Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines how Project-Based Learning (PBL) improves speaking skills in Paket C students at PKBM Kota Bekasi, an Indonesian non-formal education institution. This research aims to design and deploy customised PBL materials for these children and evaluate their effectiveness in boosting student involvement, communication, and speaking proficiency. To assess PBL's impact, the study uses mixed methods, including qualitative and quantitative methods. Fluency, coherence, and pronunciation improvements are assessed pre- and post-intervention to acquire quantitative data. Student interviews, classroom observations, and professional evaluations provide qualitative insights into student involvement and motivation. PBL greatly improves pupils' speaking fluency, coherence, and pronunciation. Students are more motivated and engaged in learning than using traditional approaches. PBL's interactive and collaborative character creates a dynamic learning environment that fosters active engagement and language skill application. However, the report also finds significant PBL implementation problems. These include restricted technology resources, which affects project delivery and execution, and the necessity for educators to change their teaching practices to enable PBL. Positive results imply that PBL may be an effective pedagogical technique for resolving educational gaps in non-formal settings, despite these challenges. The research shows educators and policymakers that PBL can improve non-formal education learning. Future study should design cost-effective PBL models that handle resource constraints and examine PBL's long-term effects on students' academic and professional growth.
Keywords:
Curriculum Development, Paket C, PKBM, Project-Based Learning, Speaking Skills
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Copyright (c) 2024 Dini Hidayati, Leroy Holman Siahaan, Novi Andriani, Firtsa Malyda Putri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Ciptaan disebarluaskan di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional.
How to Cite
The Enhancement of Students’ Speaking Skills through Project-Based Learning in Non-Formal Education. (2024). Journal of English Education and Teaching, 8(3), 552–568. https://doi.org/10.33369/jeet.8.3.552-568
References
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Abdikarimova, M., Tashieva, N., Kyzy, A. T., & Abdullaeva, Z. (2021). Developing students verbal communication skills and speech etiquette in english language teaching. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 11(01), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2021.111007
Abugohar, M. A., Salheen, D. A. A., Yassin, B., Saed, H. A., & Yunus, K. (2020). Scaffolding oral fluency mediating the target language in elt to tertiary-level students: a follow-up scheme. International Journal of Instruction, 13(4), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13421a
Ali, H. V., Hidayati, D., & Dharmawan, Y. Y. (2023). A Study of Presupposition and Conversational Implicatures in the Comic Strip of “The Diary of a Wimpy Kid.” Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, Dan Sastra, 9(2), 1353–1364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v9i2.3034
Almulla, M. A. (2020). The effectiveness of the project-based learning (pbl) approach as a way to engage students in learning. Sage Open, 10(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020938702
Angelina, E. N. (2020). The effect of project-based learning in improving students’ speaking ability [Bachelor Thesis]. Universitas Islam Negeri Ar- Raniry.
Anggia, H., Dharmawan, Y. Y., Cucus, A., & Deviyanti, R. (2023). Student’s reading self-efficacy regression model and differences in online extensive reading program. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2621(1), 040004. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0142284
Babinski, L. M., Amendum, S. J., Knotek, S. E., Sánchez, M., & Malone, P. (2017). Improving young english learners’ language and literacy skills through teacher professional development: A randomized controlled trial. American Educational Research Journal, 55(1), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217732335
Bakar, N. I. A., Noordin, N., & Razali, A. B. (2019). Improving Oral Communicative Competence in English Using Project-Based Learning Activities. English Language Teaching, 12(4), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n4p73
Basilotta Gómez-Pablos, V., Martín del Pozo, M., & García-Valcárcel Muñoz-Repiso, A. (2017). Project-based learning (PBL) through the incorporation of digital technologies: An evaluation based on the experience of serving teachers. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 501–512. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.056
Bell, S. (2010). Project-Based Learning for the 21st Century: Skills for the Future. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 83(2), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098650903505415
Belwal, R., Belwal, S., Sufian, A. B., & Al Badi, A. (2020). Project-based learning (pbl): outcomes of students’ engagement in an external consultancy project in oman. Education + Training, 63(3), 336–359. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2020-0006
Caprario, M. (2020). Developing pragmatic competence in english academic discussions: an eap classroom investigation. 16(1), 123–152. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/lpp-2020-0006
Conner, J., Posner, M., & Nsowaa, B. (2022). The relationship between student voice and student engagement in urban high schools. The Urban Review, 54(5), 755–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-022-00637-2
Figueroa, O. (2014). The significance of recruiting underrepresented minorities in medicine: an examination of the need for effective approaches used in admissions by higher education institutions. Medical Education Online, 19(1), 24891. https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v19.24891
Firdaus, F., & Septiady, A. (2023). The effect of project-based learning on the students’ speaking ability. Journal on Education, 05(03), 10105–10112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i3.1900
Guci, F., & Siahaan, L. H. (2021). The effect of zoom meeting on e-learning in students’ speaking skill. Dialectical Literature and Education Journal (DLEJ), 6(1), 20–26.
