Main Article Content
Abstract
Code-switching is a common phenomenon in a bilingual and multilingual society. People utilize codes in different forms of interactions for various reasons and functions. This paper investigates the types and functions of code-switching between English and Bahasa Indonesia that occur in lyrics. Fifteen Indonesian songs produced from 2009 to 2019 were examined. This analysis reveals that four types of code-switching occur in the lyrics of Indonesian popular songs: code-switching between sentences (intersentential), code-switching within sentences (intrasentential), code-switching involving changes of pronunciation, and emblematic code-switching. It further reveals that the functions of code-switching in the lyrics vary from discussing particular topics, lexical needs and availability, being emphatic, expressing group identity, simplifying words and expressions, and conveying a strong emotion/gaining attention.
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References
- Auer, P. (1998). Code-Switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity. Routledge.
- Bentahila, A., & Davies, E. E. (2002). Language mixing in rai music: Localisation or globalisation? Language & Communication, 22(2), 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(01)00026-X
- Blom, J., & Gumperz, J. J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code switching in northern Norway. In J. Gumperz and D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication (pp. 407–434). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Borlongan, A. M. (2012). Reflecting on the use of code-switching in Philippine education today. TESOL Journal, 7, 78–80.
- Borlongan, A. M., Lim, J., & Roxas, R. E. O. (2012). University students’ attitudes towards English-Tagalog code-switching in classroom instruction. TESOL Journal, 7, 70–77.
- Cenoz. (2007). The acquisition of pragmatic competence and multilingualism in foreign language contexts. In E. Alcon Soler and M. P. Safont Jorda (eds.), Intercultural language use and language learning (pp. 123–140). Springer.
- Cook, V. (2002). Language teaching methodology and the L2 user perspective. In V. J. Cook (eds.). Portraits of the L2 user (pp. 325–344). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853595851-015
- Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Sage Publication.
- Davies, E. E., & Bentahila, A. (2006). Code switching and the globalisation of popular music: The case of North African rai and rap. Multilingual Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 25(4), 367–392.
- Davies, E. E., & Bentahila, A. (2008). Translation and code switching in the lyrics of bilingual popular songs. The Translator, 14(2), 247–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2008.10799258
- Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611834
- Harmer, J. (2001). The practice of English language teaching (3rd Ed.). Longman.
- Hoffmann, C. (2014). Introduction to bilingualism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315842035
- Krashen, S. D. (1987). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Prentice-Hall International.
- Littlewood, W., & Yu, B. (2011). First language and target language in the foreign language classroom. Language Teaching, 44(1), 64–77.
- Lo, R. S. M., & Li, H. C. F. (1998). Songs enhance learner involvement: Materials development. Forum, 36(3).
- Mattsson, A. F., & Burenhult, N. (1999). Code-switching in second language teaching of French. Department of Linguistics Working Papers, 47, 59-72. Lund University.
- McArthur, T. M. (2003). Code-mixing and code-switching. In T. McArthur (Eds.), Concise Oxford companion to the English language (1st Ed). Oxford University Press.
- Milroy, L., & Gordon, M. J. (2003). Sociolinguistics: Method and interpretation. Blackwell Pub.
- Moeljadi, D., Da Costa, M. L., & Bond, F. (2016). Basic copula clauses in Indonesian. Conference Proceedings on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar and Lexical Functional Grammar, 442–456.
- Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge University Press.
- Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social motivations for codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Clarendon Press.
- Myers-Scotton, C. (2006). Multiple voices: An introduction to bilingualism. Blackwell.
- Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7), 581-618. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581
- Sakaria, S., & Priyana, J. (2018). Code-switching: A pedagogical strategy in bilingual classrooms. American Journal of Educational Research, 6(3), 175–180. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-6-3-3
- Ulate, N. V. (2008). Using songs to improve EFL students’ pronunciation. LETRAS, 44, 93–108.
- Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J.M. (2015). An Introduction to sociolinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell.
References
Auer, P. (1998). Code-Switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity. Routledge.
Bentahila, A., & Davies, E. E. (2002). Language mixing in rai music: Localisation or globalisation? Language & Communication, 22(2), 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(01)00026-X
Blom, J., & Gumperz, J. J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code switching in northern Norway. In J. Gumperz and D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication (pp. 407–434). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Borlongan, A. M. (2012). Reflecting on the use of code-switching in Philippine education today. TESOL Journal, 7, 78–80.
Borlongan, A. M., Lim, J., & Roxas, R. E. O. (2012). University students’ attitudes towards English-Tagalog code-switching in classroom instruction. TESOL Journal, 7, 70–77.
Cenoz. (2007). The acquisition of pragmatic competence and multilingualism in foreign language contexts. In E. Alcon Soler and M. P. Safont Jorda (eds.), Intercultural language use and language learning (pp. 123–140). Springer.
Cook, V. (2002). Language teaching methodology and the L2 user perspective. In V. J. Cook (eds.). Portraits of the L2 user (pp. 325–344). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853595851-015
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Sage Publication.
Davies, E. E., & Bentahila, A. (2006). Code switching and the globalisation of popular music: The case of North African rai and rap. Multilingual Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 25(4), 367–392.
Davies, E. E., & Bentahila, A. (2008). Translation and code switching in the lyrics of bilingual popular songs. The Translator, 14(2), 247–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2008.10799258
Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611834
Harmer, J. (2001). The practice of English language teaching (3rd Ed.). Longman.
Hoffmann, C. (2014). Introduction to bilingualism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315842035
Krashen, S. D. (1987). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Prentice-Hall International.
Littlewood, W., & Yu, B. (2011). First language and target language in the foreign language classroom. Language Teaching, 44(1), 64–77.
Lo, R. S. M., & Li, H. C. F. (1998). Songs enhance learner involvement: Materials development. Forum, 36(3).
Mattsson, A. F., & Burenhult, N. (1999). Code-switching in second language teaching of French. Department of Linguistics Working Papers, 47, 59-72. Lund University.
McArthur, T. M. (2003). Code-mixing and code-switching. In T. McArthur (Eds.), Concise Oxford companion to the English language (1st Ed). Oxford University Press.
Milroy, L., & Gordon, M. J. (2003). Sociolinguistics: Method and interpretation. Blackwell Pub.
Moeljadi, D., Da Costa, M. L., & Bond, F. (2016). Basic copula clauses in Indonesian. Conference Proceedings on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar and Lexical Functional Grammar, 442–456.
Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge University Press.
Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social motivations for codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Clarendon Press.
Myers-Scotton, C. (2006). Multiple voices: An introduction to bilingualism. Blackwell.
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7), 581-618. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581
Sakaria, S., & Priyana, J. (2018). Code-switching: A pedagogical strategy in bilingual classrooms. American Journal of Educational Research, 6(3), 175–180. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-6-3-3
Ulate, N. V. (2008). Using songs to improve EFL students’ pronunciation. LETRAS, 44, 93–108.
Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J.M. (2015). An Introduction to sociolinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell.