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November 25, 2025
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January 24, 2026
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Abstract

The increasingly frequent use of ChatGPT in higher education raises questions about its impact on how students critically read a range of academic texts. However, empirical evidence examining the relationship between the dependence and critical use of ChatGPT and college students' critical reading ability is limited. Three aspects were investigated in this study: students' dependence on ChatGPT, their critical use of ChatGPT, and how these relate to students' critical reading skills. This study aimed to examine university students, specifically 79 students at a public university in Indonesia. Students were given a critical reading test, which was in the form of an essay, and there was also a questionnaire to measure students' dependency and critical use of ChatGPT. The results were descriptive, showing that the students' level of ChatGPT dependency was moderate (mean = 3.10) and their level of critical use was quite good (mean = 3.87). For critical reading scores, results ranged from 31.25 to 92.19, with an average in the moderate category. The results of multiple linear regression show that neither critical use nor dependence on ChatGPT has a statistically significant relationship with students’ critical reading skills (β = 0.164, p = 0.151; β = −0.071, p = 0.530). Overall, these results indicate that students' engagement with ChatGPT has not had a clear or significant effect on their critical reading performance. Further research is needed to confirm these findings. These findings indicate that reliance on AI and critical use of ChatGPT alone may not be sufficient to influence students' critical reading abilities, suggesting that other factors may also play a role. Therefore, future research should involve a more diverse population and develop more specific, contextually relevant instruments, particularly those linking ChatGPT use to critical reading skills, while also considering other mediating variables.

Keywords

Chatgpt Reliance Critical Use of ChatGPT Critical Reading AI literacy Higher Education

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Copyright (c) 2026 Indah Pujiastuti, Sri Susanti, Dian Lestari, Wahyu Indrayatti

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How to Cite
Pujiastuti, I., Susanti, S., Lestari, D., & Indrayatti, W. (2026). The Relationship between ChatGPT reliance, critical use, and critical reading skills among Indonesian undergraduate students. JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature), 11(1), 116–132. https://doi.org/10.33369/joall.v11i1.46089
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