Hidayati, D., & Andika Prasatyo, B. (2023). Parents Attitude towards Heritage Language Maintenance. 12(1). https://doi.org/10.31571/bahasa.v12i1.6212
Kara, M., Kukul, V., & Çakır, R. (2018). Conceptions and misconceptions of instructors pertaining to their roles and competencies in distance education: a qualitative case study. Participatory Educational Research, 5(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.18.12.5.2
Kennedy-Clark, S., Kearney, S., & Galstaun, V. (2017). Using a collaborative assessment design to support student learning. Education Sciences, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7040080
Kokotsaki, D., Menzies, V., & Wiggins, A. (2016). Project-based learning: a review of the literature. Improving Schools, 19(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659733
Miller, E., Wilkinson, D. L., Cummings, S., & Moore, J. L. (2014). Perspectives on educational attainment among vulnerable african american male youth. In African American Male Students in PreK-12 Schools: Informing Research, Policy, and Practice (Vol. 2, pp. 125–150). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2051-231720140000002024
Musoke, M. G. N. (2016). Access and use of information by women and health workers. In M. G. N. Musoke (Ed.), Informed and Healthy (pp. 17–104). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804290-8.00002-6
Namaziandost, E., Neisi, L., Kheryadi, & Nasri, M. (2019). Enhancing oral proficiency through cooperative learning among intermediate efl learners: english learning motivation in focus. Cogent Education, 6(1), 1683933. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2019.1683933
Nguyen, T. N. T., & Nguyen, H. B. (2020). Classroom Participation in EFL Speaking Classes: Students’ Perceptions. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2020/v9/i4/apr20004
Nugroho, A. C., Sakti, W., Irianto, G., & Herwanto, H. W. (2018). Comparison of problem based learning with project based learning assisted by mobile based learning media on students’ learning outcomes. Letters in Information Technology Education (LITE), 1(2), 29–33. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um010v1i22018p029
Onoyase, A. (2018). Principals’ perception of misconduct among secondary school teachers in delta state: implications for counselling practice. International Journal of Higher Education, 7(5), 150–157. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v7n5p150
Ratna, D., Simbolon, S., & Haryudin, A. (2019). Improving students’ speaking skill through project based learning (pbl). Project (Professional Journal of English Education), 2(2), 140–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i2.p241-246
Sammel, A., Townend, G., & Kanasa, H. (2018). Hidden expectations behind the promise of the flipped classroom. College Teaching, 66(2), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2016.1189392
Sayuti, H. A. M., Ann, T. G., Saimi, W. M. S. A., Bakar, M. A. B., Dawawi, S. N. A., & Mohamad, M. (2020). Using gold standard project based learning for intermediate year three pupils to enhance english speaking skill: a conceptual paper. Creative Education, 11(10), 1873–1889. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2020.1110137
Siahaan, B. L., & Siahaan, M. M. (2023). The implementation of project based learning connected with digital technology to increase students speaking competence of madrasah aliyah negeri (man) simalungun regency. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(1), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i1.2580
Siminto, S., Nurmalia Sari, M., Pambudi, N., Nurhastuti, D., & Merizawati, H. (2024). Analysis of the implementation of project-based learning methods in teaching english speaking skills. Journal on Education, 06(02), 13142–13151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v6i2.5170
Sousa, V. D., Zauszniewski, J. A., & Musil, C. M. (2004). How to determine whether a convenience sample represents the population. Applied Nursing Research, 17(2), 130–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2004.03.003
Sultan, S., & Javaid, S. T. (2018). Pakistani undergraduate students’ perceptions of project-based learning in the english composition course. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 10(3), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-11-2017-0135
Tokel, A., Altinay, Z., Altinay, F., & Dagli, G. (2016). An evaluation of safety and security of primary schools of cyprus for eelfare of society. The Anthropologist, 23(3), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891965
Tuleja, E. A. (2002). A qualitative research study of oral communication performance. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 15(3), 130–148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-8327.2002.tb00260.x
Ulinski, M., & O’Callaghan, S. (2002). A comparison of mba students’ and employers’ perceptions of the value of oral communication skills for employment. Journal of Education for Business, 77(4), 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320209599070
