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Abstract
This paper explores the way the demographic factors, usage behaviours, and learning strategies of English writing students affect their proficiency in writing by using Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) tools. In particular, it poses the following question: How do the demographics, MALL use patterns, and learning strategies of the learners interact to influence their proficiency in writing English? The online questionnaire was used to gather data on 124 university students in Kalimantan. Descriptive analysis showed that 67 per cent of the participants are female, with a majority of them being aged 18 to 20 years. Most of them applied MALL tools to train text types (28 percent), improve the writing style (21 percent), and grammatical accuracy (19 percent). The findings have shown great scores of self-direction (86%), problem-solving orientation (79%), which portrays proactive and reflective learners. All of those strategies were related to enhanced writing abilities at all levels. The conclusion of the paper is that the integration of the MALL tools can enhance self-directed and problem-based learning in writing classes. The results provide a helpful contribution to educators in the creation of adaptive and strategy-based MALL-assisted instruction writing.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Nofvia De Vega, Sahril Nur, Ismail Anas, Rahayu

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References
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- Alhuwaydi, A. A. (2022). A Review on Vocabulary Learning-Designed MALL Applications in the EFL Context. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 12(10), 2191–2200. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1210.27
- Alisoy, H., & Sadiqzade, Z. (2024). Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL): Revolutionizing Language Education. Luminis Applied Science and Engineering, 1(1), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.69760/lumin.202400002
- Alnujaidi, S. (2021). Adoption of mobile assisted language learning (Mall) in saudi arabian efl classrooms. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 12(2), 312–323. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1202.13
- Cakmak, F. (2019). Mobile learning and mobile assisted language learning in focus. Language and Technology, 1(1), 30–48.
- Creswell, J. W., & Clark, Plano, V. . (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
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- Islam, A. B. M. S., & Hasan, M. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) on ESL Listening Skill. NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching, 11(2), 188–202. https://doi.org/10.15642/NOBEL.2020.11.2.188-202
- Khodabandeh, F. (2017). The effect of MALL-based tasks on EFL learners’ grammar learning. Teaching English with Technology, 17(2), 29–41.
- Knowles, M. S., Holton III, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2014). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. Routledge.
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- Rebollo, P. A., & Ábalos, E. M. (2023). Research Metodology/Recompilation. Editorial Autores de Argentina. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=j3DFEAAAQBAJ
- Stockwell, G. (2022). Mobile Assisted Language Learning (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108652087
- Viberg, O., & Grönlund, Å. (2013). Cross-cultural analysis of users’ attitudes toward the use of mobile devices in second and foreign language learning in higher education: A case from Sweden and China. Computers and Education, 69, 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.07.014
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
- Waite-Stupiansky, S. (2022). Jean Piaget’s constructivist theory of learning. In Theories of early childhood education (pp. 3–18). Routledge.
- Yan, Y., & Singh, M. (2023). On the educational theory and application of mobile-assisted language learning and independent learning in college English teaching. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 29(3), 137–151.
References
Al-Shehab, M. (2020). The Role of Mobile-assisted Language Learning (MALL) in Enhancing the Writing Skills of Intermediate IEP Students: Expectations vs Reality. Language Teaching Research Quarterly, 20, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.32038/ltrq.2020.20.01
Alfian, Wyra, M., & Rossetto, M. (2016). Language Learning Strategy use by Prospective English Language Teachers in Indonesia. In Publishing Higher Degree Research (pp. 95–104). Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-672-9_10
Alhuwaydi, A. A. (2022). A Review on Vocabulary Learning-Designed MALL Applications in the EFL Context. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 12(10), 2191–2200. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1210.27
Alisoy, H., & Sadiqzade, Z. (2024). Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL): Revolutionizing Language Education. Luminis Applied Science and Engineering, 1(1), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.69760/lumin.202400002
Alnujaidi, S. (2021). Adoption of mobile assisted language learning (Mall) in saudi arabian efl classrooms. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 12(2), 312–323. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1202.13
Cakmak, F. (2019). Mobile learning and mobile assisted language learning in focus. Language and Technology, 1(1), 30–48.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, Plano, V. . (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
Garcia-Ponce, E. E., Lengeling, M. M., Mora-Pablo, I., & Arroyo, L. M. C. (2023). Use of WhatsApp as a Platform to Promote English Oral Fluency and Accuracy: A Task Repetition Approach. Ikala, 28(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.ikala.v28n1a04
Gharehblagh, N. M. (2020). Developing EFL elementary learners’ writing skills through mobile-assisted language learning (MALL). Teaching English with Technology, 20(1), 104–121.
Islam, A. B. M. S., & Hasan, M. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) on ESL Listening Skill. NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching, 11(2), 188–202. https://doi.org/10.15642/NOBEL.2020.11.2.188-202
Khodabandeh, F. (2017). The effect of MALL-based tasks on EFL learners’ grammar learning. Teaching English with Technology, 17(2), 29–41.
Knowles, M. S., Holton III, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2014). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. Routledge.
Liu, X., Zheng, D., & Chen, Y. (2019). Corrigendum to: Latent Classes of Smartphone Dictionary Users Among Chinese EFL Learners: A Mixed-Method Inquiry into Motivation for Mobile Assisted Language Learning. International Journal of Lexicography, 32(2), 242–243. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecz006
Luhanga, U., & Harbaugh, A. G. (2021). Basic Elements of Survey Research in Education: Addressing the Problems Your Advisor Never Told You About. Information Age Publishing, Incorporated. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=hThIEAAAQBAJ
Morgana, & Kukulska. (2021). Mobile assisted language learning across educational contexts. Routledge.
Mortazavi, M., Nasution, M. K. M., Abdolahzadeh, F., Behroozi, M., & Davarpanah, A. (2021). Sustainable Learning Environment by Mobile-Assisted Language Learning Methods on the Improvement of Productive and Receptive Foreign Language Skills: A Comparative Study for Asian Universities. Sustainability, 13(11), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116328
Osifo, A. (2019). Improving collaboration in blended learning environments through differentiated activities and mobile-assisted language learning tools. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2019, ML 2019, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.33965/ml2019_201903l001
Pollard, A. (2018). CALL-MALL Integration in the Writing Classroom: Smartphone Applications and Corrective Feedback. Modern English Teacher, 27(2), 23–27.
Puebla, C., Fievet, T., Tsopanidi, M., & Clahsen, H. (2022). Mobile-assisted language learning in older adults: Chances and challenges. ReCALL, 34(2), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344021000276
Rahayu, Weda, S., Muliati, & De Vega, N. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in writing instruction: A self-determination theory perspective. XLinguae, 17(1), 234–244. https://doi.org/10.18355/XL.2024.17.01.16
Ramadass, P., & Aruni, A. W. (2019). Research and Writing Across the Disciplines. MJP Publisher. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=7c-bDwAAQBAJ
Rebollo, P. A., & Ábalos, E. M. (2023). Research Metodology/Recompilation. Editorial Autores de Argentina. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=j3DFEAAAQBAJ
Stockwell, G. (2022). Mobile Assisted Language Learning (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108652087
Viberg, O., & Grönlund, Å. (2013). Cross-cultural analysis of users’ attitudes toward the use of mobile devices in second and foreign language learning in higher education: A case from Sweden and China. Computers and Education, 69, 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.07.014
Vygotsky, L. S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
Waite-Stupiansky, S. (2022). Jean Piaget’s constructivist theory of learning. In Theories of early childhood education (pp. 3–18). Routledge.
Yan, Y., & Singh, M. (2023). On the educational theory and application of mobile-assisted language learning and independent learning in college English teaching. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 29(3), 137–151.