Main Article Content
Abstract
The era of COVID-19 transforms the traditional classroom into the fully online distance learning system. This new learning mode presents new challenges to both the lecturer and students at the College of Teacher Training and Education (STKIP) Muhammadiyah Barru, Indonesia. This research focused on identifying the types of online platforms applied in distance learning of paragraph writing course, the students’ behaviors and challenges toward the learning system, and the English skill output of the learning process. The method was qualitative descriptive consisting of data collection and data analysis. The data was gathered by interviewing and observing the participants. The data was then analyzed by using distance learning concepts of Cynthia White. The result indicated that the class made use of Multi-synchronous distance learning. However, they preferred to make use the asynchronous distance learning due to the flexibility of time and space, also its cost-effective. Besides, the research found that the students fast adapted to the new learning context for the ability to operate technology, yet they did not fully understand their roles and responsibilities during the learning process. Moreover, as the challenges of self-independent demand, self-awareness and management and the slow internet access of their isolated areas, most of the students did not show satisfied output in writing English paragraph.
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References
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References
Ahmadi, D. M. R. (2018). The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review. International Journal of Research in English Education. https://doi.org/10.29252/ijree.3.2.115
Alsagoff, L., McKay, S. L., Hu, G., & Renandya, W. A. (2012). Principles and practices for teaching english as an international language. In Principles and Practices for Teaching English as an International Language. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203819159
Altunay, D. (2019). EFL Students’ Views on Distance English Language Learning in a Public University in Turkey. Studies in English Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.22158/selt.v7n1p121
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in Education. In Research Methods in Education. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315456539
Demiray, U., & Sharma, R. C. (2008). Ethical practices and implications in distance learning. In Ethical Practices and Implications in Distance Learning. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-867-3
Dudeney, G., & Hockly, N. (2007). How To Teach English With Technology (J. Harmer (ed.)). Pearson Longman.
Ekmekçi, E. (2015). Distance-education in Foreign Language Teaching: Evaluations from the Perspectives of Freshman Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.487
Holmberg, B., Shelley, M., & White, C. (2005). Distance Education and Languages Evolution and Change (V. Edwards (ed.)). Multilingual Matters LTD.
Huang, R., Spector, J. M., & Yang, J. (2019). Educational Technology a Primer for the 21st Century. In Spaces for the Future. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6643-7
Hurd, S., & Lewis, T. (2008). Language learning strategies in independent settings. In Language Learning Strategies in Independent Settings. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847690999
Jung, I. (2019). Open and Distance Education Theory Revisited Implications for the Digital Era (I. Jung & O. Z. Richter (eds.)). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Kenning, M. M. (2007). ICT and language learning: From print to the mobile phone. In ICT and Language Learning: From Print to the Mobile Phone. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230591325
Lehman, Rosemary M., Conceicao-Runlee, S. (2010). Creating a Sense of Presence in Online Teaching. In Creating a Sense of Presence in Online Teaching : How to “be There” for Distance Learners.
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. In The JosseyBass higher and adult education series. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCI.0b013e3181edd9b1
Moore, M. G., & Anderson, W. G. (2003). Handbook of Distance Education. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Negash, S., Whitman, M. E., Woszczynski, A. B., Hoganson, K., & Mattord, H. (2008). Handbook of distance learning for real-time and asynchronous information technology education. In Handbook of Distance Learning for Real-Time and Asynchronous Information Technology Education. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-964-9
Nguyen, T. T. L. (2019). Using ICT to foster collaborative writing for EFL university students in Vietnam. Edith Cowan University.
Reinders, H., & White, C. (2011). Learner autonomy and new learning environments. Language, Learning and Technology.
Reinders, H., & White, C. (2016). 20 years of autonomy and technology: How far have we come and where to next? In Language Learning and Technology.
Rogers, P., Berg, G., Boettcher, J., Howard, C., Justice, L., & Schenk, K. (2009). Encyclopedia of Distance Learning. Information Science Reference.
Rosenthal, J. W. (2013). Handbook of undergraduate second language education. In Handbook of Undergraduate Second Language Education. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410605016
Sritulanon, A., Chaturongakul, P., & hammetar, T. T. (2018). English Speaking Teaching Model in Distance Education. Arab World English Journal. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no3.28
Stake, R. E. (2010). Qualitative Research: Studying How Things Work, The Guilford,. In (2010). Qualitative research: Studying how things work. ix, 244 pp. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press; US.
Warschauer, M., & Kern, R. (2000). Network Based Language Teaching: Concepts and Practice. Cambridge University Press.
White, C. (2003). Language Learning in Distance Education. In Language Learning in Distance Education. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511667312
White, C. (2006). Distance learning of foreign languages. Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444806003727
White, C. (2007). Innovation and Identity in Distance Language Learning and Teaching. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching. https://doi.org/10.2167/illt45.0
White, C. (2009). Towards a Learner-Based Theory of Distance Language Learning: The Concept of The Learner-Context Interface. In P. Hubbard (Ed.), Computer Assisted Language Learning: Critical Concepts in Linguistics (pp. 97–111). Routledge.
White, C., & Reinders, H. (2010). The theory and practice of technology in materials development and task design. In N. Harwood (Ed.), English Language Teaching Materials: Theory and Practice (pp. 58–80). Cambridge University Press.
Zhong, Y. (2008). A Study of Autonomy English Learning on the Internet. English Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v1n2p147