Wilder, S. (2015). Impact of problem-based learning on academic achievement in high school: a systematic review. Educational Review, 67(4), 414–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2014.974511
Wium, A.-M., & Louw, B. (2011). Teacher support-an exploration of how foundation-phase teachers facilitate language skills. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 58(2), 86–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4102/sajcd.v58i2.30
Wuntu, C. N., Singal, Y., & Rorintulus, O. A. (2022). The implementation of project based learning (pbl) in Improving students’ speaking Skill at sma yadika kopandakan II. IJEAL (International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics) , 2(3), 387–398. https://doi.org/doi.org/ijeal.v2i3.1882
References
Abdikarimova, M., Tashieva, N., Kyzy, A. T., & Abdullaeva, Z. (2021). Developing students verbal communication skills and speech etiquette in english language teaching. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 11(01), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2021.111007
Abugohar, M. A., Salheen, D. A. A., Yassin, B., Saed, H. A., & Yunus, K. (2020). Scaffolding oral fluency mediating the target language in elt to tertiary-level students: a follow-up scheme. International Journal of Instruction, 13(4), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13421a
Ali, H. V., Hidayati, D., & Dharmawan, Y. Y. (2023). A Study of Presupposition and Conversational Implicatures in the Comic Strip of “The Diary of a Wimpy Kid.” Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, Dan Sastra, 9(2), 1353–1364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v9i2.3034
Almulla, M. A. (2020). The effectiveness of the project-based learning (pbl) approach as a way to engage students in learning. Sage Open, 10(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020938702
Angelina, E. N. (2020). The effect of project-based learning in improving students’ speaking ability [Bachelor Thesis]. Universitas Islam Negeri Ar- Raniry.
Anggia, H., Dharmawan, Y. Y., Cucus, A., & Deviyanti, R. (2023). Student’s reading self-efficacy regression model and differences in online extensive reading program. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2621(1), 040004. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0142284
Babinski, L. M., Amendum, S. J., Knotek, S. E., Sánchez, M., & Malone, P. (2017). Improving young english learners’ language and literacy skills through teacher professional development: A randomized controlled trial. American Educational Research Journal, 55(1), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217732335
Bakar, N. I. A., Noordin, N., & Razali, A. B. (2019). Improving Oral Communicative Competence in English Using Project-Based Learning Activities. English Language Teaching, 12(4), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n4p73
Basilotta Gómez-Pablos, V., Martín del Pozo, M., & García-Valcárcel Muñoz-Repiso, A. (2017). Project-based learning (PBL) through the incorporation of digital technologies: An evaluation based on the experience of serving teachers. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 501–512. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.056
Bell, S. (2010). Project-Based Learning for the 21st Century: Skills for the Future. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 83(2), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098650903505415
Belwal, R., Belwal, S., Sufian, A. B., & Al Badi, A. (2020). Project-based learning (pbl): outcomes of students’ engagement in an external consultancy project in oman. Education + Training, 63(3), 336–359. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2020-0006
Caprario, M. (2020). Developing pragmatic competence in english academic discussions: an eap classroom investigation. 16(1), 123–152. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/lpp-2020-0006
Conner, J., Posner, M., & Nsowaa, B. (2022). The relationship between student voice and student engagement in urban high schools. The Urban Review, 54(5), 755–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-022-00637-2
Figueroa, O. (2014). The significance of recruiting underrepresented minorities in medicine: an examination of the need for effective approaches used in admissions by higher education institutions. Medical Education Online, 19(1), 24891. https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v19.24891
Firdaus, F., & Septiady, A. (2023). The effect of project-based learning on the students’ speaking ability. Journal on Education, 05(03), 10105–10112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i3.1900
Guci, F., & Siahaan, L. H. (2021). The effect of zoom meeting on e-learning in students’ speaking skill. Dialectical Literature and Education Journal (DLEJ), 6(1), 20–26.
