Main Article Content
Abstract
This article reports on a narrative case study that showcases the local English teachers’ perceived inequality practices and identity construction in Indonesia’s micro-reality context of a private language school domain. Grounded in the social theory of power, privilege, and positional identities, three synchronous online interviews were conducted to explore the LETs voices about what it means to experience the equality of rights and obligations in the workplace. As a result, the study revealed four inequality issues: (1) dissatisfaction with the payroll system, (2) the representation of gender and race in promotional endorsement, (3) the call for decolonizing pedagogy in ELT materials and resources, and (4) perceived identity as legitimate and qualified English teachers. Regarding the workload capacity and role as professional English teachers, they recognized that they deserve equal treatment as their native counterparts. However, this type of discrimination will further widen the gap between LETs and NESTs dichotomy and impede the construction of language teacher identity. This study suggests exploring dedicated strategies to develop information literacy skills for school principals, parents, teachers, students, and policymakers. This study will also contribute to the growth of critically oriented literature and scholarship on teacher identity and critical anti-racist language teaching pedagogy.
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References
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- Atamturk, N., Atamturk, H., & Dimililer, C. (2018). Native speaker dichotomy: Stakeholders’ preferences and perceptions of native and non-native speaking English language teachers. South African Journal of Education, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v38n1a1384
- Barkhuizen, G., & Wette, R. (2008). Narrative frames for investigating the experiences of language teachers. System, 36(3), 372–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2008.02.002
- Barratt, L., & Kontra, E. H. (2000). Native-English-speaking teachers in cultures other than their own. TESOL Journal, 9(3), 19–23.
- Bayyurt, Y. (2018). Equity and Inclusivity for NESTs and NNESTs. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching (First Edit, pp. 1–6). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research a practical guide for beginners. SAGE Publications. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/21156
- Chen, G. A., Horn, I. S., & Nolen, S. B. (2018). Engaging Teacher Identities in Teacher Education: Shifting Notions of the “Good Teacher” to Broaden Teachers’ Learning. In P. A. Schutz, J. Hong, & D. C. Francis (Eds.), Research on teacher identity:mapping challenges and innovations (pp. 85–95). Springer.
- Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2015). Basic of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (4th ed.). SAGE.
- Elyas, T., & Alghofaili, N. M. (2019). Native English Speakers Versus Non-Native English Speakers: the Impact of Language Teachers on Efl Learner’S English Proficiency. English Review: Journal of English Education, 7(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v7i2.1773
- Fithriani, R. (2018). Discrimination Behind Nest and Nnest Dichotomy in ELT Pofesionalism. The 1st Annual International Conference on Language and Literature Volume, 741–755. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i4.1982
- Gagné, A., Herath, S., & Valencia, M. (2018). Exploring privilege and marginalization in elt: A trioethnography of three diverse educators. In B. Yazan & N. Rudolph (Eds.), Criticality, Teacher Identity, and (In)equity in English Language Teaching (Vol. 35, pp. 237–256). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72920-6_13
- Holland, D., Lachicotte Jr, W., Skinner, D., & Cain, C. (1998). Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Harvard University Press.
- Holliday, A. (2015). Native-speakerism: Taking the Concept Forward and Achieving Cultural Belief. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)Countering Native-speakerism: Global Perspectives (pp. 11–25). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Jenkins, J. (2006). Current Perspectives on Teaching World Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 157–181.
- Jenkins, J. (2015). Global Englishes. Routledge:Taylor & Francis Group.
- Kubota, R., & Lin, A. (2006). Race and TESOL: Introduction to Concepts and Theories. TESOL Quarterly, 40(3), 471. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264540
- Lee, Y., & Cho, H. (2015). Promoting Collaborative Teaching between NESTs and NNESTs in English Classrooms. Studies in English Education, 20(1).
- Lin, T. Bin, Wang, L. Y., & Wang, M. Y. (2018). Diverse interpretations on nativeness but unanimous subscription to native-speakerism: Identity of future non-native English teachers in Taiwan. Journal of Asia TEFL, 15(3), 603–617. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2018.15.3.3.603
- Ma, L. P. F. (2012). Strengths and weaknesses of NESTs and NNESTs: Perceptions of NNESTs in Hong Kong. Linguistics and Education, 23(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2011.09.005
- Maher, F. A., & Tetreault, M. K. . (1994). The feminist classroom.
- Mannion, G. (2015). Towards glocal pedagogies: some risks associated with education for global citizenship and how global pedagogies might avoid them. In J. Friedman, V. Haverkate, B. Oomen, E. Park, & M. Sklad (Eds.), Going Glocal in Higher Education: the theory, teaching and measurement of global citizenship. University College Roosevelt.
