Main Article Content
Abstract
The need for animal protein in Indonesia continues to increase, driving the popularity of goat milk as an alternative to cow's milk that is easier to digest and has health benefits. This study aims to review genetic and nutritional factors that affect the production and quality of dairy goat milk. The method used is a literature review of relevant scientific sources. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that genetic and nutritional factors play a major role in goat milk production. Imported goats such as Alpine (2,633 liters/lactation) and Saanen (2,621 liters/lactation) are more productive than local breeds such as Sapera (264.6 liters/lactation) and Peranakan Etawa (154.3 liters/lactation), supported by strict genetic selection and optimal maintenance management. Milk composition also varies, with Senduro goats having the highest total solids (14.30%), protein (3.74%), and fat (6.40%) compared to Alpine. Nutrition plays an important role in supporting milk production, with high protein sources such as lamtoro (32.0%) and turi (31.29%), as well as fat from turi (7.57%) and indigofera (6.15%) which increase milk fat content. Genetic and nutritional factors affect the production and quality of goat milk, with imported goats being more productive and Senduro goats being superior in milk composition. Proper feed and good management improve milk quality and livestock health. Understanding these genetic and nutritional factors is expected to be the basis for efforts to increase the productivity and quality of dairy goat milk in Indonesia
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Ine Karni, Rezki Amalyadi, Aminurrahman Aminurrahman, Ica Ayu Wandira, Zaid Al Gifari, I Gede Nano Septian, Khairil Anwar

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References
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- Giordan, E. 2020. Peptida bioaktif kasein susu kambing sebagai agen antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Agroindustri Halal, 6(1):28–38.
- Goat, Dairy. n.d. Agricultural, 1–8.
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- Langgajanji, V. D., G. Maranatha, dan Y. R. Noach. 2024. Efek pemberian pakan komplit berbasis silase campuran sorghum dan daun gamal pada level berbeda terhadap konsumsi, kecernaan protein kasar dan serat kasar ternak Kambing Lokal Betina. Animal Agricultura, 1(3):230–40.
- Lestari, R. H., D. Ramadani, S. Sema, D. D. Amaliah, dan T. Tahyul. 2023. Kandungan protein kasar, ADF dan NDF rumput gajah pasca pemberian pupuk organik cair (urin kambing dan limbah buah). Agrinimal Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Dan Tanaman, 11(2):73–77.
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- Nugraha, W. T., T. W. Murti, and I. S. Novitasari. 2023. Physical performance, milk production and milk quality of bligon goat as dairy goat. AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP Publishing, 2765 (1).
- Prosser, C. G. 2021. Compositional and functional characteristics of goat milk and relevance as a base for infant formula. Journal of Food Science, 86(2):257–65.
- Rahmaniar, R. P., D. W. N. Aini, R. Widyawati, and A. Mardjianto. 2021. Perbedaan kadar protein, kadar lemak dan nilai PH susu sapi pada daerah dataran tinggi dan dataran rendah di Kabupaten Jombang. Jurnal Sains Peternakan, 9(2):100–103.
- Rokhayati, U. A. 2010. Pengaruh suplementasi energi dan undegrated protein terhadap produksi susu sapi perah Friesian Holstein. Jurnal Inovasi, 7(2):33-43.
- Roque-Jiménez, J. Alejandro, M. Rosa-Velázquez, J. Manuel Pinos-Rodríguez, J. G. Vicente-Martínez, G. Mendoza-Cervantes, A. Flores-Primo, H. A. Lee-Rangel, and A. E. Relling. 2021. Role of long chain fatty acids in developmental programming in ruminants. animals, 11(3):762.
- Selviana, L. L., A. Hakim, T. F. Rayani, Y. Resti, and B. N. Halimah. 2024. Produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah Peranakan Friesian Holstein (PFH) di KUD Giri Tani Cisarua Bogor. Ternak Tropika, , 25(2):172–81.
- Septian, M. H.. 2023. Pengaruh umur panen terhadap kandungan protein kasar, serat kasar, dan produksi protein kasar hijauan pakan fodder jagung yang diberi air cucian beras sebagai hara utama. JANHUS: Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan, 7(2):82–90.
