 101–104.
- Brundiers, K. (2018) ‘Educating for post-disaster sustainability efforts’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27(October), pp. 406–414. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.11.002.
- Chapagain, T. and Raizada, M.N. (2017) ‘Impacts of natural disasters on smallholder farmers: Gaps and recommendations’, Agriculture and Food Security, 6(1), pp. 1–16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0116-6.
- Frege, I. A., V. Bliecke, S. Bradshaw, D. Dijkzeul, C. Funke, P. Kienzl, K. Kusters, L. Masuch, M. Nasreen, K. Radtke, S. Schneider, P. Thielborger, D. Weller, O. Wiegers, D. K. Yaman, and K. Zennig. 2023. Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft / IFHV (2023): Welt Risiko Bericht 2023. Berlin: Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft.
- Gaviglio, A. et al. (2021) ‘A theoretical framework to assess the impact of flooding on dairy cattle farms: Identification of direct damage from an animal welfare perspective’, Animals, 11(6), pp. 1–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061586.
- Golding, B. (2022) Towards the “Perfect” Weather Warning: Bridging Disciplinary Gaps through Partnership and Communication, Book:
- Joakim, E.P. and Wismer, S.K. (2015) ‘Livelihood recovery after disaster’, Development in Practice, 25(3), pp. 401–418. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09614524. 2015. 1020764.
- Khalil, K. et al. (2024) ‘Anim. Agric. pISSN 2087-8273 eISSN 2460-6278’, J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric, 49(1), pp. 91–105. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.49.1.
- Khayyam, U. (2020) ‘Floods: impacts on livelihood, economic status and poverty in the north-west region of Pakistan’, Natural Hazards, 102(3), pp. 1033–1056. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03944-7.
- Kharismafullah, K., Azizah, S. and Budiarto, A. (2022) ‘The Strategy of the Sustainable Livelihoods for Beef Farmers in Bima Regency after the Flood Disaster in April 2021’, Buletin Peternakan, 46(3), p. 193. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v46i3.74113.
- Kumar, A. (2022). Disaster Response Under “One Health” Approach: Contribution of Veterinary Public Health. In: Verma, S., Prem, H.T. (eds) Management of Animals in Disasters. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9392-2_21
- Leneman, M., Jordans, I.E. and de Balogh, K. (2021) ‘Cultural factors in livestock emergency management’, Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 36(3), pp. 69–77. Available at: https://doi.org/10.47389/36.3.69.
- Lian, P. et al. (2021) ‘The impacts of training on farmers’ preparedness behaviors of earthquake disaster—evidence from earthquake-prone settlements in rural China’, Agriculture (Switzerland), 11(8). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080726.
- Madushani, J.A.T. et al. (2025) ‘Thematic and Bibliometric Review of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System-Based Flood Disaster Studies in South Asia During 2004–2024’, Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(1), pp. 1–28. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010217.
- Mahfudz, M., B. Riadi, dan I. Rifaldi. 2022. Pemetaan area potensi banjir berdasarkan Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) di Kecamatan Cigudeg, Kabupaten Bogor. Geomatika, 28(1):13-20.
- Nucifera, F. and S. T. Putro. 2018. Deteksi kerawanan banjir genangan menggunakan Topographic Wetness Index (TWI). Media Komunikasi Geografi, 18(2):107.
- Parajuli, G. et al. (2023) ‘A GIS-Based Evacuation Route Planning in Flood-Susceptible Area of Siraha Municipality, Nepal’, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 12(7). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12070286.
- Purwitasari, O. (2019) ‘Penyelamatan Ternak pada Bencana Banjir (Studi Kasus Kecamatan Trucuk-Kabupaten Bojonegoro)’, Jurnal Manajemen Bencana (JMB), 5(2), pp. 41–56. Available at: https://doi.org/10.33172/jmb.v5i2.462.
- Pyne, S.K. and Samanta, G. (2009) ‘Livestock management at different levels of disasterstrategy and execution’, Indian Journal of Animal Research, 43(2), pp. 99–102.
- Rakuasa, H., dan G. Somae. 2023. Analisis potensi genangan banjir di Kecamatan Siwalalat, Kabupaten Seram Bagian Timur berdasarkan Topographic Wetness Index. ULIL ALBAB : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin 2:1800-1806.
- Rasool S, Hamdani SA, Ayman N, Fayaz A, Shubeena S, Thahaby N, Nabi B, Hai A, Akand AH. The Impact of Natural Disasters on Livestock Sector: A Review. J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2021 Aug 17; 2(8): 669-674. doi: 10.37871/jbres1295, Article ID: JBRES1294
- Rozaki, Z. et al. (2021) ‘Farmers-disaster-mitigation-strategies-in-Indonesia_2021_Gifu-University--United-Graduate-School-of-Agricultural-Science’, Reviews in Agricultural Science, pp. 178–194.
- Shofa, M. J., dan S. Sahrupi. 2021. Perilaku evakuasi bencana dengan pendekatan simulasi: Studi literatur. Jurnal Teknik Industri, 7(2):116-121.
