Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of different coffee processing methods, the natural method, and fermentation with yellow, red, and black honey methods on the bioactive compounds of Arabica coffee using a Randomized Complete Block Design in five replicate experiments. The antioxidant activity, phenolic, flavonoid, caffeine, total soluble solid content, and pH value were determined. The results showed that the honey processing method could improve bioactive compounds more than the natural method, with higher levels of antioxidants, phenolic, flavonoid, and total soluble solid contents but lower caffeine content and pH value. Arabica coffee-treated yellow honey exhibited the highest Increase in antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that coffee-treated yellow honey could be a functional food.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Ayu Puspita Arum, Susan Barbara Patricia, Dyah Ayu Savitri, Setiyono Setiyono

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References
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- Asiah, N., Apriyantono, A., Epriyani, C., Kurnia, A., Ramadhan, K., & Hidayat, S. G. (2022). Profil Kopi Arabika Kintamani Bali Editor: Tim Penulis (Issue February). http://aepublishing.id
- Aswathi, K. N., Shirke, A., Praveen, A., Chaudhari, S. R., & Murthy, P. S. (2023). Pulped Natural/Honey Robusta Coffee Fermentation Metabolites, Physico-Chemical and Sensory Profiles. Food Chemistry, 429, 136897.
- Cortés-Macías, E. T., López, C. F., Gentile, P., Girón-Hernández, J., & López, A. F. (2022). Impact of Post-Harvest Treatments On Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Coffee Beans in Huila, Colombia. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 187 (December 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2022.111852
- Dalimunthe, H., Mardhatilah, D., & Ulfah, M. (2021). Modifikasi Proses Pengolahan Kopi Arabika Menggunakan Metode Honey Process. Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering), 10(3), 317. https://doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v10i3.317-326
- Depaula, J., & Farah, A. (2019). Caffeine Consumption Through Coffee: Content in the Beverage, Metabolism, Health Benefits and Risks. Beverages, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages5020037
- Dewajanti, A. M. (2019). Peranan Asam Klorogenat Tanaman Kopi Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Asam Urat dan Beban Oksidatif. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek, 25(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.36452/JKDOKTMEDITEK.V25I1.1758
- Elhalis, H., Cox, J., & Zhao, J. (2023). Coffee Fermentation: Expedition From Traditional to Controlled Process and Perspectives for Industrialization. Applied Food Research, 3(1), 100253. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AFRES.2022.100253
- Haile, M., & Kang, W. H. (2019a). Antioxidant Activity, Total Polyphenol, Flavonoid and Tannin Contents of Fermented Green Coffee Beans With Selected Yeasts. Fermentation, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010029
- Haile, M., & Kang, W. H. (2019b). The Role of Microbes in Coffee Fermentation and Their Impact on Coffee Quality. Journal of Food Quality, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4836709
- Haryanti, P., & Mustaufik. (2022). Evaluasi Mutu Gula Kelapa Kristal (Gula Semut) di Kawasan Home Industri Gula Kelapa Kabupaten Banyumas. J Agrotek, 5(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.geol.1974.4.04
- Ibroham, M. H., Jamilatun, S., & Kumalasari, I. D. (2022). A Review: Potensi Tumbuhan-Tumbuhan di Indonesia sebagai Antioksidan Alami. Seminar Nasional Penelitian, 1–13. http://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/semnaslit
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- Kwak, H. S., Jeong, Y., & Kim, M. (2018). Effect of Yeast Fermentation of Green Coffee Beans on Antioxidant Activity and Consumer Acceptability. Journal of Food Quality, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5967130
- Latunra, A. I., Johannes, E., Mulihardianti, B., & Sumule, O. (2021). Analisis Kandungan Kafein Kopi (Coffea arabica) Pada Tingkat Kematangan Berbeda Menggunakan Spektrofo-tometer UV-VIS. Jurnal Ilmu Alam dan Lingkungan, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.20956/JAL.V12I1.13096
- Luo, Y., Dong, J., Shi, X., Wang, W., Li, Z., & Sun, J. (2021). Quantitative Detection of Soluble Solids Content, pH, and Total Phenol in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy. International Journal of Food Engineering, 17(5), 365–375.