- Medgyes, P. (1992). Native or non-native: Who’s worth more? ELT Journal, 46(4), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/46.4.340
- Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (Third Edit). SAGE.
- Mullock, B. (2003). What makes a good teacher? The perceptions of postgraduate TESOL students. Prospect, 18(3), 3–24. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/aeipt.132500
- Mullock, B. (2010). Does a Good Language Teacher have to be a Native Speaker? In A. Mahboob (Ed.), The NNEST Lens: Non Native English Speakers in TESOL. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- O’Connor, H., & Madge, C. (2017). Online Interviewing. In N. G. Fielding, R. M. Lee, & G. Blank (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods (2nd Editio, pp. 416–434). SAGE.
- Pérez Huber, L., & Solorzano, D. G. (2015). Racial microaggressions as a tool for critical race research. Race Ethnicity and Education, 18(3), 297–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2014.994173
- Ramjattan, V. A. (2017). Racist nativist microaggressions and the professional resistance of racialized English language teachers in Toronto. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(3), 374–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1377171
- Ramjattan, V. A. (2019). The white native speaker and inequality regimes in the private English language school. Intercultural Education, 30(2), 126–140.
- Rudolph, N. (2018). Agency and Marginalization. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching (First Edit, pp. 1–7). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Rudolph, N., Selvi, A. F., & Yazan, B. (2015). Conceptualizing and Confronting Inequity: Approaches Within and New Directions for the “NNEST Movement.” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 12(1), 27–50.
- Ruohotie-Lyhty, M. (2018). Identity-Agency in Progress: Teachers Authoring Their Identities. In P. A. Schutz, J. Hong, & D. C. Francis (Eds.), Research on teacher identity:mapping challenges and innovations (pp. 25–36). Springer.
- Sung, C. C. M. (2011). Race and native speakers in ELT: Parents’ perspectives in Hong Kong. English Today, 27(3), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078411000344
- Swan, A., Aboshiha, P., & Holliday, A. (2015). (En)Countering Native-speakerism: Global Perspectives. In (En)Countering Native-speakerism. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Widdowson, H. G. (1994). The Ownership of English. TESOL Quarterly, 28(2), 377. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587438
- Widodo, H. P., Fang, F., & Elyas, T. (2020). The construction of language teacher professional identity in the Global Englishes territory: ‘we are legitimate language teachers.’ Asian Englishes, 00(00), 1–8.
- Wong, C.-Y. (2009). Are native speakers “good” language instructors? A case study of untrained ESL tutors. Arecls, 6, 122–140.
- Yazan, B., & Rudolph, N. (2018). Criticality, Teacher Identity, and (In)equity in English Language Teaching: Issues and Implications (Vol. 35). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72920-6
- Zacharias, N. T., & Manara, C. (2013). Contextualizing the pedagogy of English as an international language: issues and tensions. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
References
Akiyoshi, A. (2010). Questioning the Rationale for Native Speakers Only in Hiring Practice : From Parents ’ Perspective. Polyglossia, 19, 13–25. http://en.apu.ac.jp/rcaps/uploads/fckeditor/publications/polyglossia/Polyglossia_V19_Akiyoshi.pdf
Atamturk, N., Atamturk, H., & Dimililer, C. (2018). Native speaker dichotomy: Stakeholders’ preferences and perceptions of native and non-native speaking English language teachers. South African Journal of Education, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v38n1a1384
Barkhuizen, G., & Wette, R. (2008). Narrative frames for investigating the experiences of language teachers. System, 36(3), 372–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2008.02.002
Barratt, L., & Kontra, E. H. (2000). Native-English-speaking teachers in cultures other than their own. TESOL Journal, 9(3), 19–23.
Bayyurt, Y. (2018). Equity and Inclusivity for NESTs and NNESTs. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching (First Edit, pp. 1–6). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research a practical guide for beginners. SAGE Publications. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/21156
Chen, G. A., Horn, I. S., & Nolen, S. B. (2018). Engaging Teacher Identities in Teacher Education: Shifting Notions of the “Good Teacher” to Broaden Teachers’ Learning. In P. A. Schutz, J. Hong, & D. C. Francis (Eds.), Research on teacher identity:mapping challenges and innovations (pp. 85–95). Springer.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2015). Basic of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (4th ed.). SAGE.
Elyas, T., & Alghofaili, N. M. (2019). Native English Speakers Versus Non-Native English Speakers: the Impact of Language Teachers on Efl Learner’S English Proficiency. English Review: Journal of English Education, 7(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v7i2.1773
Fithriani, R. (2018). Discrimination Behind Nest and Nnest Dichotomy in ELT Pofesionalism. The 1st Annual International Conference on Language and Literature Volume, 741–755. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i4.1982
Gagné, A., Herath, S., & Valencia, M. (2018). Exploring privilege and marginalization in elt: A trioethnography of three diverse educators. In B. Yazan & N. Rudolph (Eds.), Criticality, Teacher Identity, and (In)equity in English Language Teaching (Vol. 35, pp. 237–256). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72920-6_13
Holland, D., Lachicotte Jr, W., Skinner, D., & Cain, C. (1998). Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Harvard University Press.