- Suman, M. (2022). Post-disaster Interventions Related to Livestock and Livelihood. In: Verma, S., Prem, H.T. (eds) Management of Animals in Disasters. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9392-2_9
- Suripin, S., dan D. Kurniani. 2016. Pengaruh perubahan iklim terhadap hidrograf banjir di Kanal Banjir Timur Kota Semarang. Media Komunikasi Teknik Sipil, 22(2):119.
- Suwanno, P. et al. (2023) ‘GIS-based identification and analysis of suitable evacuation areas and routes in flood-prone zones of Nakhon Si Thammarat municipality’, IATSS Research, 47(3), pp. 416–431. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2023.08.004.
- Utami, T. et al. (2022) ‘Musibah Badai Seroja Di Nusa Tenggara Timur’, 7(1), pp. 20–26.
- Waggoner, J.W. and Olson, K.C. (2018) ‘Feeding and Watering Beef Cattle During Disasters’, Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice, 34(2), pp. 249–257. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.02.006.
- Vogiatzis, C., R. Yoshida, I. Aviles-Spadoni, S. Imamoto, and P. M. Pardalos. 2013. Livestock evacuation planning for natural and man-made emergencies. International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters, 31(1):25-37.
- Vroegindewey, G., K. Gruszynski, D. Handler, T. Grudnik, R. Balbo, and P. Dalla-Villa. 2023. World organisation for animal health members' capacity to deal with animal welfare emergencies during natural disasters in Europe. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 2023 Sep 12;17:e506. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2023.167. PMID: 37697681
- Wismarini, T., and S. Muji. 2015. Penentuan tingkat kerawanan banjir secara geospasial. Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Dinamik, 20(1):57-76.
- Zhu, J., S. Peng, X. Shen, Z. Lin, L. Gong, R. Zhang, and B. Huang. 2024. Multiple scale impacts of land use intensity on water quality in the Chishui river source area. Ecological Indicators, 166: 112396
References
Akbar, A.A., Dwiningtias, H. and ... (2024) ‘Urgensi Koordinasi dalam Organisasi Tanggap Darurat Bencana di Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan Pustaka’, Journal of Current …, 1(1), pp. 15–20. Available at: https://ejournal.hakhara-institute.com/ index.php/DREM /article/view/22%0Ahttps://ejournal.hakhara-institute.com/index.php/DREM/article/download/22/19.
Anwar, Y., M. V. R. Ningrum, dan I. Setyasih. 2022. Dampak bencana banjir terhadap ekonomi masyarakat di Kecamatan Samarinda Utara, Kota Samarinda. Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi, 9(1): 40-48.
Balgah, R.A. and Kimengsi, J.N. (2022) ‘Prelims’, in Disaster Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Policies, Institutions and Processes, pp. i–xx. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-817-320221011.
Baş, I., Zoicaş, C. and Ioniţǎ, A. (2010) ‘The management in large emergency situations - A best practise case study based on GIS for management of evacuation’, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 66, pp. 101–104.
Brundiers, K. (2018) ‘Educating for post-disaster sustainability efforts’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27(October), pp. 406–414. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.11.002.
Chapagain, T. and Raizada, M.N. (2017) ‘Impacts of natural disasters on smallholder farmers: Gaps and recommendations’, Agriculture and Food Security, 6(1), pp. 1–16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0116-6.
Frege, I. A., V. Bliecke, S. Bradshaw, D. Dijkzeul, C. Funke, P. Kienzl, K. Kusters, L. Masuch, M. Nasreen, K. Radtke, S. Schneider, P. Thielborger, D. Weller, O. Wiegers, D. K. Yaman, and K. Zennig. 2023. Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft / IFHV (2023): Welt Risiko Bericht 2023. Berlin: Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft.
Gaviglio, A. et al. (2021) ‘A theoretical framework to assess the impact of flooding on dairy cattle farms: Identification of direct damage from an animal welfare perspective’, Animals, 11(6), pp. 1–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061586.
Golding, B. (2022) Towards the “Perfect” Weather Warning: Bridging Disciplinary Gaps through Partnership and Communication, Book:
Joakim, E.P. and Wismer, S.K. (2015) ‘Livelihood recovery after disaster’, Development in Practice, 25(3), pp. 401–418. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09614524. 2015. 1020764.
Khalil, K. et al. (2024) ‘Anim. Agric. pISSN 2087-8273 eISSN 2460-6278’, J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric, 49(1), pp. 91–105. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.49.1.
Khayyam, U. (2020) ‘Floods: impacts on livelihood, economic status and poverty in the north-west region of Pakistan’, Natural Hazards, 102(3), pp. 1033–1056. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03944-7.
Kharismafullah, K., Azizah, S. and Budiarto, A. (2022) ‘The Strategy of the Sustainable Livelihoods for Beef Farmers in Bima Regency after the Flood Disaster in April 2021’, Buletin Peternakan, 46(3), p. 193. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v46i3.74113.