- Mariyam, S., Kistanti, A., Karyadi, J. N. W., & Widiyastuti, R. J. (2022). Improving Coffee Quality Through Yeast Addition in The Fermentation Process to Support Sustainable Coffee Production. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1005(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1005/1/012012
- Nurhayati, N. (2018). Karakteristik Sensori Kopi Celup dan Kopi Instan Varietas Robusta dan Arabika. Jurnal Ilmiah Inovasi, 17(2), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.25047/jii.v17i2.547
- Ősz, B. E., Jîtcă, G., Ștefănescu, R. E., Pușcaș, A., Tero-Vescan, A., & Vari, C. E. (2022). Caffeine and Its Antioxidant Properties—It Is All about Dose and Source. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113074
- Purwatiningsih, R., & Ismanto, A. (2018). Struktur Pasar dan Analisis Keuntungan Kopi Arabica Rakyat Di Kecamatan Sumber Wringin Bondowoso. JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics), 11(3), 17. https://doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v11i3.6887
- Purwoko, T., Suranto, Setyaningsih, R., & Marliyana, S. D. (2023). Caffeine Degradation by Food Microorga-Nisms. Biodiversitas, 24(6), 3495–3502. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240647
- Putri, A. W. S. (2023). Strategi Pengembangan Daya Saing Produksi Kopi di UD. Rilla Kecamatan Sumberwringin Kabupaten Bondowoso, (Skripsi). Universitas Islam Negeri, KH Achmad Siddiq,.
- Rosada, F. F. A., Agustina, E., & Faizah, H. (2022). Pengaruh Waktu Fermentasi dan Konsentrasi Gula Terhadap Karakteristik Fisikia, Kimia, dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Teh Kombucha Daun Belimbing Wuluh. Journal of Science and Technology, 16(1), 27–34.
- Ruta, L. L., & Farcasanu, I. C. (2021). Coffee and Yeasts: From Flavor to Biotechnology. Fermentation, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010009
- Saud, S., & Salamatullah, A. M. (2021). Relationship Between the Chemical Composition and the Biological Functions of Coffee. Molecules, 26(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES26247634
- Sellygani Budi Vaelani, Taufik Muhammad Fakih, & Gita Cahya Eka Darma. (2022). Studi Literatur: Aktivitas Antioksidan Senyawa Bioaktif Kopi (Coffea sp.). Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy, 2(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsp.v2i2.4700
- Siridevi, G., Havare, D., K, B., & Murthy, P. S. (2019). Coffee Starter Microbiome and in-Silico Approach to Improve Arabica Coffee. LWT, 114, 108382. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LWT.2019.108382
- Várady, M., Tauchen, J., Fraňková, A., Klouček, P., & Popelka, P. (2022). Effect of Method of Processing Specialty Coffee Beans (Natural, Washed, Honey, Fermentation, Maceration) on Bioactive and Volatile Compounds. Lwt, 172(November). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114245
- Wang, Y., Wu, J., Lv, M., Shao, Z., Hungwe, M., Wang, J., Bai, X., Xie, J., Wang, Y., & Geng, W. (2021). Metabolism Characteristics of Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Expanding Applications in Food Industry. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 9, 612285. https://doi.org/10.3389/FBIOE.2021.612285
- Willson, C. (2018). The Clinical Toxicology of Caffeine: A Review and Case Study. Toxicology Reports, 5(November), 1140–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.002
- Wulandari, S., Ainuri, M., & Sukartiko, A. C. (2021). Biochemical Content of Robusta Coffees Under Fully-Wash, Honey, and Natural Processing Methods. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 819(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/819/1/012067
- Zani Agnoletti, B., dos Santos Gomes, W., Falquetto de Oliveira, G., Henrique da Cunha, P., Helena Cassago Nascimento, M., Cunha Neto, Á., Louzada Pereira, L., Vinicius Ribeiro de Castro, E., Catarina da Silva Oliveira, E., & Roberto Filgueiras, P. (2022). Effect of Fermentation on The Quality of Conilon Coffee (Coffea canephora): Chemical and sensory aspects. Microchemical Journal, 182, 107966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.107966
References
Adebo, O., Molecules, I. G., & Undefined. (2020). Impact of Fermentation on The Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Whole Cereal Grains: A Mini Review. Mdpi. ComOA Adebo, I Gabriela Medina-Meza Molecules, 2020. mdpi.Com, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040927
Afriliana, A., Harada, H., Khotijah, P. Q., Jayus, & Giyarto. (2018). Fermented Technology of Robusta Coffee Beans (Canephora Coffee) With Kefir Milk to Produce Specialty Coffee. 172(FANRes), 302–309. https://doi.org/10.2991/fanres-18.2018.61
Amrullah, H. U., & Sandi, S. (2022). Review : Studi Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Beberapa Jenis Perlakuan Kopi Humantech Jurnal Ilmiah Multi Disiplin Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Multi Disiplin Indonesia, 2(2), 1278–1285.