- Sholeh, M. I., S. Sulastri, A. Qisthon, and A. Husni. 2021. Kualitas susu kambing Peranakan Etawa pada berbagai periode laktasi ditinjau dari sifat fisik (Studi kasus di Peternakan Kambing Perah Telaga Rizky, Yosodadi, Kota Metro). Jurnal Riset Dan Inovasi Peternakan, 5(3):157–67.
- Sinthary, V., and M. J. Arief. 2023. Peptida bioaktif kasein susu kambing sebagai sumber antimikroba dan antioksidan: Review: bioactive peptide from goat’s milk casein as a source of antimicrobial and antioxidant. Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan, 5(3):444–57.
- Siska, I., and Y. L. Anggrayni. 2021. Hubungan konsumsi protein kasar terhadap total protein darah dan kandungan protein susu Kambing Peranakan Ettawa (PE). Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran, 21(2):102–108.
- Sodiq, A., dan Z. Abidin. 2008. Meningkatkan Produksi Susu Kambing Peranakan Etawa. AgroMedia.
- Solikah, A. R., dan L. Abdullah. 2020. Potensi pengembangan tanaman hijauan Indigofera sebagai pakan ternak di Desa Karanggatak Kabupaten Boyolali. Jurnal Pusat Inovasi Masyarakat, 2(3):316–20.
- Sumarmono, J. 2022. Current goat milk production, characteristics, and utilization in Indonesia. P. 12082 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing. 1041(2022): 12082.
- Sumarno, L., D. Mangunwidjaja, A. M. Fauzi, K. Syamsu, N. S. Indrasti, and B. Prasetya. 2011. Ability of Lactobacillus plantarum JR64 isolated from noni juice in lowering cholesterol in vivo. International Journal of Science and Engineering, 2(1):17–21.
- Tajaddini, M. A., O. Dayani, A. Khezri, R. Tahmasbi, and M. M. Sharifi-Hoseini. 2021. Production efficiency, milk yield, and milk composition and fatty acids profile of lactating goats feeding formaldehyde-treated canola meal in two levels of dietary crude protein. Small Ruminant Research, 204 (2021):106519.
- Tamara, N. Y., R. Sutrisna, L. Liman, and E. Erwanto. 2024. Pengaruh komposisi campuran tongkol jagung dan ampas tahu terhadap kandungan lemak kasar, abu, BETN, dan TDN produk fermentasinya. Jurnal Riset Dan Inovasi Peternakan, 8(2):291–99.
- Wang, X., F. Li, N. Zhang, E. Ungerfeld, L. Guo, X. Zhang, M. Wang, and Z. Ma. 2023. Effects of supplementing a yeast culture in a pelleted total mixed ration on fiber degradation, fermentation parameters, and the bacterial community in the rumen of sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 296:115565.
- Zeng, S. S., E. N. Escobar, and T. Popham. 1997. Daily variations in somatic cell count, composition, and production of Alpine Goat Milk. Small Ruminant Research, 26(3):253–60.
- Zhang, Z., W. Ding, H. Zhu, Y. Zuo, G. Hu, J. Liu, H. Xin, X. Lin, X. Xie, and P. Jiao. 2025. Impact of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, bacterial communities, and immune responses of goats fed milk replacer with varying fat levels. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 324: 116309.
References
Adiwimarta, dan I. S. Kustantinah. 2021. Nutrisi Ruminansia: Kepentingan Energi Dan Protein. UGM Press.
Arisani, N., S. Wulandari, N. Nurkholis, dan T. M. Syahniar. 2022. Perbandingan produktivitas Kambing Peranakan Etawa dan Kambing Senduro. Conference of Applied Animal Science Proceeding Series, 3(1):53-61.
Aryani, A., dan T. Susilowati. 2018. Pemanfaatan daun turi (Sesbania grandiflora) yang difermentasi dalam pakan buatan terhadap pertumbuhan ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology, 7(1):1–9.
Astuti, P., H. Suripta, dan N. E. Sukarini. 2017. Produksi dan komposisi susu Kambing Peranakan Ettawa melalui pemberian ekstrak meniran. Agrisaintifika: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 1(2):82–87.