Kumar, A. (2022). Disaster Response Under “One Health” Approach: Contribution of Veterinary Public Health. In: Verma, S., Prem, H.T. (eds) Management of Animals in Disasters. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9392-2_21
Leneman, M., Jordans, I.E. and de Balogh, K. (2021) ‘Cultural factors in livestock emergency management’, Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 36(3), pp. 69–77. Available at: https://doi.org/10.47389/36.3.69.
Lian, P. et al. (2021) ‘The impacts of training on farmers’ preparedness behaviors of earthquake disaster—evidence from earthquake-prone settlements in rural China’, Agriculture (Switzerland), 11(8). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080726.
Madushani, J.A.T. et al. (2025) ‘Thematic and Bibliometric Review of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System-Based Flood Disaster Studies in South Asia During 2004–2024’, Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(1), pp. 1–28. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010217.
Mahfudz, M., B. Riadi, dan I. Rifaldi. 2022. Pemetaan area potensi banjir berdasarkan Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) di Kecamatan Cigudeg, Kabupaten Bogor. Geomatika, 28(1):13-20.
Nucifera, F. and S. T. Putro. 2018. Deteksi kerawanan banjir genangan menggunakan Topographic Wetness Index (TWI). Media Komunikasi Geografi, 18(2):107.
Parajuli, G. et al. (2023) ‘A GIS-Based Evacuation Route Planning in Flood-Susceptible Area of Siraha Municipality, Nepal’, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 12(7). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12070286.
Purwitasari, O. (2019) ‘Penyelamatan Ternak pada Bencana Banjir (Studi Kasus Kecamatan Trucuk-Kabupaten Bojonegoro)’, Jurnal Manajemen Bencana (JMB), 5(2), pp. 41–56. Available at: https://doi.org/10.33172/jmb.v5i2.462.
Pyne, S.K. and Samanta, G. (2009) ‘Livestock management at different levels of disasterstrategy and execution’, Indian Journal of Animal Research, 43(2), pp. 99–102.
Rakuasa, H., dan G. Somae. 2023. Analisis potensi genangan banjir di Kecamatan Siwalalat, Kabupaten Seram Bagian Timur berdasarkan Topographic Wetness Index. ULIL ALBAB : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin 2:1800-1806.
Rasool S, Hamdani SA, Ayman N, Fayaz A, Shubeena S, Thahaby N, Nabi B, Hai A, Akand AH. The Impact of Natural Disasters on Livestock Sector: A Review. J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2021 Aug 17; 2(8): 669-674. doi: 10.37871/jbres1295, Article ID: JBRES1294
Rozaki, Z. et al. (2021) ‘Farmers-disaster-mitigation-strategies-in-Indonesia_2021_Gifu-University--United-Graduate-School-of-Agricultural-Science’, Reviews in Agricultural Science, pp. 178–194.
Shofa, M. J., dan S. Sahrupi. 2021. Perilaku evakuasi bencana dengan pendekatan simulasi: Studi literatur. Jurnal Teknik Industri, 7(2):116-121.
Suman, M. (2022). Post-disaster Interventions Related to Livestock and Livelihood. In: Verma, S., Prem, H.T. (eds) Management of Animals in Disasters. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9392-2_9
Suripin, S., dan D. Kurniani. 2016. Pengaruh perubahan iklim terhadap hidrograf banjir di Kanal Banjir Timur Kota Semarang. Media Komunikasi Teknik Sipil, 22(2):119.
Suwanno, P. et al. (2023) ‘GIS-based identification and analysis of suitable evacuation areas and routes in flood-prone zones of Nakhon Si Thammarat municipality’, IATSS Research, 47(3), pp. 416–431. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2023.08.004.
Utami, T. et al. (2022) ‘Musibah Badai Seroja Di Nusa Tenggara Timur’, 7(1), pp. 20–26.
Waggoner, J.W. and Olson, K.C. (2018) ‘Feeding and Watering Beef Cattle During Disasters’, Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice, 34(2), pp. 249–257. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.02.006.
Vogiatzis, C., R. Yoshida, I. Aviles-Spadoni, S. Imamoto, and P. M. Pardalos. 2013. Livestock evacuation planning for natural and man-made emergencies. International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters, 31(1):25-37.
Vroegindewey, G., K. Gruszynski, D. Handler, T. Grudnik, R. Balbo, and P. Dalla-Villa. 2023. World organisation for animal health members' capacity to deal with animal welfare emergencies during natural disasters in Europe. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 2023 Sep 12;17:e506. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2023.167. PMID: 37697681
Wismarini, T., and S. Muji. 2015. Penentuan tingkat kerawanan banjir secara geospasial. Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Dinamik, 20(1):57-76.
Zhu, J., S. Peng, X. Shen, Z. Lin, L. Gong, R. Zhang, and B. Huang. 2024. Multiple scale impacts of land use intensity on water quality in the Chishui river source area. Ecological Indicators, 166: 112396