Asiah, N., Apriyantono, A., Epriyani, C., Kurnia, A., Ramadhan, K., & Hidayat, S. G. (2022). Profil Kopi Arabika Kintamani Bali Editor: Tim Penulis (Issue February). http://aepublishing.id
Aswathi, K. N., Shirke, A., Praveen, A., Chaudhari, S. R., & Murthy, P. S. (2023). Pulped Natural/Honey Robusta Coffee Fermentation Metabolites, Physico-Chemical and Sensory Profiles. Food Chemistry, 429, 136897.
Cortés-Macías, E. T., López, C. F., Gentile, P., Girón-Hernández, J., & López, A. F. (2022). Impact of Post-Harvest Treatments On Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Coffee Beans in Huila, Colombia. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 187 (December 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2022.111852
Dalimunthe, H., Mardhatilah, D., & Ulfah, M. (2021). Modifikasi Proses Pengolahan Kopi Arabika Menggunakan Metode Honey Process. Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering), 10(3), 317. https://doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v10i3.317-326
Depaula, J., & Farah, A. (2019). Caffeine Consumption Through Coffee: Content in the Beverage, Metabolism, Health Benefits and Risks. Beverages, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages5020037
Dewajanti, A. M. (2019). Peranan Asam Klorogenat Tanaman Kopi Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Asam Urat dan Beban Oksidatif. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek, 25(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.36452/JKDOKTMEDITEK.V25I1.1758
Elhalis, H., Cox, J., & Zhao, J. (2023). Coffee Fermentation: Expedition From Traditional to Controlled Process and Perspectives for Industrialization. Applied Food Research, 3(1), 100253. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AFRES.2022.100253
Haile, M., & Kang, W. H. (2019a). Antioxidant Activity, Total Polyphenol, Flavonoid and Tannin Contents of Fermented Green Coffee Beans With Selected Yeasts. Fermentation, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010029
Haile, M., & Kang, W. H. (2019b). The Role of Microbes in Coffee Fermentation and Their Impact on Coffee Quality. Journal of Food Quality, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4836709
Haryanti, P., & Mustaufik. (2022). Evaluasi Mutu Gula Kelapa Kristal (Gula Semut) di Kawasan Home Industri Gula Kelapa Kabupaten Banyumas. J Agrotek, 5(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.geol.1974.4.04
Ibroham, M. H., Jamilatun, S., & Kumalasari, I. D. (2022). A Review: Potensi Tumbuhan-Tumbuhan di Indonesia sebagai Antioksidan Alami. Seminar Nasional Penelitian, 1–13. http://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/semnaslit
Irwinsyah, A. D., Assa, J. R., & Oessoe, Y. Y. E. (2019). Analisis Aktivitas Antioksidan Dengan Metode Dpph Serta Tingkat Penerimaan Kopi Arabika Koya. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 3(2), 58–66. http://www.tjyybjb.ac.cn/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=9987
Kwak, H. S., Jeong, Y., & Kim, M. (2018). Effect of Yeast Fermentation of Green Coffee Beans on Antioxidant Activity and Consumer Acceptability. Journal of Food Quality, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5967130
Latunra, A. I., Johannes, E., Mulihardianti, B., & Sumule, O. (2021). Analisis Kandungan Kafein Kopi (Coffea arabica) Pada Tingkat Kematangan Berbeda Menggunakan Spektrofo-tometer UV-VIS. Jurnal Ilmu Alam dan Lingkungan, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.20956/JAL.V12I1.13096
Luo, Y., Dong, J., Shi, X., Wang, W., Li, Z., & Sun, J. (2021). Quantitative Detection of Soluble Solids Content, pH, and Total Phenol in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy. International Journal of Food Engineering, 17(5), 365–375.
