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Abstract
This study was conducted to analyze the feasibility of PBL-based LAPD in developing critical thinking skills in Phase F of buffer solution material. The feasibility of LAPD was evaluated based on the aspects of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The research design applied was Research and Development (R&D) with the 4D Thiagarajan development model, which includes definition, design, and development. Limited-scale testing was applied to grade XI students at Widya Darma High School in Surabaya. The feasibility analysis of LAPD in terms of content validity, construct validity, and graphic validity showed a mode score of 5, which is classified as very good. The practicality of the LAPD was proven by a student response rate of 90% and an activity observation result of 93.30%, thus classified as very practical. The effectiveness aspect was determined based on the pretest and posttest critical thinking scores. Testing with the paired t-test method obtained a right-hand p-value of 0.000 (<0.05), so the alternative hypothesis H1 was accepted and H0 was rejected. This improvement was supported by a critical thinking N-gain value of 0.77 in the high category, as well as student learning outcomes of 87.5, which had reached mastery. The analysis results indicate that PBL-oriented LAPD is feasible to be applied to train critical thinking on buffer solution material.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Febrina Reva Aurelsa, Bertha Yonata

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
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References
Afrilianti, N., & Yerimadesi, Y. (2021). Validity and Practicality of Acid-Base E-Module Based on Guided Discovery Learning for Class XI SMA. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT, 28(2), 307–314. http://ijpsat.ijsht-journals.org
Arikunto, S. (2006). Prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktek. PT Rineka Cipta.
Facione, P. A. (2015). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts. Measured Reasons and The California Academic Press.
Hake, R. (1999). Analyzing change/gain scores. Dept. of Physics, Indiana University.
Juwitasari, R. A., & Suyono, S. (2023). Pembelajaran materi laju reaksi dengan penataan kurikuler nested untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar peserta didik. UNESA Journal of Chemical Education, 12(1), 1–7.
Nieveen, N. (1999). Prototype to reach product quality. In J. van den Akker, Approaches and tools in educational and training (pp. 125–135). Kluwer Academic Publisher.
OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 results (Volume I): The state of learning and equity in education (Vol. 1). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/53f23881-en
Pertiwi, F. A., Luayyin, R. H., & Arifin, M. (2023). Problem based learning untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis: Meta analisis. JSE: Jurnal Sharia Economica, 2(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.46773/jse.v2i1.559
Priliyanti, A., Muderawan, I. W., & Maryam, S. (2021). Analisis kesulitan belajar siswa dalam mempelajari kimia kelas XI. Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia Undiksha, 5(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpk.v5i1.32402
Putri, A., & Yonata, B. (2024). Feasibility of worksheet based on PBL to improve students’ critical thinking skills. Asian Journal of Science Education, 6(2), 128–141.
Rahayu, S., Hadiansyah, Y., Dewi, R., & Nurmantoro, A. (2024). Analisis peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik pada materi peranan kimia dalam kehidupan menggunakan pembelajaran kontekstual di SMAN 1 Losarang. Jurnal Rekayasa, Teknologi, dan Sains, 8(2), 100–108.
Riduwan. (2015). Skala pengukuran variabel-variabel penelitian. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Rieschka, M. N. (2020). Problem based learning pada pembelajaran IPA di sekolah dasar. Social, Humanities, and Educational Studies (SHEs): Conference Series, 3(3), 199–105. https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/shes
Sari, DD, Suyono, & Delhita, A. (2025). Efektivitas LKS berbasis inkuiri dalam meningkatkan kemampuan metakognitif pada faktor laju reaksi untuk mendukung Profil Pelajar Pancasila. Edumatsains: Jurnal Pendidikan, Matematika dan Sains, 10 (1).
Septiani, A., Tewa, Y., & Rahmanpiu. (2023). Penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Think Pair Share (TPS) untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas XI MIPA pada materi asam basa. Sains: Jurnal Kimia, 12(2).
Suriaman, Sundawa, D., Nurgiansah, T. H., & Insani, N. N. (2024). Analisis perkembangan dan dinamika pendidikan karakter dan budaya bangsa di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter, 15(2), 168–181.
Syafei, I. (2019). Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Pendidikan Agama Islam Berbasis Problem Based Learning Untuk Menangkal Radikalisme Pada Peserta Didik Sma Negeri Di Kota Bandar Lampung. Al-Tadzkiyyah: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(1), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.24042/atjpi.v10i1.3631
Syalsabilla, A., & Arif, S. (2023). Pengembangan modul ajar Kurikulum Merdeka matematika SMKN Winongan. Jurnal Pembelajaran dan Pengembangan Matematika (PEMANTIK), 3(2), 180–191.
Syamsidah, & Suryani, H. (2018). Buku model problem based learning (PBL), mata kuliah pengetahuan bahan makanan. Deepublish
Tarmizi, Khaldun, I., & Mursal. (2017). Penggunaan Lks Berbasis Pbl Terhadap Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Pada Materi Cahaya Di Smpn 1 Kembang Tanjong. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Indonesia, 05(01), 87–93. http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/jpsi
Thiagarajan, S., Semmel, D. S., & Semmel, M. I. (1974). Instructional development for training teachers of exceptional children: A sourcebook. Leadership Training Institute/Special Education, University of Minnesota.
Wahid, C., & Novikasari, I. (Tahun). Penerapan teori Bruner dalam pembelajaran matematika di MTs Ma’arif NU Patikraja Kabupaten Banyumas. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pendidikan Matematika, 9(4), 151–161.
