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Abstract
Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is highly sought after by Indonesian consumers and is one of the leading commodities cultivated in freshwater. However, tilapia farming still frequently encounters challenges that lead to a decline in production, one of which is infection by pathogens such as Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV). TiLV can infect fish in waters with temperatures above 25°C, with mass mortality peaking at 30°C, reaching a 50% death rate. Proper handling and control measures are essential to manage TiLV outbreaks effectively. TiLV detection in fish can be conducted using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. PCR-based virus detection is a diagnostic technique that identifies the presence of viral genetic material with high specificity and accuracy. This study aimed to detect TiLV infection in farmed Nile tilapia. The procedures included sample collection, necropsy, organ fixation, RNA extraction, PCR amplification, electrophoresis, and gel documentation analysis. Based on the PCR results, Nile tilapia samples tested positive for TiLV infection, as indicated by the presence of a 250 bp DNA band in the gel documentation system, aligning with the TiLV positive marker. Among the three fish showing suspected TiLV symptoms, two (66.6%) were confirmed infected.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Dina Fitria, Deffya Fathonah, Rini Afrianti, Azizah Turrohmah, Mujaidiah, Anggari Linda Destiana, Dafzel Day, Indri Astuti

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References
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- Soto. E., S. Yun & W. Suratchetpong. (2019). Susceptibility Of Tilapia Lake Virus To Buffered Povidone-iodine Complex And Chlorine. 512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734342.
- Suwandi, R., R. Nugraha, dan K. E. Zulfamy. (2013). Aplikasi Ekstrak Daun Jambu (Psidium guajava var. Pomifera) pada Proses Transportasi Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 16(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v16i1.8107.
- Tsofack, J.E.K., Zamostiano, R., atted, S., Berkowitz, A., Rosenbluth, E., Mishra, N., & Bacharach, E. (2016). Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) in clinical samples by culturing and nested RT-PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01808-16.
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References
Aich, N., A. Paul., T. G. Choundhury & H. Saha. (2022). Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Disease: Current status Of Understanding. Aquaculture and Fisheries. 7(1): 7-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2021.04.007.
Amal, M.N.A., Koh, C.B, Nurliyana, M., Suhaiba, M., Nor-Amalina, Z., Santh, S., Diyana-Nadhirah, K.P., Yusof, M.T., Ina-Salwany, M.Y., & Zamri-Saad, M. (2018). A case of natural co-infection of Tilapia Lake Virus and Aeromonas veronii in a Malaysian red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus) farm experiencing high mortality. Aquaculture, 485, 12-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.11.019.
Bacharach, E., Eldar, A. (2017). Tilapia Lake Virus Vaccines. United Stated Patent. No: US009730998B2. https://patents.google.com/patent/US9730998B2/en.
Bacharach, E., Mishra, N., Briese, T., Zody, M. C., Tsofack, J. E. K., Zamostiano, R., Berkowitz, A., Ng, J., Nitido, A., Corvelo, A., Toussaint, N. C., Abel Nielsen, S. C., Hornig, M., del Pozo, J., Bloom, T., Ferguson, H., Eldar, A., & Lipkin, W. I. (2016). Characterization of a novel orthomyxo-like virus causing mass die-offs of Tilapia. MBio, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00431-16.
Dong, H. T., Atagubac, G. A., Khunraea, P., Rattanarojponga, T., & Senapin, S. (2017b). Evidence of TiLV infection in tilapia hatcheries in Thailand from 2012 to 2017 reveals probable global spread of the disease. Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.06.035.
Dong, H. T., S. Senapin., W. Gangnonngiw., V. V. Nguyen., C. Rodkhum., P. P. Debnath., J. Delamare-Deboutteville & C. V. Mohan. (2020). Experimentar Infection Reveals Transmission Of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) From Tilapia Broodstock To Their Reproductive Organs And Fertilized Eggs. Aquaculture. 515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734541.
Husna, N., Kenconojati, H., Ulkhaq, M. F., Habib, A. F., & Lantiani, D. (2023). Pemeriksaan Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Pada Komoditas Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). 6(1), 57–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31093/joas.v5i2.95.