Mariyam, S., Kistanti, A., Karyadi, J. N. W., & Widiyastuti, R. J. (2022). Improving Coffee Quality Through Yeast Addition in The Fermentation Process to Support Sustainable Coffee Production. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1005(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1005/1/012012
Nurhayati, N. (2018). Karakteristik Sensori Kopi Celup dan Kopi Instan Varietas Robusta dan Arabika. Jurnal Ilmiah Inovasi, 17(2), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.25047/jii.v17i2.547
Ősz, B. E., Jîtcă, G., Ștefănescu, R. E., Pușcaș, A., Tero-Vescan, A., & Vari, C. E. (2022). Caffeine and Its Antioxidant Properties—It Is All about Dose and Source. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113074
Purwatiningsih, R., & Ismanto, A. (2018). Struktur Pasar dan Analisis Keuntungan Kopi Arabica Rakyat Di Kecamatan Sumber Wringin Bondowoso. JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics), 11(3), 17. https://doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v11i3.6887
Purwoko, T., Suranto, Setyaningsih, R., & Marliyana, S. D. (2023). Caffeine Degradation by Food Microorga-Nisms. Biodiversitas, 24(6), 3495–3502. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240647
Putri, A. W. S. (2023). Strategi Pengembangan Daya Saing Produksi Kopi di UD. Rilla Kecamatan Sumberwringin Kabupaten Bondowoso, (Skripsi). Universitas Islam Negeri, KH Achmad Siddiq,.
Rosada, F. F. A., Agustina, E., & Faizah, H. (2022). Pengaruh Waktu Fermentasi dan Konsentrasi Gula Terhadap Karakteristik Fisikia, Kimia, dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Teh Kombucha Daun Belimbing Wuluh. Journal of Science and Technology, 16(1), 27–34.
Ruta, L. L., & Farcasanu, I. C. (2021). Coffee and Yeasts: From Flavor to Biotechnology. Fermentation, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010009
Saud, S., & Salamatullah, A. M. (2021). Relationship Between the Chemical Composition and the Biological Functions of Coffee. Molecules, 26(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES26247634
Sellygani Budi Vaelani, Taufik Muhammad Fakih, & Gita Cahya Eka Darma. (2022). Studi Literatur: Aktivitas Antioksidan Senyawa Bioaktif Kopi (Coffea sp.). Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy, 2(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsp.v2i2.4700
Siridevi, G., Havare, D., K, B., & Murthy, P. S. (2019). Coffee Starter Microbiome and in-Silico Approach to Improve Arabica Coffee. LWT, 114, 108382. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LWT.2019.108382
Várady, M., Tauchen, J., Fraňková, A., Klouček, P., & Popelka, P. (2022). Effect of Method of Processing Specialty Coffee Beans (Natural, Washed, Honey, Fermentation, Maceration) on Bioactive and Volatile Compounds. Lwt, 172(November). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114245
Wang, Y., Wu, J., Lv, M., Shao, Z., Hungwe, M., Wang, J., Bai, X., Xie, J., Wang, Y., & Geng, W. (2021). Metabolism Characteristics of Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Expanding Applications in Food Industry. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 9, 612285. https://doi.org/10.3389/FBIOE.2021.612285
Willson, C. (2018). The Clinical Toxicology of Caffeine: A Review and Case Study. Toxicology Reports, 5(November), 1140–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.002
Wulandari, S., Ainuri, M., & Sukartiko, A. C. (2021). Biochemical Content of Robusta Coffees Under Fully-Wash, Honey, and Natural Processing Methods. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 819(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/819/1/012067
Zani Agnoletti, B., dos Santos Gomes, W., Falquetto de Oliveira, G., Henrique da Cunha, P., Helena Cassago Nascimento, M., Cunha Neto, Á., Louzada Pereira, L., Vinicius Ribeiro de Castro, E., Catarina da Silva Oliveira, E., & Roberto Filgueiras, P. (2022). Effect of Fermentation on The Quality of Conilon Coffee (Coffea canephora): Chemical and sensory aspects. Microchemical Journal, 182, 107966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.107966