Hidayati, D., & Andika Prasatyo, B. (2023). Parents Attitude towards Heritage Language Maintenance. 12(1). https://doi.org/10.31571/bahasa.v12i1.6212
Kara, M., Kukul, V., & Çakır, R. (2018). Conceptions and misconceptions of instructors pertaining to their roles and competencies in distance education: a qualitative case study. Participatory Educational Research, 5(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.18.12.5.2
Kennedy-Clark, S., Kearney, S., & Galstaun, V. (2017). Using a collaborative assessment design to support student learning. Education Sciences, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7040080
Kokotsaki, D., Menzies, V., & Wiggins, A. (2016). Project-based learning: a review of the literature. Improving Schools, 19(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659733
Miller, E., Wilkinson, D. L., Cummings, S., & Moore, J. L. (2014). Perspectives on educational attainment among vulnerable african american male youth. In African American Male Students in PreK-12 Schools: Informing Research, Policy, and Practice (Vol. 2, pp. 125–150). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2051-231720140000002024
Musoke, M. G. N. (2016). Access and use of information by women and health workers. In M. G. N. Musoke (Ed.), Informed and Healthy (pp. 17–104). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804290-8.00002-6
Namaziandost, E., Neisi, L., Kheryadi, & Nasri, M. (2019). Enhancing oral proficiency through cooperative learning among intermediate efl learners: english learning motivation in focus. Cogent Education, 6(1), 1683933. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2019.1683933
Nguyen, T. N. T., & Nguyen, H. B. (2020). Classroom Participation in EFL Speaking Classes: Students’ Perceptions. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2020/v9/i4/apr20004
Nugroho, A. C., Sakti, W., Irianto, G., & Herwanto, H. W. (2018). Comparison of problem based learning with project based learning assisted by mobile based learning media on students’ learning outcomes. Letters in Information Technology Education (LITE), 1(2), 29–33. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um010v1i22018p029
Onoyase, A. (2018). Principals’ perception of misconduct among secondary school teachers in delta state: implications for counselling practice. International Journal of Higher Education, 7(5), 150–157. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v7n5p150
Ratna, D., Simbolon, S., & Haryudin, A. (2019). Improving students’ speaking skill through project based learning (pbl). Project (Professional Journal of English Education), 2(2), 140–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i2.p241-246
Sammel, A., Townend, G., & Kanasa, H. (2018). Hidden expectations behind the promise of the flipped classroom. College Teaching, 66(2), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2016.1189392
Sayuti, H. A. M., Ann, T. G., Saimi, W. M. S. A., Bakar, M. A. B., Dawawi, S. N. A., & Mohamad, M. (2020). Using gold standard project based learning for intermediate year three pupils to enhance english speaking skill: a conceptual paper. Creative Education, 11(10), 1873–1889. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2020.1110137
Siahaan, B. L., & Siahaan, M. M. (2023). The implementation of project based learning connected with digital technology to increase students speaking competence of madrasah aliyah negeri (man) simalungun regency. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(1), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i1.2580
Siminto, S., Nurmalia Sari, M., Pambudi, N., Nurhastuti, D., & Merizawati, H. (2024). Analysis of the implementation of project-based learning methods in teaching english speaking skills. Journal on Education, 06(02), 13142–13151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v6i2.5170
Sousa, V. D., Zauszniewski, J. A., & Musil, C. M. (2004). How to determine whether a convenience sample represents the population. Applied Nursing Research, 17(2), 130–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2004.03.003
Sultan, S., & Javaid, S. T. (2018). Pakistani undergraduate students’ perceptions of project-based learning in the english composition course. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 10(3), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-11-2017-0135
Tokel, A., Altinay, Z., Altinay, F., & Dagli, G. (2016). An evaluation of safety and security of primary schools of cyprus for eelfare of society. The Anthropologist, 23(3), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891965
Tuleja, E. A. (2002). A qualitative research study of oral communication performance. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 15(3), 130–148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-8327.2002.tb00260.x
Ulinski, M., & O’Callaghan, S. (2002). A comparison of mba students’ and employers’ perceptions of the value of oral communication skills for employment. Journal of Education for Business, 77(4), 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320209599070
Wilder, S. (2015). Impact of problem-based learning on academic achievement in high school: a systematic review. Educational Review, 67(4), 414–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2014.974511