Casoli, C., E. Duranti, L. Morbidini, F. Panella, and V. Vizioli. 1989. Quantitative and compositional variations of massese sheep milk by parity and stage of lactation. Small Ruminant Research, 2(1):47–62.
Dama, N., S. Komansilan, S. E. Sakul, F. Ratulangi, J. Soputan, and N. Lontaan. 2025. Kualitas kimia susu sapi perah di UPT pembibitan ternak dan hijauan pakan ternak rembangan Kabupaten Jember (Jawa Timur). ZOOTEC, 45(1):82–88.
Fadjra, N., T. Astuti, S. A. Akbar, F. Basyirun, dan R. M. Sari. 2023. Pengaruh subtitusi rumput lapangan dengan limbah serai wangi terhadap kandungan bahan kering, bahan organik, dan protein kasar sebagai bahan pakan ternak ruminansia. Jurnal Peternakan Mahaputra, 4(1):138–46.
Giordan, E. 2020. Peptida bioaktif kasein susu kambing sebagai agen antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Agroindustri Halal, 6(1):28–38.
Goat, Dairy. n.d. Agricultural, 1–8.
Hambakodu, M., A. Kaka, dan Y. T. Ina. 2020. Kajian in vitro kecernaan fraksi serat hijauan tropis pada media cairan rumen kambing. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis, 7(1):29.
Hassanien, H., M. A. El-Fadel, M. El-Badawy, Y. Phillip, A. Hussein, A. Khayyal, M. Elmenniawy, H. A. El-Sanafawy, M. A. Radwan, and G. B. Rodríguez. 2025. Dietary inclusion of Tenebrio molitor L. Frass Affects nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation activities, blood metabolites, and milk performance in goats. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 101727.19.(1):1-7.
Langgajanji, V. D., G. Maranatha, dan Y. R. Noach. 2024. Efek pemberian pakan komplit berbasis silase campuran sorghum dan daun gamal pada level berbeda terhadap konsumsi, kecernaan protein kasar dan serat kasar ternak Kambing Lokal Betina. Animal Agricultura, 1(3):230–40.
Lestari, R. H., D. Ramadani, S. Sema, D. D. Amaliah, dan T. Tahyul. 2023. Kandungan protein kasar, ADF dan NDF rumput gajah pasca pemberian pupuk organik cair (urin kambing dan limbah buah). Agrinimal Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Dan Tanaman, 11(2):73–77.
Lourencon, R. V., A. K. Patra, Luana P. S. Ribeiro, R. Puchala, W. Wang, T. A. Gipson, and A. L. Goetsch. 2024. Effects of the level and source of dietary physically effective fiber on feed intake, nutrient utilization, heat energy, Ruminal Fermentation, and Milk Production by Alpine Goats. Animal Nutrition, 17:312–24.
Mila, J. R., and I. M. A. Sudarma. 2021. Analisis kandungan nutrisi dedak padi sebagai pakan ternak dan pendapatan usaha penggilingan padi di Umalulu, Kabupaten Sumba Timur. Buletin Peternakan Tropis, 2(2):90–97.
Adriani, I. R. M. Afdal, Darlis, Yurleni, dan Z. Elymaizal. 2024. Ilmu Kambing Perah. Mega Press Nusantara.
Muwakhid, B., dan U. Kalsum. 2024. Literature review: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi konsumsi pakan (feed intake) sapi perah. Indonesian Research Journal on Education, 4(2):912–16.
Nugraha, W. T., T. W. Murti, and I. S. Novitasari. 2023. Physical performance, milk production and milk quality of bligon goat as dairy goat. AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP Publishing, 2765 (1).
Prosser, C. G. 2021. Compositional and functional characteristics of goat milk and relevance as a base for infant formula. Journal of Food Science, 86(2):257–65.
Rahmaniar, R. P., D. W. N. Aini, R. Widyawati, and A. Mardjianto. 2021. Perbedaan kadar protein, kadar lemak dan nilai PH susu sapi pada daerah dataran tinggi dan dataran rendah di Kabupaten Jombang. Jurnal Sains Peternakan, 9(2):100–103.
Rokhayati, U. A. 2010. Pengaruh suplementasi energi dan undegrated protein terhadap produksi susu sapi perah Friesian Holstein. Jurnal Inovasi, 7(2):33-43.