Jaemwimol. P., K. Sirikanchana., P. Tattiyapong., S. Mongkolsuk & W. Surachetpong. (2019). Virucidal Effects Of Common Disinfectants Against Tilapia Lake Virus. Journal Of Fish Diseases. 42(10), 1383-1389. https://doi.org/10.111/jfd.13060.
Kembou-Ringert. J. E., F. N. Hotio., D. Steinhagen., Kim. D. Thompson., W. Surachetpong., K. Rakus., J. M. Daly., N. Goonawardane & M. Adamek. (2024). Knowns and Unknowns Of TiLV-associated Neuronal Disease. Virulence. 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2024.2329568.
Koesharyani, I., Gardenia, L., Widowati, Z., Khumaira, K., & Rustianti, D. (2018). Studi Kasus Infeksi Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Jurnal Riset Akuakultur. 13(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.15578/jra.13.1.2018.85-92.
Kurniawati, M. D., Sumaryam, S., & Hayati, N. (2019). Aplikasi Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Konvensional Dan Real Time- PCR Untuk Deteksi Virus VNN (Viral Nervous Necrosis) Pada Ikan Kerapu Macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Techno-Fish, 3(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.25139/tf.v3i1.1629.
Lukman., Mulyana & Mumpuni. F. S. (2014). Efektivitas Pemberian Akar Tuba (Derris elliptica) terhadap Lama Waktu Kematian Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Jurnal Pertanian. 5(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.30997/jp.v5i1.52.
Mugimba. K. K., A. A. Chengula., S. Wamala., E. D. Mwega., C. J. Kasanga., D. K. Byarugaba., R. H. Mdegela., S. Tal., B. Bornstein., A. Dishon., S. Mutoloki., L. David., Evensen & H. M. Munang’andu. (2018). Detection Of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Infection By PCR In Farmed And Wild Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) From Lake Victoria. Journal Of Fish Diseases. 41(8), 1181-1189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12790.
Nurekawati, A. D., Putra, I. S., & Soelistyoadi, R. N. (2023). Deteksi Molekuler Tilv (Tilapia Lake Virus) pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) yang dilalulintaskan di Balai Karantina Ikan, Pengendalian Mutu dan Keamanan Hasil Perikanan Surabaya I, Jawa Timur. Media Kedokteran Hewan, 34(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.20473/mkh.v34i1.2023.1-12.
OIE. 2017a. Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV), Malaysia. World Organisation For Animal Health (OIE). Immediate Notification. Accessed August 2024. Available online at: https://www.fao.org/fi/static-media/MeetingDocuments/TiLV/d8.pdf.
OIE. 2017b. Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV), Philippines. World Organisation For Animal Health (OIE). Immediate Notification. Accessed August 2024. Available online at: https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=25278.
Pranata, S. A., Musnaini. (2022). Efisiensi Pemasaran Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) Keramba Jarring Apung Sungai Batanghari Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Jurnal Manajemen Terapan dan Keuangan (Mankeu). 11(03), 554–568. https://doi.org/10.22437/jmk.v11i03.17978.
Soto. E., S. Yun & W. Suratchetpong. (2019). Susceptibility Of Tilapia Lake Virus To Buffered Povidone-iodine Complex And Chlorine. 512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734342.
Suwandi, R., R. Nugraha, dan K. E. Zulfamy. (2013). Aplikasi Ekstrak Daun Jambu (Psidium guajava var. Pomifera) pada Proses Transportasi Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 16(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v16i1.8107.
Tsofack, J.E.K., Zamostiano, R., atted, S., Berkowitz, A., Rosenbluth, E., Mishra, N., & Bacharach, E. (2016). Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) in clinical samples by culturing and nested RT-PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01808-16.
Yamkasem. J., P. Tattiyapong., A. Kamlangdee & W. Surachetpong. (2019). Evidence Of Potential Vertical Transmission Of Tilapia Lake Virus. Journal of Fish Diseases. 42(9), 1293-1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13050.