Wium, A.-M., & Louw, B. (2011). Teacher support-an exploration of how foundation-phase teachers facilitate language skills. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 58(2), 86–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4102/sajcd.v58i2.30
Wuntu, C. N., Singal, Y., & Rorintulus, O. A. (2022). The implementation of project based learning (pbl) in Improving students’ speaking Skill at sma yadika kopandakan II. IJEAL (International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics) , 2(3), 387–398. https://doi.org/doi.org/ijeal.v2i3.1882
Abugohar, M. A., Salheen, D. A. A., Yassin, B., Saed, H. A., & Yunus, K. (2020). Scaffolding oral fluency mediating the target language in elt to tertiary-level students: a follow-up scheme. International Journal of Instruction, 13(4), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13421a
Ali, H. V., Hidayati, D., & Dharmawan, Y. Y. (2023). A Study of Presupposition and Conversational Implicatures in the Comic Strip of “The Diary of a Wimpy Kid.” Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, Dan Sastra, 9(2), 1353–1364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v9i2.3034
Almulla, M. A. (2020). The effectiveness of the project-based learning (pbl) approach as a way to engage students in learning. Sage Open, 10(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020938702
Angelina, E. N. (2020). The effect of project-based learning in improving students’ speaking ability [Bachelor Thesis]. Universitas Islam Negeri Ar- Raniry.
Anggia, H., Dharmawan, Y. Y., Cucus, A., & Deviyanti, R. (2023). Student’s reading self-efficacy regression model and differences in online extensive reading program. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2621(1), 040004. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0142284
Babinski, L. M., Amendum, S. J., Knotek, S. E., Sánchez, M., & Malone, P. (2017). Improving young english learners’ language and literacy skills through teacher professional development: A randomized controlled trial. American Educational Research Journal, 55(1), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217732335
Bakar, N. I. A., Noordin, N., & Razali, A. B. (2019). Improving Oral Communicative Competence in English Using Project-Based Learning Activities. English Language Teaching, 12(4), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n4p73
Basilotta Gómez-Pablos, V., Martín del Pozo, M., & García-Valcárcel Muñoz-Repiso, A. (2017). Project-based learning (PBL) through the incorporation of digital technologies: An evaluation based on the experience of serving teachers. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 501–512. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.056
Bell, S. (2010). Project-Based Learning for the 21st Century: Skills for the Future. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 83(2), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098650903505415
Belwal, R., Belwal, S., Sufian, A. B., & Al Badi, A. (2020). Project-based learning (pbl): outcomes of students’ engagement in an external consultancy project in oman. Education + Training, 63(3), 336–359. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2020-0006
Caprario, M. (2020). Developing pragmatic competence in english academic discussions: an eap classroom investigation. 16(1), 123–152. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/lpp-2020-0006
Conner, J., Posner, M., & Nsowaa, B. (2022). The relationship between student voice and student engagement in urban high schools. The Urban Review, 54(5), 755–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-022-00637-2
Figueroa, O. (2014). The significance of recruiting underrepresented minorities in medicine: an examination of the need for effective approaches used in admissions by higher education institutions. Medical Education Online, 19(1), 24891. https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v19.24891
Firdaus, F., & Septiady, A. (2023). The effect of project-based learning on the students’ speaking ability. Journal on Education, 05(03), 10105–10112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i3.1900
Guci, F., & Siahaan, L. H. (2021). The effect of zoom meeting on e-learning in students’ speaking skill. Dialectical Literature and Education Journal (DLEJ), 6(1), 20–26.
Hidayati, D., & Andika Prasatyo, B. (2023). Parents Attitude towards Heritage Language Maintenance. 12(1). https://doi.org/10.31571/bahasa.v12i1.6212
Kara, M., Kukul, V., & Çakır, R. (2018). Conceptions and misconceptions of instructors pertaining to their roles and competencies in distance education: a qualitative case study. Participatory Educational Research, 5(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.18.12.5.2
Kennedy-Clark, S., Kearney, S., & Galstaun, V. (2017). Using a collaborative assessment design to support student learning. Education Sciences, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7040080
Kokotsaki, D., Menzies, V., & Wiggins, A. (2016). Project-based learning: a review of the literature. Improving Schools, 19(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659733
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