Roque-Jiménez, J. Alejandro, M. Rosa-Velázquez, J. Manuel Pinos-Rodríguez, J. G. Vicente-Martínez, G. Mendoza-Cervantes, A. Flores-Primo, H. A. Lee-Rangel, and A. E. Relling. 2021. Role of long chain fatty acids in developmental programming in ruminants. animals, 11(3):762.
Selviana, L. L., A. Hakim, T. F. Rayani, Y. Resti, and B. N. Halimah. 2024. Produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah Peranakan Friesian Holstein (PFH) di KUD Giri Tani Cisarua Bogor. Ternak Tropika, , 25(2):172–81.
Septian, M. H.. 2023. Pengaruh umur panen terhadap kandungan protein kasar, serat kasar, dan produksi protein kasar hijauan pakan fodder jagung yang diberi air cucian beras sebagai hara utama. JANHUS: Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan, 7(2):82–90.
Sholeh, M. I., S. Sulastri, A. Qisthon, and A. Husni. 2021. Kualitas susu kambing Peranakan Etawa pada berbagai periode laktasi ditinjau dari sifat fisik (Studi kasus di Peternakan Kambing Perah Telaga Rizky, Yosodadi, Kota Metro). Jurnal Riset Dan Inovasi Peternakan, 5(3):157–67.
Sinthary, V., and M. J. Arief. 2023. Peptida bioaktif kasein susu kambing sebagai sumber antimikroba dan antioksidan: Review: bioactive peptide from goat’s milk casein as a source of antimicrobial and antioxidant. Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan, 5(3):444–57.
Siska, I., and Y. L. Anggrayni. 2021. Hubungan konsumsi protein kasar terhadap total protein darah dan kandungan protein susu Kambing Peranakan Ettawa (PE). Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran, 21(2):102–108.
Sodiq, A., dan Z. Abidin. 2008. Meningkatkan Produksi Susu Kambing Peranakan Etawa. AgroMedia.
Solikah, A. R., dan L. Abdullah. 2020. Potensi pengembangan tanaman hijauan Indigofera sebagai pakan ternak di Desa Karanggatak Kabupaten Boyolali. Jurnal Pusat Inovasi Masyarakat, 2(3):316–20.
Sumarmono, J. 2022. Current goat milk production, characteristics, and utilization in Indonesia. P. 12082 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing. 1041(2022): 12082.
Sumarno, L., D. Mangunwidjaja, A. M. Fauzi, K. Syamsu, N. S. Indrasti, and B. Prasetya. 2011. Ability of Lactobacillus plantarum JR64 isolated from noni juice in lowering cholesterol in vivo. International Journal of Science and Engineering, 2(1):17–21.
Tajaddini, M. A., O. Dayani, A. Khezri, R. Tahmasbi, and M. M. Sharifi-Hoseini. 2021. Production efficiency, milk yield, and milk composition and fatty acids profile of lactating goats feeding formaldehyde-treated canola meal in two levels of dietary crude protein. Small Ruminant Research, 204 (2021):106519.
Tamara, N. Y., R. Sutrisna, L. Liman, and E. Erwanto. 2024. Pengaruh komposisi campuran tongkol jagung dan ampas tahu terhadap kandungan lemak kasar, abu, BETN, dan TDN produk fermentasinya. Jurnal Riset Dan Inovasi Peternakan, 8(2):291–99.
Wang, X., F. Li, N. Zhang, E. Ungerfeld, L. Guo, X. Zhang, M. Wang, and Z. Ma. 2023. Effects of supplementing a yeast culture in a pelleted total mixed ration on fiber degradation, fermentation parameters, and the bacterial community in the rumen of sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 296:115565.
Zeng, S. S., E. N. Escobar, and T. Popham. 1997. Daily variations in somatic cell count, composition, and production of Alpine Goat Milk. Small Ruminant Research, 26(3):253–60.
Zhang, Z., W. Ding, H. Zhu, Y. Zuo, G. Hu, J. Liu, H. Xin, X. Lin, X. Xie, and P. Jiao. 2025. Impact of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, bacterial communities, and immune responses of goats fed milk replacer with varying fat levels. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 324: 116309.