Holliday, A. (2015). Native-speakerism: Taking the Concept Forward and Achieving Cultural Belief. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)Countering Native-speakerism: Global Perspectives (pp. 11–25). Palgrave Macmillan.
Jenkins, J. (2006). Current Perspectives on Teaching World Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 157–181.
Jenkins, J. (2015). Global Englishes. Routledge:Taylor & Francis Group.
Kubota, R., & Lin, A. (2006). Race and TESOL: Introduction to Concepts and Theories. TESOL Quarterly, 40(3), 471. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264540
Lee, Y., & Cho, H. (2015). Promoting Collaborative Teaching between NESTs and NNESTs in English Classrooms. Studies in English Education, 20(1).
Lin, T. Bin, Wang, L. Y., & Wang, M. Y. (2018). Diverse interpretations on nativeness but unanimous subscription to native-speakerism: Identity of future non-native English teachers in Taiwan. Journal of Asia TEFL, 15(3), 603–617. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2018.15.3.3.603
Ma, L. P. F. (2012). Strengths and weaknesses of NESTs and NNESTs: Perceptions of NNESTs in Hong Kong. Linguistics and Education, 23(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2011.09.005
Maher, F. A., & Tetreault, M. K. . (1994). The feminist classroom.
Mannion, G. (2015). Towards glocal pedagogies: some risks associated with education for global citizenship and how global pedagogies might avoid them. In J. Friedman, V. Haverkate, B. Oomen, E. Park, & M. Sklad (Eds.), Going Glocal in Higher Education: the theory, teaching and measurement of global citizenship. University College Roosevelt.
Medgyes, P. (1992). Native or non-native: Who’s worth more? ELT Journal, 46(4), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/46.4.340
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (Third Edit). SAGE.
Mullock, B. (2003). What makes a good teacher? The perceptions of postgraduate TESOL students. Prospect, 18(3), 3–24. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/aeipt.132500
Mullock, B. (2010). Does a Good Language Teacher have to be a Native Speaker? In A. Mahboob (Ed.), The NNEST Lens: Non Native English Speakers in TESOL. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
O’Connor, H., & Madge, C. (2017). Online Interviewing. In N. G. Fielding, R. M. Lee, & G. Blank (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods (2nd Editio, pp. 416–434). SAGE.
Pérez Huber, L., & Solorzano, D. G. (2015). Racial microaggressions as a tool for critical race research. Race Ethnicity and Education, 18(3), 297–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2014.994173
Ramjattan, V. A. (2017). Racist nativist microaggressions and the professional resistance of racialized English language teachers in Toronto. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(3), 374–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1377171
Ramjattan, V. A. (2019). The white native speaker and inequality regimes in the private English language school. Intercultural Education, 30(2), 126–140.
Rudolph, N. (2018). Agency and Marginalization. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching (First Edit, pp. 1–7). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rudolph, N., Selvi, A. F., & Yazan, B. (2015). Conceptualizing and Confronting Inequity: Approaches Within and New Directions for the “NNEST Movement.” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 12(1), 27–50.
Ruohotie-Lyhty, M. (2018). Identity-Agency in Progress: Teachers Authoring Their Identities. In P. A. Schutz, J. Hong, & D. C. Francis (Eds.), Research on teacher identity:mapping challenges and innovations (pp. 25–36). Springer.
Sung, C. C. M. (2011). Race and native speakers in ELT: Parents’ perspectives in Hong Kong. English Today, 27(3), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078411000344
Swan, A., Aboshiha, P., & Holliday, A. (2015). (En)Countering Native-speakerism: Global Perspectives. In (En)Countering Native-speakerism. Palgrave Macmillan.
Widdowson, H. G. (1994). The Ownership of English. TESOL Quarterly, 28(2), 377. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587438
Widodo, H. P., Fang, F., & Elyas, T. (2020). The construction of language teacher professional identity in the Global Englishes territory: ‘we are legitimate language teachers.’ Asian Englishes, 00(00), 1–8.
Wong, C.-Y. (2009). Are native speakers “good” language instructors? A case study of untrained ESL tutors. Arecls, 6, 122–140.
Yazan, B., & Rudolph, N. (2018). Criticality, Teacher Identity, and (In)equity in English Language Teaching: Issues and Implications (Vol. 35). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72920-6
Zacharias, N. T., & Manara, C. (2013). Contextualizing the pedagogy of English as an international language: issues and tensions. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.